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Бюлог1чний eicrnni МДПУ iMeHi Богдана Хмельницького 6 (3) стор. 165—174, 2016
Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (3), pp. 165—174, 2016
ARTICLE UDC 591.9
CARPENTER-MOTHS OF TURKMENISTAN (LEPIDOPTERA: COSSIDAE)
R.V. Yakovlev1, 2, Th J. Witt3
1 Altai State University,pr. Lenina 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia. E-mail: yakovlev_asu@mail.ru 2 Tomsk State University, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecology, Leninapr. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia 3 Museum Witt, Tengstrasse 33, 80796 Munich, Germany
An annotated list of Cossidae of Turkmenistan, which includes 33 species of 17 genera from 3 subfamilies is presented. We present all the available data of all the species distribution on the territory of the region.
Key words: Lepidoptera, Cossidae, Turkmenistan, deserts, fauna.
Citation:
Yakovlev, R.V., Witt, T.J. (2016). Carpenter-moths of Turkmenistan (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (3), 165—174 Поступило в редакцию / Submitted: 27.09.2016 Принято к публикации / Accepted: 29.10.2016 eros sraf http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/201684 © Yakovlev, Witt, 2016
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INTRODUCTION
Carpenter moths (Cossidae) are a relatively small family of dytrisian Lepidoptera which includes about 1000 species according to the modern data (Yakovlev, 2015). Cossidae of the Palaearctic Asia, especially of the arid regions, are relatively well studied (Yakovlev, 2011; Yakovlev & Dubatolov, 2013), but detailed faunistic data are published only for several countries: Turkey (de Freina, 1994), Lebanon (Saldaitis et al., 2007), Afghanistan (Yakovlev et al., 2015) and Pakistan (Yakovlev & Witt, 2016). There was also no special study on Cossidae of Turkmenistan though some publications give data on their distribution. The territory of Turkmenistan was popular for entomological research at the end of XIX - the beginning of the XX century, as well as in the Soviet and early post-Soviet period. A great number of new Cossidae taxa were described on the collections from Turkmenistan:
N. Erschoff (1874): Hypopta gloriosa Erschoff, 1874 (from 'in monte Karak in parte orientali desertorum Kisil-Kum sito' [Karak Mt., Kizil-Kum desert, Turkmenistan]);
O. Staudinger (1884, 1887): Cossus (Holcocerus) nobilis Staudinger, 1884, C. (H.) holosericeus Staudinger, 1884, H. inspersus Christoph, 1887, H. mollis Christoph, 1887, H. putridus Christoph, 1887, and H. gracilis Christoph, 1887 (from Askhabad and Tekke);
H. Christoph (1884, 1893): Hypopta mucosus Christoph, 1884 (from Nuchur), Endagria agilis Christoph, 1884 (from Krasnowodsk), Endagria clathrata Christoph, 1884 (from Kyzyl Arvat und Bami), and Hypopta turcomanica Christoph, 1893 (from Askhabad, Pul-i-Hatum, Tekke);
G.E. Grum-Grshimailo (1895, 1902): Phragmataecia territa transcaspica Grum-Grshimailo, 1895, and Zeuzera strix Grum-Grshimailo, 1895 (from provincia Transcaspica ad urbem Serachs), Holcocerus sacarum Grum-Grshimailo, 1902 (from In provincia Transcaspica, in valle fl. Sumbar [Turkmenistan, near Kara-Kala, Sumbar river]), Stygia ahngeri Grum-Grshimailo, 1902 (from Krasnowodsk (?), prov. Transcaspiae),
J. Austaut (1897): Holcocerus marmoratus Austaut, 1897, H. strigatus Austaut, 1897 and H.persicus Austaut, 1897 (from Bairam Ale);
R. Püngeler (1898, 1899, 1900): Cossus tapinus Püngeler, 1898, Holcocerus pulvemkntus Püngeler, 1898, H. praeclarus Püngeler, 1898, Holcocerus tancrei Püngeler, 1898, Phragmatoecia reticulata Püngeler, 1900, and Hypopta asema Püngeler, 1899 (from Merw [Mary] and Askhabad);
A. Bang-Haas (1906): H. difficilis A. Bang-Haas, 1906 (from Kuschk an der Russisch-Afghanischen Grenze); W. Rothschild (1912): Holcoceruspüngeleri Rothschild, 1912, and Dyspessa clathrata albosignata Rothschild, 1912 (from Transcaspien, Imam-Baba), Hypopta sumbannus Rothschild, 1912 and H. tekkensis Rothschild, 1912 (from Transcaspien [Turkmenistan, Sumbar river]);
F. Daniel (1953): Dyspessa salicicola aschabadensis Daniel, 1953 (from Asia centr., Aschabad); R.V. Yakovlev (2007, 2008, 2009): Semagystia dubatolovi Yakovlev, 2007 (from Turkmenistan, Kugitang Mts., Airi-Baba Mt.), Phragmataecia turkmenbashi Yakovlev, 2008 (from Turkmenistan, Kopetdagh Mts., Valley of Ipay-Kala, 15 km SW of Nochur, 56°55'E; 38°15'N), and Cossus cossus kopetdaghi Yakovlev, 2009 (from Kopet-Dagh Mts., Valley Point-Kala and Ipay-Kala rivers, 59°54'E; 37°13'N),
Turkmenistan is a country in southwestern Central Asia, with an area of 488 100 km2. The biggest portion of it is occupied by the desert Kara-Kum. In the West it is washed by the Caspian Sea, on the south ridge Kopetdag (altitude up to 2942, city of Rize) and the northern foothills Paropamiz (highlands Badkhyz and Karabil). The climate is sharp continental, dry. The average temperature in January -4°C, July 28°C. The precipitation is from 80 to 300 mm per year. The vegetation is mostly desert, in the mountains above 2,000 m there are archa and nut forests. In the valleys of the rivers there are riparian forests.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During our study of the Cossidae collection at the Zoological Institute of Science Academy of Russian Federation (ZISP, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia), Zoological Museum of Moscow State University (ZMMU), The Natural History Museum (BMNH, London, G.B.) Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität (MHUB, Berlin, Germany), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Deutsche Entomological Institute (DEIM, Müncheberg, Germany), Siberian Zoological Museum (SZMN, Novosibirsk, Russia), Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (RMNH, Leiden, The Netherlands), collection of Manfred Ströhle (MSW, Weiden, Germany), Zoologische Staatssammlung der Bayerischen Staaten (Munich, Germany)/Museum of Thomas Witt (MWM, Munich, Germany) and collection of Roman V. Yakovlev (RYB, Barnaul, Russia) we have made for the first time a full list of Cossidae of the Turkmenistan fauna.
