CC BY
14DOI: 10.17516/1999-494X-0207 yflK 669.713.7
Calculated Study of the Influence
of overheating Aluminum Melt
on the Dynamics the Granulation Process
Alexander P. Skuratov, Alexander V. ivlev and Artem a. Pianykh*
Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Received 05.12.2019, received in revised form 28.12.2019, accepted 21.01.2020
Abstract. A three-dimensional mathematical model of the solidification process of a liquid metal is considered, taking into account the mobility of the boundaries at which the phase transition is carried out (Stefan boundary value problem). The algorithm of calculation is improved, allowing due to the use of the Dirac 5-function in determining the effective heat capacity to take into account the nonlinearity of the equation of unsteady thermal conductivity and the heat of the phase transition. A numerical study of heat transfer during solidification of lead-containing aluminum melt droplets in air and water is carried out. The influence of droplet size and melt overheating on the solidification dynamics of granules has been studied. An approximate ratio based on the square root law is proposed, taking into account the amount of overheating of the liquid phase and linking the thickness of the formed solid phase with the duration of the granulation process.
Keywords: numerical and approximate solution, aluminum melt, granulation, solidification dynamics, droplet size and overheating.
Citation: Skuratov A.P., Ivlev A.V., Pianykh A.A. Calculated study of the influence of overheating aluminum melt on the dynamics the granulation process, J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Eng. & Technol., 2020, 13(1), 84-93. DOI: 10.17516/1999-494X-0207
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Corresponding author E-mail address: a.skuratov@mail.ru
Расчетное исследование влияния перегрева
алюминиевого расплава
на динамику процесса гранулирования
А.П. Скуратов, А.В. Ивлев, А.А. Пьяных
Сибирский федеральный университет Российская Федерация, Красноярск
Аннотация. Рассмотрена трехмерная математическая модель процесса затвердевания жидкого металла, учитывающая подвижность границ, на которых осуществляется фазовый переход (краевая задача Стефана). Усовершенствован алгоритм расчета, позволяющий при использования 5-функции Дирака при определении эффективной теплоемкости, учитывать нелинейность уравнения нестационарной теплопроводности и теплоту фазового перехода. Проведено численное исследование теплообмена при затвердевании капель содержащего свинец алюминиевого расплава в воздушной и водяной среде. Изучен характер влияния размера капель и перегрева расплава на динамику затвердевания гранул. Предложено основанное на законе квадратного корня приближенное соотношение, учитывающее величину перегрева жидкой фазы и связывающее толщину образующейся твердой фазы с длительностью процесса гранулирования.
Ключевые слова: численное и приближенное решение, алюминиевый расплав, гранулирование, динамика затвердевания, размер и перегрев капель.
Цитирование: Скуратов, А.П. Расчетное исследование влияния перегрева алюминиевого расплава на динамику процесса гранулирования / А.П. Скуратов, А.В. Ивлев, А.А. Пьяных // Журн. Сиб. федер. ун-та. Техника и технологии, 2020. 13(1). С. 84-93. DOI: 10.17516/1999-494X-0207
Introduction
Traditional automatic aluminum alloys of the Al-Cu-Mg and Al-Mg-Si systems use ligatures containing fusible elements-lead or lead together with bismuth. Obtaining such ligatures with immiscible components in the liquid state (Al and Pb) is associated with a number of technological difficulties. In particular, due to the significant difference in the density and melting temperature of these metals, it is not possible to obtain a uniform distribution of lead in the aluminum melt by simply cooling it. Therefore, it is most preferable to obtain ligatures in the form of granules obtained by rapidly cooling the melt.
In the project [1] the recommended ligature production of aluminium alloys consisted with 15% of plumbum in the granules with diameters no more than 4...6 mm, enabling to get its attachments' dimensions in the ligature, which don't exceed 30 mkm. It's considered that if highly concentrated melts with determined structure are needed it is necessary to overheat the melt to 100.150 K above the critical point on the curve of delamination of elements. This particular regime provides full dissolving and upcoming fast speeding crystallisation of the plumbum.
Structurally-oriented design and determination of the operating mode of an industrial plant for the production of ligature in granulators with an equilibrium distribution of lead requires a detailed study of the process of droplet crystallization of the melt using mathematical models implemented on the basis of modern software systems. However, there is a need to develop simplified engineering models
of the crystallization process. In this case, when solving a specific granulation task, the designer or production Manager can give an approximate rapid assessment of the process dynamics, which will significantly reduce labor costs and time.
Mathematical solidification process simulation of a melted drip linked with the analysis of thermal conductivity objectives with consideration of moving borders where the phase transfer occurs. Mathematical models of specified processes represent nonlinear boundary-value thermal conductivity problem with the abruption of the temperature gradient of the phases failure front. All these tasks can be determined as "Stefan's problems". The difficulty in the solution of Stefan's problems lies in the fact that thermal calculations of heating and cooling metal must consider the value of thermophysical characteristics of liquid and solid phases, also their complex heat exchange with the environment. Boundary value problem nonlinear structure connected with the processes of heat-and-mass transfer focused in both equations (internal nonlinearity) and boundary conditions equations (external nonlinearity).
