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DOI 10.14526/01_2017_196
CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM STATE OF SPORTSMEN WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLOOD-CIRCULATION DURING PHYSICAL LOAD
Yury S. Vanyushin - doctor of biological sciences, professor, Nikolai A. Fedorov - candidate of biological Sciences, associate professor Kazan State Agrarian University, Str. Karl Marx, 65, Kazan, 420015, Russia
E-mail: nik-f-84@mail. ru
Annotation. One of the peculiarities of heart activity is the types of blood-circulation. Nowadays it is stated that revealed in terms of blood-circulation rest types influence the reaction of cardiovascular system during physical load. Taking into consideration the point of view concerning the initial hemodynamic heterogeneity and the notion of different types of blood-circulation existence, the questions about educational-training process of sportsmen in different kinds of sport and of different age can be solved. Material. The state of sportsmen's cardiorespiratory system determination as the reaction to the load of the increasing power depending on typological peculiarities of blood-circulation Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, the indices of cardiorespiratory system testing, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Three kinds of blood-circulation were revealed among sportsmen. Most sportsmen belong to hypokinetic type of blood-circulation, other sportsmen have hyperkinetic type. Inotropic function of heart is higher in the group of sportsmen with hypokinetic type of blood-circulation and it is the most effective mechanism of urgent adaptation demonstration of a cardiac output to the load. Among the sportsmen with hyperkinetic and eukinetic types of blood-circulation the increase of cardiac output happens by means of chronotropic heart reaction. The values of respiratory minute volume in the groups of the respondents were achieved by different combinations of breathing frequency and respiratory capacity. On economic activity of respiration influenced the types of blood-circulation. Conclusion. During cardiorespiratory system study with the help of a complex of noninvasive research methods we offer to use a complex approach, which means simultaneous registration of cardiovascular and respiratory system indices. It will help to define typical regularities depending on the types of blood-circulation and the power of the fulfilled physical loads, judging by the prevailing character of the separate reactions from the organs of blood-circulation and respiration. Thus, even in cardiorespiratory system itself there are difficult adaptive interactions, which are demonstrated in diversity of different variants of reaction to physical load. Keywords: cardiorespiratory system, types of blood-circulation, physical load, sportsmen, reaction.
Introduction. One of the peculiarities of heart activity is the types of blood-circulation, which were first noticed by N.N. Savitskiy (1974). He thought that the types of blood-circulation appear as a result of different pathogenetic influence of a stressor on hemodynamics, homogeneous among all healthy people. As the base of division into the types of blood-circulation the value of heart index (HI) was taken. This value was
understood as blood-circulation minute volume, brought to the square of body surface. Among people who have hypertension N.N. Savitskiy (1974) determined three types of blood-circulation: hyperkinetic (HrTC)- with high values of HI; hypokinetic (HTC) - with low values of HI; eukinetic (ETC) - with the average values of HI. The author supposed that the types of
blood-circulation are formed by the disease itself and healthy people in a norm have ETC.
At the beginning of the 80-s I.K. Shkhvatsabaya with other authors (1981), R.G. Oganov with other authors (1984) offered to use the notions of the types of blood-circulation for the state of central hemodynamics estimation among healthy people. They supposed that all types of blood-circulation are the variants of hemodynamic norm and genetically determined.
Nowadays it is stated that revealed in terms of rest types of blood-circulation influence the reaction of cardiovascular system during physical load [4].
Taking into consideration the point of view, concerning the initial hemodynamic heterogeneity and the notion of different types of blood-circulation existence, the questions about educational-training process of sportsmen in different kinds of sport and of different age can be solved [1], [8].
The aim of the research was sportsmen's cardiorespiratory system state determination as the reaction to the load of increasing power depending on typological peculiarities of blood-circulation.
Research methods and research organization. The choice of methodical techniques and the volume of the research were conditioned by the aim and objectives of this work. The research works were held in the laboratory of functional diagnostics of "Physical upbringing" department at Kazan State Agrarian University. 105 men took part in the research works (age range: 18-35).