RESULTS
Annotated list
Catopta hyrcanus (Christoph, 1888)
Type locality: Schahrud [Emamshahr, Semnan prov., Iran]. Type material (syntypes) in ZISP (probably lost). Distribution: Iran, Turkmenistan, Iraq (Yakovlev, 2011).
Material: 4 males, Kopet-Dagh, Mts., 5 km S Chuli, 10.07.1992, 56°01'E; 37°56'N, 800 m, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala and Point-Kala, 58°54'E; 38°13'N, 30.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MwM); 2 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., Dushak, 2300 m, 57°54'E, 37°57'N, 06-08.07.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM).
Kotchevnik tapinus (Püngeler, 1898)
Type locality: Transcaspien, Merw, Sefir-kuh [Turkmenistan, Mary]. Type material (syntypes) in MHUB.
Distribution: Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan (Yakovlev, 2011).
Material: 1 male, Typus — male, Transcaspien, Merw, Sefir-kuh, 1895 (MHUB); 1 male, Transcaspien, Merw, O. Gatnar (MWM); 5 males, Turkmenien, Kopet-Dag Mts., 800-1500 m, valley of the rivers Ipay-Kala and Point-Kala, 59°5.57' E, 38°13.15'N, 30.06.-04.07.1992, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 3 males, 1 female, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 1000 m, Sayvana valley, cca 5 km SW of Saivana, 56°50'E/38°17'N, 28.06.1992, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 10 km S of Aidere, 27.06.1992, 600-1000 m, 56°46'E, 38°14'N, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 400-600 m, Firjuza, 58°05E'/37°59'N, 25.06.1992, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 3 males, Turkmenistan, W. Kopet-Dagh, Kara-Kala, 14-17.06.1993, ex coll. Schintlmeister (MWM); 2 males,
Turkmenistan, Kara-Kum desert, 200-300 m, SE of Tedjen, 38°56'N/60°53'E, 12.05.1991., Leg. Danilewsky (MWM).
Cossus cossus kopetdaghi Yakovlev, 2009
Type locality: Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., Valley Point-Kala and Ipay-Kala rivers, 59°54'E/37°13'N. Type material (holotype by original designation) in MWM. Distribution: Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., ? N. Iran.
Material: holotype, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., Valley Point-Kala and Ipay-Kala rivers, 59°54E, 37°13N, 800-1500 m, 30.06.-4.07.1992, leg. Fabian, Herczig, Podlussany and Varga (MWM); paratypes: 2 males, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 10 km S Aidere, 27.06.1992, leg. Fabian, Herczig, Podlussany and Varga (MWM); 1 male, 8.6.66. Askhabad (MWM); 1 male, Kopetdag, Firyuza, 9.05.91, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 1 male, Kopetdagh Mts., 4 km S Nochur, 26.06.1992, leg. Fabian, Herczig, Podlussany and Varga (MWM).
Holcocerus nobilis Staudinger, 1884
Type locality: Askhabad, Tekke [Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan].
Type material (lectotype) in MHUB.
Synonymy:
= Holcocerus marmoratus Austaut, 1897
Type locality: Bairam-Ale [Bairam-Ali, Mary Velayat, Turkmenistan]. Type material (holotype) in BMNH. = Holcocerus strigatus Austaut, 1897
Type locality: Bairam Ale, Perse [Bairam-Ali, Mary Velayat, Turkmenistan]. Type material (holotype) in BMNH. = Holcocerus difficiis A. Bang-Haas, 1906
Type locality: Kuschk an der Russisch-Afghanischen Grenze [Kushka, Mary Velayat, Turkmenistan]. Type material (holotype) in MHUB.
Distribution: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirgiziya, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, China (Xinjang), Iran, Afghanistan (Daniel, 1969; Yakovlev, 2006a).