For the first time, the definition of the Stefan problem and its solution were investigated in the classical paper on liquid freezing [2, 3]. When the solution was obtained from a task by authors the principle of self-similarity was implemented, i.e. data of differential equations in partial derivatives to ordinary differential equations were used. The main property of self-similar decisions is that the front of phase changes moves under the law of a square root from time. Later this approach was applied to more complicated tasks by Stefan, domestic and foreign mathematicians. The range of the tasks solved by using this principle is very narrow, but in the theoretical plan, they are of great value as precise solutions to Stephan's problems.
The most common solution for Stefan's problems was received by F. Neumann which is considered as standard. The solution is received here for a semi-restricted area which at the initial moment is filled with a liquid phase with the fixed temperature. For the linear heat flux, the solution is found in the form of a tabulated function of mistakes, often appearing in problems of heat conductivity.
In a number of works, the variation method of Biot is used, it based on the introduction of a thermodynamic equivalent of a Lagrange function in mechanics related to a concept of a thermal layer where the profile of temperature is approximated by a power function is applied to the solution of Stefan's problem. The solving methods which are used: method of serial change of stationary phases; the methods based on representation of the final decision in the form of power series; methods based on the system of ordinary differential equations; reductions by means of a potential theory to integral equations; integral method; method of small parameter; quadrature decisions [4-6]. It should be noted that a big contribution from domestic scientists to development of methods of approximate calculation of hardening of mould pieces was done whose detailed analysis is provided in [2].
Of particular interest is the method developed in recent years "thermal quasi-stationary approximation" to the study of heat transfer processes with relative frame boundaries of phase transformations [7]. This method is based on the construction of asymptotics. Therefore, the nature of the exact composite solution of the problem can be judged by its asymptotic expansion, taking into account some extreme parameters of the process.
For the heat conductivity problems with the relative frame front of phase changes, one of the most efficient methods is the numerical method realized on the (electronic) computers. Various researchers
propose solutions with the application of both apparent, and implicit schemes, "bound" to the relative frame front. "Binding" is made with a use of a method of rhythmic steps and "catching" of the front in a knot of a grid [8]. However, most of the numerical solution of Stefan's problem the method of grids was widely adopted [5, 6, 8]. Along with questions about the creation of the solution of Stefan's problems, its resolvability issues are important. The decision problem of a quasistationary task of the Stefan is substantially studied in works [8, 9]. Along with method of grids, big distribution in solvers of potent software products (for example, Star-CD, Ansys, Procast) was received by finite element methods and control volume.
In the finite element method, the domain in which the solution of differential equations is sought is divided into a finite number of subzones (elements). Coefficients of approximating functions are usually searched from the condition of equality of values of neighboring functions on the boundaries between elements (in clusters). From the point of view of computational mathematics, the idea of this method is that the minimization of the function of the variational problem is carried out on a set of functions, each of which is defined on a subdomain.
The method of control volume is successfully applied to an integration of the generalized equation of a mass heat transfer, including calculation of a gradient of size, sampling of a diffusion term, a sampling of a convective member, creation of a system of the algebraic equations. The method of control volumes has clear physical interpretation. The calculated area is divided into a finite number of control volumes in which barycentres nodal points have. Differential equations of conservation laws of weight, energy, a momentum integrate on each volume. Calculate integrals, being set by patch profiles of change of weight, energy, a momentum between nodal points.The method of control volumes allows, on the one hand, to solve parabolic, hyperbolic and elliptic problems, and with another - to use adaptive grids.
Earlier we developed the mathematical model of heat exchange in a twodimensional axisymmetric statement with the use of a numerical method of control volume on the basis of the Star-CD software product. The description of the mathematical formulation of the problem, which is a system of differential equations of continuity, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy, is presented in detail in [10]. As a result of carrying out a series of the numerical experiments necessary cooling rate of drops was determined by a research of a thermal condition of drops of a lead-bearing aluminum melt of various size in the course of their cooling in an aqueous medium at the fixed reference temperature of a melt.
In this paper, the algorithm for accounting for nonlinearity in the equations of transient thermal conductivity is refined, which allows for a numerical analysis of the influence of overheating of lead-containing aluminum melt droplets on their granulation process and to make the necessary adjustments to the approximate solution of the Stefan problem.
Mathematical model of the process
In general case Stephan's problems can be considered as a problem of interfacing several temperature fields with special conditions on movable boundaries Si between them with defined boundary conditions. The temperature field of each i phase is defined by three dimensional differential equation of conductivity, where boundary coordinates satisfy the condition: Si-1 < (x, y, z) < Si, i -1,2,..., m.