According to the volume of HI sportsmen were divided into 3 groups, taking into consideration the types of blood-circulation: hyperkinetic (HrTC)- with high values of HI; hypokinetic (HTC) - with low values of HI; eukinetic (ETC) - with the average values of HI. Heart index was calculated according to the following formula: HI= MVB / S, where
HI - heart index,
MVB - minute volume of blood, l;
S - total body area, m2.
Physiological estimation of cardiorespiratory system state was held on the basis of the following indices analysis:
HR - heart rate, b/min;
CSV - cardiac stroke volume, ml;
MVB - minute volume of blood,
l/min;
RR - respiratory rate (resp./min);
RC - respiratory capacity (ml, BTPS);
RMV - respiratory minute volume, (l/min, BTPS).
In order to find CSV differential rheogram according to V. Kubichek (1974) in modification of Y.T. Pushkar with other authors (1980) was written.
Minute volume of blood was calculated as a product of CSV and HR.
In order to define the indices of external respiration we used pneumotachograph.
Statistical data handling was held in accordance with generally adopted methods of variation statistics [4]. In order to estimate validity of differences standard values of Student's t-test were used.
Research results and their discussion. According to the results of the research, three types of blood-circulation among sportsmen were revealed: HTC, ETC, HrTC. Most respondents were from the group with HTC, the least from HrTC group (picture).
According to most authors, who studied the types of blood-circulation, in case of HrTC heart works in less economical regimen and the range of compensation abilities of this type is restricted. Hypokinetic type of blood-circulation is the most economic and cardiovascular system in terms of this type of blood-circulation has a considerable dynamic range. The received results show different contribution into the value of cardiac output of CSV and HR indices among sportsmen with different typological peculiarities of blood-circulation during the load of increasing power (table 1).
□ HTC «ETC ■HrTC
Picture - Sportsmen distribution according to the types of blood-circulation
Table 1 - The indices of heart pumping ability in the groups of sportsmen with different types of blood-circulation during the load of increasing power
Conditions of Indices Groups of sportsmen
indices HrTC ETC HTC
reading n=18 n=36 n=51
Initial state HR 78.53±2.27 68.69±1.38* 62.24±1.36+A
CSV 76.39±2.62 82.81±1.88* 73.16±1.42A
MVB 6.64±0.14 5.68±0.08* 4.48±0.07+A
50 W HR 105.09±2.15 95.45±1.71* 88.24±1.59+A
CSV 106.03±4.97 110.39±3.51 99.95±2.32A
MVB 11.05±0.48 10.46±0.32 8.77±0.23+A
100 W HR 121.94±2.47 115.65±2.14 107.49±1.26+A
CSV 111.34±5.01 123.51±3.57* 118.21±2.49
MVB 13.46±0.50 14.11±0.31 12.64±0.25A
150 W HR 147.14±2.92 136.06±2.59* 128.16±1.56+A
CSV 114.14±4.61 126.29±3.75* 128.20±2.96+
MVB 16.70±0.56 16.96±0.39 16.29±0.31
200 W HR 168.04±2.83 157.73±2.71* 150.47±1.86+A
CSV 110.73±6.55 125.47±3.93 130.22±3.10+
MVB 18.34±0.84 19.48±0.40 19.40±0.37
Note. * - statistical validity o belong to HrTC and ETC; + - statistical validity of the belong to HrTC and HTC;
the differences between the indices of the groups of sportsmen, who differences between the indices of the groups of sportsmen, who
A - statistical validity of the differences between the indices of the sportsmen groups, who belong to ETC and HTC;
----------limen of an adequate hemodynamic reaction
At the same time, inotropic function of heart is higher in the group of sportsmen with HTC. It can be considered as the most effective mechanism of urgent adaptation of MVB demonstration to the load. Among the sportsmen with HrTC and ETC MVB increase was owing to cardiac rate. Chronotropic mechanism of cardiac output increase in the group of sportsmen with HrTC started to appear from the load of 50 W and in the group of sportsmen with ETC from 100 W. In case of HrTC adaptation to physical load happens by means of inotropic and chronotropic functions of myocardium without Frank-Starling mechanism use. Speaking about HTC, during a physical load Frank-Starling mechanism began to work. It proved more economic character of adaptation.