Material: male, lectotype, Askhabad (MHUB), 3 males, 1 female, paralectotypes, same data (MHUB); 1 male, paralectotype, Margelan (MHUB); 3 males, Bairam-Ali (ZISP); 1 male, Ashkhabad (ZISP); 4 males, Kara-Kum desert, 20 km SW of Repetek, 13.05.1991, leg. Danilewsly (MWM); 3 males, 16.07.62, Aschabad, Sedykh (MWM); 1 male, Imam-Bab, June 1980, Reznik E. leg. (MWM); 4 males, 1 female, 50 km N. Aschabad, 3.08.1992, leg. Hreblay, Laszlo & Ronkay (MWM); 1 male, Khauz-Khan, 300 m, 20.06.1992, M. Danilewsky leg. (MWM); 1 female, Turkmenistan, Bikrava, 10.06.67, M. Danilewsky leg. (MWM); 2 males, Ashkhabad (ZMKU); 1 male, Mary (RMNH); 1 male, Ai-Darle, Syr-Darja, 7.07.1909, V. Koshantschikov leg. (ZISP); 5 males, Dortkuju, west of Merw (BMNH) ; 2 males, W. of Dinau, Amu-Darja (BMNH).
Holcocerus tancrei Püngeler, 1898
Type locality: Merw [Mary, Turkmenistan]. Type material (holotype by monotypy) in MHUB. Distribution: Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Material: male, holotype, Merw (MHUB); 2 females, Kara-Kum desert, 50 km SE of Tezhen, 36°56' N; 60°53'E, 11.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky M. (MWM); 1 female, Kara-Kum desert, 20 km SW of Repetek, 38°25' N; 83°08'E, 13.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky M. (MWM); 1 male, Merw (MNHN), 1 male, 50 km N. Aschabad, 3.08.1993, 100 m, leg. M. Hreblay, Gy. Laszlo, G. Ronkay (MWM); 1 female, Bairam-Ali, M. Daricheva, 29.05.1959 (DEIM); 2 males, W of Dinau, Amu-Darja (BMNH); 2 males, Dortkuju, west of Merw, 19.05.03 (BMNH).
Holcocerus gloriosa (Erschoff, 1874)
Type locality: „in monte Karak in parte orientali desertorum Kisil-Kum sito" [Karak Mt., Kizil-Kum desert, Turkmenistan].
Type material (lectotype) in ZMMU. Synonymy:
= Holcocerus püngeleri Rothschild, 1912.
Type locality: Transcaspien, Imam-Baba [Turkmenistan, Mary velayat, village Niyazova]. Type material (holotype by monotypy) in BMNH.
Distribution: N. Afghanistan, N. Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, S. Kazakhstan.
Material: Lectotype, females, Kyzyl-Kum (ZMMU); paralectotype (female), same data (ZMMU); 1 male, Transcaspien, Merw (MWM); 1 male, Transcaspien, Repetek, 07.07. (MWM); 1 male, Asia, Turkestan (MWM); 3
males, Transcapia, Imam-Baba (MWM); 1 male, Merw, 914 (MWM); 2 males, Transcaspien, Achal-Tekke (MWM); 6 males, 20 km NE Bairamali, 37°45'N; 62°30'E, 12.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 3 males, 50 km SE Tedjen, 36°56'N; 60°53'E, 11.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 3 males, 20 km SE Repetek, 38°25'N; 63°08'E, 13.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 3 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala, 15 km SW Nokhur, 56°55'E; 38°15'N, 26.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 2 males, Kopet-Dagh, Mts., 5 km S Chuli, 10.07.1992, 56°01'E; 37°56'N, 800 m, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 3 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Sayvana, 8 km E. Sayvana, 56°55'E; 38°22'N, 29.06.1992, 1800 m, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 3 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala and Point-Kala, 58°54'E; 38°13'N, 30.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Kopet-Dagh, Mts., 10 km S. Aidere, 27.06.1992, 56°46'E; 38°14'N, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 1 female, Kara-Kala, 05.1993, leg. Naglis (MWM); 1 female, Kopet-Dagh Mts., Firjuza, 58°05'E; 37°59'N, 25.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 2 males, Imam-Baba, Zakaspijskaja oblast', 24.4.1912, Koshantchikov (ZISP); 2 males, Bairam-Ali (ZISP); 4 males, Kara-Kala, 27.06.1952, Kuznetsov (ZISP); 6 males, female, Repetek (ZISP); male, Mary (RMNH); 4 males, Dortkuju, W. of Merw, May 03 (BMNH).
Holcocerus holosericeus Staudinger, 1884
Type locality: Askhabad [Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan]. Type material (lectotype) in MHUB. Synonymy:
= Holcocerus persicus Austaut, 1897
Type locality: Persien, Baira [Bairam-Ali, Mary velayat, Turkmenistan]. Type material (holotype by original designation) in BMNH.
Distribution: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Kirgizia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, NW China, Afghanistan, Iran.
Material: male, lectotype, Askhabad (MHUB); 2 males, 2 females, paralectotypes, same data (MHUB); 1 male, paralectotype, Margelan (MHUB); 3 males, Kushka (ZMKU); 8 males, Aschabad, Turkestan, 16.07.82, leg. Sedych (MWM); 2 males, Kuschk (MWM), 5 males, Merw (MWM); 1 male, Eskhan, 100 m, 27.06.1992, leg. M. Danilevsky (MWM); 1 male, Badchiz, Morgunovka, 27.09.1977, leg. Murzin (MWM); 3 males, Khauz-Khan, 300 m, 20.06.1992, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 40 males, 8 females, Kara-Kum desert, 50 km N. Askhabad, 58°33'E; 38°22'N, 12.07.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 4 males, Todzin, 500 m, 24.06.1986, coll. Schitlmeister (MWM); 2 males, Kopetdagh, Garrygala env., 11-20.07.1996, leg. Miatleuski & Povilaitis A. (MWM); 5 males, Bairam-Ali (ZISP); 4 males, Takhta-Bazar (ZISP); 2 males, Ashkhabad (ZMMU).