The phenomenon, when the increase of CSV stopped, was called the limen of an
adequate hemodynamic reaction [2]. In our research works this limen during the load of 150 W was achieved by sportsmen with HTC, by sportsmen with ETC in case of 100 W loads, by sportsmen with HrTC during 50 W loads (table 1). It proves economic character of HTC and is, evidently, conditioned by typological peculiarities of blood-circulation among sportsmen [4].
RMV indices in the groups of sportsmen with hyperkinetic, eukinetic and hypokinetic peculiarities of blood-circulation during the load with increasing power at all stages of work at bicycle ergometer, were similar irrespective of blood-circulation type (table 2).
Table 2 - The indices of external respiration in the groups of sportsmen with different types of blood-circulation during the load with increasing power
Conditions of Indices Groups of sportsmen
indices reading HrTC ETC HTC
n=18 n=36 n=51
Initial RR 17.54±0.89 15.40±0.70 15.14±0.44+
state RC 0.64±0.05 0.76±0.05 0,67±0.03
RMV 10.60±0.60 11.14±0.56 9.52±0.35
50 W RR 22.50±1.07 19.30±0.72* 19.40±0.62+
RC 1.18±0.06 1.34±0.05 1.35±0.06+
RMV 25.80±1.15 25.50±0.70 25.25±1.60
100 W RR 22.90±1.20 19.90±0.64* 20.42±0.83
RC 1.61±0.08 1.79±0.05* 1.80±0.06
RMV 35.24±1.24 35.92±0.98 35.34±0.98
150 W RR 27.90±1.65 22.56±0.72* 23.90±0.70+
RC 1.85±0.11 2.24±0.07* 2.14±0.07
RMV 48.98±1.90 50.24±1.44 49.12±1.39
200 W RR 30.50±1.43 26.05±0.89* 27.03±0.77+
RC 2.15±0.10 2.52±0.08* 2.57±0.09+
RMV 65.00±2.14 65.17±1.90 67.63±1.84
Note. * - statistical validity of the differences between the indices of sportsmen to HrTC and ETC;
+ - statistical validity of the differences between the indices of the groups belong to HrTC and HTC;
groups, who belong of sportsmen, who
However, RMV values in the groups of respondents was achieved by different combination of RR and RC indices. In the groups of sportsmen with ETC and HTC peculiarities of blood-circulation respiration was infrequent, and was compensated by high indices of RC and it proves economic activity of external respiration. In the groups of sportsmen with HrTC peculiarities of blood-circulation at all stages of load we saw more frequent respiration with a low index of RC.
Conclusion. During cardiorespiratory system study with the help of noninvasive research methods complex of we offer to use a complex approach, which means simultaneous registration of cardiovascular and respiratory system indices. It will help to define typical regularities depending on the types of blood-circulation and the power of the fulfilled physical loads, judging by the prevailing character of the separate reactions from the organs of blood-circulation and respiration. Thus, even in cardiorespiratory system itself there are difficult adaptive interactions, which are demonstrated in diversity of different variants of reaction to physical load.
References
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Submitted: 23.01.2017 Received: 26.01.2017
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Yury S. Vanyushin - doctor of biological sciences, professor, Kazan State Agrarian University, Str. Karl Marx, 65, Kazan, 420015, Russia
Nikolai A. Fedorov - candidate of biological Sciences, associate professor Kazan State Agrarian University, Str. Karl Marx, 65, Kazan, 420015, Russia, E-mail: nik-f-84amail. ru
For citations: Vanyshin J.S., Fedorov N.A. Cardiorespiratory system state of sportsmen with different types of blood-circulation during physical load, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogical-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 117-121. DOI 10.14526/01_2017_196