Deserticossus arenicolus (Staudinger, 1879)
Type locality: [Narün, nordöstlich von Astrachan zwischen Wolga- und Ural-Fluß, etwa 15 deutsche Meilen ostwärts von der Wolga] (NW Kazakhstan, european part). Type material (lectotype) in MHUB.
Distribution: Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirgiziya, N. Afghanistan, NW China (Xinjang). Material: 20 males, Repetek, 14.05.1966, Zvetaev (ZSSM); 1 male, Eskhan, 100 m, 27.06.1992, M. Danilevsky (MWM); 14 males, 1 female, Transcaspien, Repetek, 05.1966, A. Tzvetaev (MWM); 2 males, 1 female, Transcapien, Merw, ex coll. Staudinger (MWM); male, Turkmenistan, Khauz-Khan, 300 m, 20.06.1992, M. Danilevsky leg. (MWM) ; 11 males, Turkmenistan, Kara-Kum desert, 300 m, 20 km NE Bairamali, 37°45'N; 62°30' E, 12.05.1991, leg. M. Danilevsky (MWM); 4 males, Turkmenistan, Kara-kum, Repetek, 38°25' N, 63°08' E, 13.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 3 males, Turkmenistan, Kara Kum desert, 100 m, 50 km N of Askhabad, 38°22' N, 58°33 E, 10.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky M. (MWM); 4 males, Turkmenistan, Kara Kum desert, 200-300 m, 50 km SE of Tedjen, 36°56' N, 60°53 E, 11.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky M. (GenPr MWM - 9820); 3 males, E. Turkmenistan, Chardzhou, 1-4.5.1995 (MWM); 2 males, Turkmenistan, 50 km N Ashkhabad, 58°33'E, 38°22'N, 100 m, 3.08.1992, leg. M. Hreblay, Gy. Laszlo and G. Ronkay (MWM); 12 males, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 800 m, valley of Ipay-Kala, 15 km SW Nochur, 56°55'E, 38°15'N, 26.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 2 males, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 1800 m, valley of Sayvana, 8 km E. Sayvana, 56°55'E, 38°22'N, 29.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 2 males, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., Dushak, 2300 m, 57°54'E, 37°57'N, 06-08.07.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 2 males, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 1800 m, valley of Sayvana, 8 km E Sayvana, 56°55'E, 38°22'N, 29.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Turkmenistan, Kopetdagh, Barygala Umg., 11-20.07.1996, leg. J. Miatleuski (MWM); 2 males, Turkmenistan, Kopetdagh, Sumbar river Valley, Tersakan, 19-20.07.1996, leg. Miatleuski J., Povilaitis A. (MWM); 2 males, Turkmenistan, Kopetdagh, Garrygala env., 25-31.07.1996, leg. Miatleuski J., Povilaitis A. (MWM); 2 males,
Turkmenistan, Imam-Baba, june 1980, E. Reznik (MWM); 2 males, Imam-Baba (ZISP); 2 males, Turkomania, Aschabad, 10.07.1954, W. Potopolskij (ZISP); 1 male, Molla-Kora, E Krasnovodsk, 8.09.33., Vlasov (ZISP); 4 males, Bairam-Ali, Turkmenistan, Bogush leg. (ZISP); 3 males, Kara-Kala, 16.06.52, Kuznetsov leg. (ZISP); 2 males, N slope of Sjuit Mt., 25.07.952, Kuznetsov leg. (ZISP); 1 male, Chardzhuja [Chardzhou] station, Zarudnyi leg. (ZISP); 2 males, Talta-Bazar, 25.06.932, Bogush leg. (ZISP); 4 males, 1 female, Sumbar, 12.07.1894 (ZISP); 2 males, Termez, 14.07.932, Bogush (ZISP); 5 males, Repetek (ZMMU, ZMKU, BMNH); 3 males, Gary-Galla, 6.95., leg. Miatleuski (AHU); 2 males, Ashkhabad (ZMKU); 2 males, Tedzhen (BMNH).
Deserticossus pulverulentus (Püngeler, 1898)
Type locality: Merw [Mary, Turkmenistan]. Type material (syntypes) in MHUB.
Distribution: Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, NW China (Xingjian), Israel. Material: 1 male, lectotype, Merw (MHUB); 3 males, paralectotypes, Merw (MHUB); 15 males, Transcasp., Repetek, 30.04.1966, leg. Tzvetaev A. (MWM); 5 males, female, Repetek, 4.05.1962, Stchetkin leg. (MWM); 7 males, 2 females, Turkmenistan, Kara-kum, 20 km SW Repetek, 38°25' N, 63°08' E, 13.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); male, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dag Mts., Firjuza, 37°54' N, 58°05' E, 4.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 12 males, Repetek (MWM, BMNH, ZMKU); 11 males, 4 females, Chardzhou, 4.05.1995 (MWM); 3 males, Eskhan, 100 m, 27.06.1992, M.Danilevsky (MWM); 2 males, Repetek, 05.5., Grazhdankin (AHU); male, river Amu-Darja, between Chardzhui and Petro-Alexandrovsk, 16-22.05.1913, Veth H. (BMNH).
Deserticossus praeclarus (Püngeler, 1898)
Type locality: Merw [Mary, Turkmenistan]. Type material (holotype) in MHUB. Distribution: Turkmenistan.
Material: 9 males, Kara-kum desert, Repetek, 6.05.1995 (MWM); female, 20 km SW of Repetek, 38°25'N; 63°08'E,
13.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky M. (MWM); female, Chardzhou, 1.-4.5.1995 (MWM); 4 males, Kara-Kum des., Uzboi valley, Jaskhan, 25.05.1994, leg. Miatleuski (SIS, AHU); male, Chadjiev env., 05.96., V. Perepel (AHU).
Barchaniella inspersa (Christoph, 1887)
Type locality: Ashkhabad [Turkmenistan, Ashkhabad]. Type material (lectotype) in ZISP.
Distribution: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, SW China (Xinjang), SW Mongolia. Material: male, Merw (MWM); 35 males, 4 females, Kara-Kum desert, 30-70 km SW Repetek,13.05.1991, 200m, leg. M. Danilewsky (MWM); 23 males, 3 females, Kopet-Dag Mts., Firjuza, 600 m, 4.5.-9.5.1991, leg. Danilewsky M. (MWM); 24 males, 2 females, Kopet-Dag Mts., 5 km S. Chuli, 800 m, 18.05.1991, leg. M. Danilewsky (MWM); 4 males, Kara-Kum, Repetek, 6.05.1995 (MWM); 2 males, Chardzhou, 1.05.1995 (MWM); male, Khauz-Khan,
20.06.1992, Danilevsky (MWM); female, 50 km SE Tedzhenm 11.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 2 males, 50 km N. Ashkhabad, 100 m, 3.08.1992, leg. Hreblay, Laszlo, Ronkay (MWM); male, Eskhan, 27.06.1992, M. Danilevsky, GPrMWM 8965 (MWM); 2 males, Kushka (BMNH); 2 males, Repetek (BMNH).
Barchaniella sacara (Grum-Grshimailo, 1902)
Type locality: In provincia Transcaspica, in valle fl. Sumbar [Turkmenistan, near Kara-Kala, Sumbar river].
Type material (cotypes) in ZISP, probably lost.
Synonymy:
= Hypopta sumbannus Rothschild, 1912.
Type locality: Transcaspien [Turkmenistan, Sumbar river].
Type material (syntypes) in BMNH.
= Hypopta tekkensis Rothschild, 1912.
Type locality: Transcaspien [Turkmenistan, Sumbar river].
Type material (holotype) in BMNH.
= Holcocerus saccarum - Krivokhatskyi, 1985, Insects Repetek: 33.
An incorrect subsequent spelling of Holcocerus sacarum Grum-Grshimailo, 1902.
Distribution: S. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan (Krivokhatskyi, 1985; Yakovlev, 2006).
Material: male, Kara-Kum desert, 200 m, 20 km SW of Repetek, 38°25'N; 63°08'E, 13.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky
(MWM); male, female, Transcaspien, Sumbar, Herz, 1894 (MHUB); male, Kainar-Baba, Kuhitang, 12.05.1996
(MWM).
Plyustchiella gracilis (Christoph, 1887)
Type locality: Askhabad [Turkmenistan, Ashkhabad]. Type material (lectotype) in ZISP. Distribution. Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan.
Material: Lectotype: male, Askhabad (ZISP); 3 males (paralectotypes), same data (ZISP); 2 males, Chardzhou on Amu-Darja, 30.04.1912, Samokin (ZISP); 4 males, 2 females, Turcomani, Aschabad circ., 15.07.1914, W. Potopolski (ZISP); 3 males, female, Aschabad, 16.07.62, Sedych leg. (MWM); 5 males, 50 km N. of Ashabad, 38°22'N; 58°33'E, 10.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); male, Repetek, 20.05.1970, Grazhdankin leg. (MWM); 8 males, Oase Tedzhen, 5.903, leg. Hauser (BMNH).
Cossulus intractatus (Staudinger, 1887)
Type locality: Provinz Samarkand [Uzbekistan, Samarkand]. Type material (cotypes) in MHUB.
Distribution: Kirgizia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan.
Material: male, Repetek, 1.10.1989 (MWM); male, Badkhyz, Morgunovka, 25.05.1975, V. Murzin (MWM).
Cossulus turcomanicus (Christoph, 1893)
Type locality: Askhabad, Pul-i-Hatum, Tekke [Turkmenistan, Ashkhabad].
Type material: lectotype in ZISP.
Distribution: Turkmenistan, N. Afghanistan, NE Iran.
Material: male, lectotype, Askhabad (ZISP); 3 males, Kara-Kala, Ikderdzhik, 15.05.952, Kuznetsov (ZISP); male, Kopet-Dagh, Boloso, 5.07.1956, Potopolskij (ZISP); 2 males, 75 km NW Karakala, 8.06.1953, Kuznetsov (ZISP);
2 males, N. slopes of Syuit Mt., 12.05.1953, Kuznetsov (ZISP); 1 male, Uzboi, 23.04.1951, Shtejnberg (ZISP); 23 males, 5 km S of Chuli, 700-800 m, 18.05.1991, Danilevsky (MWM); 4 males, 70 km SW of Repetek, 200 m,
14.05.1991, Danilevsky (MWM); male, Kopet-Dagh, Parkhay, 1.05.1991, Danilevsky (MWM); male, Kara-Kala, 1.6.1992, Antipin (MWM); 3 males, 10 km S. Aidere, 27.06.1992, 1000 m, leg. Fabian et al. (MWM); 3 males, 15 km SE Nochur, 26.06.1992 (MWM); male, 4 km S. Nochur, 26.06.1992, leg. Fabian et al. (MWM); 2 males, Firjuza,
25.06.1992, leg. Fabian et al. (MWM); male, Chuli, 28.06.1992, leg. Gorbunov O. (MWM).
Cossulus mollis (Christoph, 1887)
Type locality: Askhabad [Turkmenistan, Ashkhabad]. Type material (lectotype) in ZISP. Distribution. Turkmenistan, Iraq.
Material: 14 males, Kopetdagh, Dushak Mts., 1500-2400 m, 7.8.1992, leg. Hreblay et al. (MWM); female, 50 km N. Ashkhabad, 3.08.1992, leg. Hreblay et al. (MWM).
Cossulus mucosus (Christoph, 1884)
Type locality: Nuchur [Turkmenistan]. Type material (lectotype) in ZISP.
Distribution. SE Kazakhstan, S. Kirgyziya, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan.
Material: male, Ai-dere, Eylandt (ZISP); 1 male, Askhabad, 05.1978, Lisetzkii (MWM); male, Tchuli, 30.05.92, O.
Gorbunov (MWM); 6 males, 4 females, Kopetdagh, Dushak, 1800 m, 23.06.1992, Danilevskii (MWM); 12 males,
3 females, Firjuza, 600 m, 16.05.1991, Danilevskii (MWM); 5 males, 5 females, Kopet-Dagh, 8 km E Saivana, Saivana Valley, 29.06.1992, leg. Fabian et al. (MWM); 4 males, 10 km S Ai-Dere, 27.06.1992, leg. Fabian et al. (MWM); 3 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala and Point-Kala, 58°54'E; 38°13'N, 30.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 3 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala, 15 km SW Nokhur, 56°55'E; 38°15'N, 26.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM);
Cossulus putridus (Christoph, 1887)
Type locality: Aschabad [Turkmenistan, Ashkhabad]. Type material (cotypes) in ZISP. Distribution: Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan.
Material: male (cotype), Askhabad (ZISP); 3 males, Transcaspien, Sumbar, O. Herz, 1894 (ZISP).
Eremocossus asema (Püngeler, 1899)
Type locality: Askhabad [Turkmenistan]. Type material (cotypes) in MHUB. Distribution: Turkmenistan, ? NE Iran.
Material: 6 males, Kara-Kum desert, 50 km SE of Tedjen, 36°56N; 60°53E, 11.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM)
Vartiania muscula (Rothschild, 1912)
Type material: Syr Daria.
Type material (holotype) in BMNH.
Distribution: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Dieida ahngeri (Grum-Grshimailo, 1902)
Type locality: Krasnowodsk (?), prov. Transcaspiae [Turkmenistan, Turkmenbashi]. Type material (holotype) in ZISP. Probably lost? Distribution: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan.
Material: 1 male, 1 female, Turkmenistan, Syagirim-Dagh, Mangala vic., 24.04.1992, leg. Devyatkin (RYB).
Semagystia agilis (Christoph, 1884)
Type locality: Krasnowodsk [Turkmenistan]. Type material (syntypes) in ZISP.
Distribution: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, NW Afghanistan, Iran.
Material: 1 male, W. Kopet-Dagh, Kara-Kala, 28.04.88., P. Ustyuzhanin (RYB); 4 males, Askhabad, Tancre (MWM); 2 males, Merw (MWM); 18 males, 3 females, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 10 km S of Aidere, 27.06.1992, 600-1000 m, 56'46E, 38'14N, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 22 males, 2 females, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 800 m, valley of Ipay-Kala, 15 km SW Nochur, 56°55'E, 38°15'N, 26.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 37 males, 3 females, Kopet-Dagh, Mts., 5 km S Chuli, 10.07.1992, 56°01'E; 37°56'N, 800 m, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 25 males, 2 females, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 1000 m, Sayvana valley, cca 5 km SW of Saivana, 56'50E,38'17N, 28.06.1992, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 14 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala and Point-Kala, 58°54'E; 38°13'N, 30.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 12 males, 3 females, Kopet-Dagh Mts., Dushak, 2300 m, 57°54'E, 37°57'N, 06-08.07.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 7 males, Chardzhou, 1.05.1995 (MWM); 22 males, Kopet-Dag Mts., Firjuza, 600 m, 4.5.9.5.1991, leg. Danilewsky M. (MWM).
Semagystia dubatoloviYakovlev, 2007
Type locality: Turkmenistan, Kugitang Mts., Airi-Baba Mt. Type material (holotype) in SZMN. Distribution: Turkmenistan, Kugitang Mts.
Material: holotype, male, Turkmenistan, Kugitang Mts., Airi-Baba Mt., 2150 ms, 14.7.1991, V. Dubatolov legit. (SZMN), paratypes 33 males, same data (SZMN, RYB, MWM).
Semagystia clathrata (Christoph, 1884)
Type locality: Kyzyl Arvat und Bami [Turkmenistan, Gyzylrabat and Bami]. Type material (cotypes) in ZISP. Distribution: Turkmenistan, ?Afghanistan.
Material: 13 males, 9 females, Kara-Kum, 50 km N Ashabad, 38°22N, 58°33E, 10.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 6 males, 5 females, same locality, 17.04.1993, leg. Hreblay, Laszlo & Podlussany (MWM); 1 male, Kopet-Dagh, Parkhay, 38°22'N, 56°13'E, 26.04.1991, leg. Csorba, Fabian, Herczig, Hreblay & Ronkay (MWM); 1 male, KaraKum, Pavlan Kui, 12.06.1972 (MWM).
Dyspessa albosignata Rothschild, 1912
Type locality: Imam-baba, Transkaspia [Turkmenistan]. Type material (holotype) in BMNH. Distribution: Turkmenistan, N. Iran.
Material: 167 males, Kopetdagh, Garygala, Parkhai, 21-30.04.1996, leg. Miatleuski & Povilaitis (MWM); 1 male, 1 female, W. B. Balkan mt., NE Danata-Spring, 300 m, 5-7.05.1996, leg. Miatleuski & Povilaitis (MWM); 5 males, 2 females, Turkmenistan, Kara Kum desert, 100 m, 50 km N of Askhabad, 38°22' N, 58°33 E, 10.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky M. (MWM); 4 males, W. Kopet-Dagh, Kara-Kala, 14-17.06.1993, ex coll. Schintlmeister (MWM); 3 males, 10 km S Ai-Dere, 27.06.1992, leg. Fabian et al. (MWM); 25 males, 5 females, Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dag Mts., Firjuza, 37°54' N, 58°05' E, 4.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 2 males, 1 female, Kopet-Dagh Mts., Dushak, 2300 m, 57°54'E, 37°57'N, 06-08.07.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 12 males, Kopet-Dagh, Mts., 5 km S Chuli, 10.07.1992, 56°01'E; 37°56'N, 800 m, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany
& Z. Varga (MWM); 11 males, Sunt-Hasardag reserve, Shevlan, 450 m, 13.04.1994 (MWM); 1 male, 1 female, Kara-Kala, 14-17.05.1993 (MWM); 13 males, 30 females, 4 km NW Germob, Kurkulab, 750 m, 10.04.1993, 38°84N, 57°50E, leg. Hreblay, Laszlo & Podlussany (MWM); 1 male, Chuli settl., 22.04.1993, leg. Limonov (MWM).
Dyspessa salicicola aschabadensis Daniel, 1953
Type locality: Asia centr., Aschabad. Type material (holotype) in ZSSM. Distribution: Daghestan, Turkmenistan.
Material: 2 males (paratypes), Merw, 7.07 (MWM); 3 males (paratypes), Ashkhabad, coll. Tancré (MWM); 2 males (paratypes), Achal-Tekke (MWM); 1 male, Kara-Kala, 14-17.05.1993 (MWM); 5 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 10 km S of Aidere, 27.06.1992, 600-1000 m, 56'46E, 38'14N, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 7 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 1000 m, Sayvana valley, cca 5 km SW of Saivana, 56'50E,38'17N, 28.06.1992, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Dushak, 1800 m, 23.06.1992, leg. M. Danilevsky (MWM).
Phragmacossia ariana (Grum-Grshimailo, 1899)
Type locality: in Kara-tjube, haud procul ab urbe Samarkand [Uzbekistan, Samarkand distr.].
Type material (holotype) in ZISP.
Synonymy:
= Phragmatoecia reticulata Püngeler, 1900. Type locality: Merw [Turkmenistan, Mary]. Type material (cotypes) in MHUB.
Distribution: Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran. Material: 1 male, cotype, Merw (MHUB).
Phragmacossia territa (Staudinger, 1879)
Type locality: Laterne im Kerasdere [Turkey]. Type material (syntypes) in MHUB. Synonymy:
= Phragmataecia territa transcaspica Grum-Grshimailo, 1895.
Type locality: provincia Transcaspica ad urbem Serachs [Turkmenistan, Serags or NE Iran, Sarachs]. Distance betveen Serags and Sarachas 5 km. Type material (syntypes) in BMNH.
Distribution: Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, ? Kirgizia. Material: 2 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., Dushak, 2300 m, 57°54'E, 37°57'N, 06-08.07.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 116 males, 1 female, Kopetdagh, Garygalla, 21-31.07.1996, leg. J. Miatleuski (MWM); 11 males, Amudaria river, Soidi, 7-15 Juni 1997, leg. J. Miatleuski (MWM); 4 males, Kyzyl Dzhar, 1.10.1989 (MWM); 2 males, Repetek, 20.08.1988 (mWm); 2 males, Badhyz, Morgunovka, 27.09.1975, leg. S. Murzin (MWM); 1 male, 1 female, Kopet-Dagh, Mts., 5 km S Chuli, 10.07.1992, 56°01'E; 37°56'N, 800 m, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala and Point-Kala, 58°54'E; 38°13'N, 30.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Ashabad, 16.07.1962, Sedych leg. (MWM); 3 males, Merw (MWM); 3 males, W. Kopet-Dagh Mts., Kara-Kala, Parkhai vill., 19.07.1996, leg. Ju. Voitenko (MWM).
Phragmataecia castaneae (Hübner, 1790)
Type locality: Europe. Type material is lost.
Distribution: Central and Southern Europe, S. England, M. East, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, NW Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, W. China (Xinjang), SW Siberia, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco. Material: 1 male, Mary, 1.04.93 (MWM); 4 males, 1 female, Kerki, 20.04.1993, leg. Lazutin (MWM); 1 male, Chardzhou, 1.05.1995 (MWM); 3 males, Kara-Kala, 14.05.1993 (MWM); 1 female, Merw (MWM).
Phragmataecia turkmenbashiYakovlev, 2008
Type locality: Turkmenistan, Kopetdagh Mts., Valley of Ipay-Kala, 15 km SW of Nochur, 56°55'E; 38°15'N. Type locality (holotype) in MSW. Distribution: Turkmenistan, Kopetdagh Mts. Material: 1 male, holotype (MWM).
Bimoii4mü вкник МДПУ тет Богдана Хмельницького 6 (3), 2016
Phragmataecia albida Erschoff, 1874
Type locality: Kisil-Kum desert [SW Uzbekistan]. Type material (lectotype) in ZISP.
Distribution: Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, NW China, Afghanistan, Russia (S. Volga reg.). Material: 7 males, 2 females, 50 km SE Tedjen, 36°56'N, 60°53'E, 11.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 4 males, Seidy, 200 m, 18.06.1992, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 3 males, 1 female, Kara-Kum desert, 20 km NE Bairamali, 200300 m, 37°45'N, 62°30'E, 12.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 3 males, Khauz-Khan, 300 m, 20.06.1992, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 1 male, 20 km SW Repetek, 38°25'N, 63°08'E, 13.05.1991, leg. Danilevsky (MWM); 2 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala, 15 km SW Nokhur, 56°55'E; 38°15'N, 26.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 2 males, Kopet-Dagh, Mts., 5 km S Chuli, 10.07.1992, 56°01'E; 37°56'N, 800 m, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 4 males, Badchis, Morgunovka, 27.09.1977, leg. Murzin (MWM).
Zeuzera pyrina (Linnaeus, 1761)
Type locality: Sweden.
Type material (syntypes) in Linnean Society (London).
Distribution: Europe including S. England, N. Africa (Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania), Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, SW Siberia, N. America (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Yersey), Central Africa (Ghana).
Material: 3 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 800 m, valley of Ipay-Kala, 15 km SW Nochur, 56°55'E, 38°15'N, 26.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany, Z. Varga (MWM); 1 male, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 10 km S of Aidere, 27.06.1992, 600-1000 m, 56'46E, 38'14N, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (MWM); 2 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., valley of Ipay-Kala and Point-Kala, 58°54'E; 38°13'N, 30.06.1992, leg. Gy. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany & Z. Varga (MWM); 2 males, Kopet-Dagh Mts., 1000 m, Sayvana valley, cca 5 km SW of Saivana, 56'50E,38'17N, 28.06.1992, leg. B. Fabian, B. Herczig, A. Podlussany and Z. Varga (mWm).
Cecryphalus nubila (Staudinger, 1895)
Type locality: Kaschgar [NW China, Tura] Type material (cotypes) in MHUB. Synonymy:
= Zeuzera strix Grum-Grshimailo, 1895.
Type locality: provincia Transcaspica ad urbem Serachs [Turkmenistan, Serags or NE Iran, Sarachs]. Type material (holotype) in ZISP.
Distribution: S. Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya, S. Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Azerbaidzhan, S. Armenia, Turkmenistan, N. Iran, China (Xinjiang) (Staudinger, Rebel, 1901; Daniel, 1969a; Hua et al., 1990; Yakovlev, 2004g).
Material: 1 male, Kara-Kala, 5.93, leg. Naglis (MSW); 2 males, Kopetdagh, Sumbar riv., Tersakan, 19.07.1996, leg. Miatleusky (MSW); 3 males, Kopetdagh, Modzukly Mt., 1000 m., 18.04.1996, leg. Miatleusky (MSW); 2 males, Molla-Kara, near Krasnovodsk (ZISP); 2 males, Aj-Dare, Syr-Darja (ZISP); 1 male, Ashabad (ZISP)l 1 male, Termez (ZISP); 1 male, Repetek (MWM).
DISCUSSION
33 species of Cossidae from 17 genera are reported for the fauna of Turkmenistan.
3 species are endemics of Turkmenistan: Deserticossus praeclarus (Püngeler, 1898) (Kara-Kum desert), Semagystia dubatolovi Yakovlev, 2007 (Kugitang Mts.), Phragmataecia turkmenbashi Yakovlev, 2008 (Kopet-Dagh Mts.). 3 species: Cossus cossus L., Zeuzera pyrina L. and Phragmataecia castaneae Hbn. are widespread in the Palaearctic. The majoity of the fauna representatives are more or less widespread species of the Palaearctic desert belt.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors expresses sincere gratitude to Ulf Buchsbaum (Munich), V.V. Dubatolov (Novosibirsk), Armin Hauenstein (Untermünkheim), Axel Hausmann (Munich), Dr. Rienk de Jong (Leiden), A.L. Lvovskij (St. Petersburg), Geoff Martin (London), Wolfram Mey (Berlin), Jöel Minet (Paris), Erik Nieukerken (Leiden), S.Yu. Sinev (St. Petersburg), Manfried Ströhle (Weiden) and A.V. Sviridov (Moscow).
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