If consider the Uask for two phases, tie equation of Strphan's proUPems nn tine boundary with thermal balence lo oks Hka thsa (indeaes 0 ant id refnr tosnlcdandl liquid phase):
—I ^-a, dT\ = ipdk. (1)
do 1 do 1 dt
Here X and X2 are the thermal-conductivity coefficients of solid and liquid phase, (W/(mK); L -hardening heat,kJ/kg; p - phasedensity, kg/m3;^ - moving boundary(m)tothe equivalent of t, sec.
Thu,1 hest batenon reaHsabionrequiresteahZpii^ nobe equal taihn ohfference to a quantity of heaOwMdi possodthrouglibbeders 0- L andh - o2. ablso,li(ri^a iprea&n0 peoblam with hhe existence of phasr hbansitioT hnd kohwiedge of the b oundath nTnse sreeO cumns down t^an tolh)ng a set of et[h aiiins.
dTe d2T n r BT2 d% n
IT=a-de->0-o=a2-dt>0<o<«>. (2)
dT do Dt do
Here a1 and a2 are the thermal diffusivity coefficients for solid and liquid phases, respectively, m2/sec.
In classical Stephan's problems, model crystallisation process with a constant temperature of the phase transition is considered Tc - const. Fluid mass x > - 0 is restricted from one side with the plane x - 0. At the initial moment, t - 0 liquid possesses constant temperature T0. On the surface of x - 0 the temperature remains unchanged (T(0, t) - Ts - const.). If Ts < Tc, then the boundary condition of crystallisation x - £ gets into a depth of liquid. The equations (2) are supplemented with boundary conditions: T1 < Ts at x - 0; T2 - T0 at t - 0. Furthermore, condition (1) is applied on the crystallisation border(at T1=T2 - Tc and x - £).
The given crystallisation solution values as limited nonlinear boundary problem, thermal characteristics and density are piecewise constant within each phase. And thermal capacity at T - Tc adoptsinfinitelybig value,and phasechangesoccur instantly.
In Fig. 1 the accepted scheme of calculated area of hardening of drops of a melt at their driving is provided in an air and aqueous medium according to which the mathematical model of heat exchange of prneens of granulation is conshructed. In n mathematical model process of crystallization at the fixedtransition temparnSote of hsaCIzancZer is consoSered Ca to sonst. Ofcseforc SteSon's condition on a dsmarsatiosof two 'hases (1) cnncertlng tha radius of a drop of tt witl be written as:
pL= when r = \\ Tt) = To = tanst. (3)
dx or
Thus, in the accepted two-phase calculated area divided into two subareas (fluid and solid
on the border of S(t) between them according to a condition (3) there is a rupture of a heat flux at the crystallization temperature of Tc (see Fig. 1). At the same time, the position of the displacement boundary S(t) during hardening is clearly absent in the mathematical model, but is determined by the accepted condition T - Tc. According to [9] it the condition in the equation of energy is implemented with use by a 5-delta-function of Dirac when determining the size of efficient thermal capacity ceff (T). Then in case of Tsol - Tllg - Tc the shopping malls of the equation considering the warmth of phase changeconcentrated on the borderby S(T)take the followingform[10,11]:
ceff(T) = cp (Tf + L5(T-Tcf. (4)
Here 5-function receives values
-it
o, t > m
c
T < 7V
(5)
It; is a'isible that in the mathematicalmodel t^tie quasistationaiy pronlim characterized
ba ihe faet Sh^t; in eaclo serrate subarea 011 and^ t^i therma^eld isdetcriltedbya differential equation o0 atranstont hsat conSuction wirO Intnrnoasoarcetodwarmth as acteateh. At the same time, Iho barder oSphtte change is nat mabiie anp uckttwn. tn an axisymmotric Srami, this equation takes a form
dT 1 d , .dT. dT „ dT. .
CP!T = —r(r+ ^^ + f ' (6)
ox r or or dz dz where c is the specific heat, kJ/kg; f is the power of internal thermal emission, W/m3.
The equation (6) is a quasilinear parabolic second-kind equation as all coefficients in this equation are dependent on temperature. The environment of a particle was accepted by the homogeneous, i.e., coefficients in the equation (6) are functions only of temperatures.
Fig. 1. Scheme of calculated area of hardening of drops of a melt when driving in an air and aqueous medium: R - drop radius; id" and il+ - subareas respectively fluid (melt) and solid (crust), £, - thicknes s of the hardened crust; S)o" - border oi pbase eta-ge; v(t) - tratelingspeed opairop; —a, bau 7), dSc uad7bti - SSie temperature of air, water, me(t, crpstallizatiou andulagiven Htn«t, uesnuctivdly
An mportanO resuli or olie sohilron ofthe s.mplified versron op iicefan's problems is receiving the rimjrie oahio between rh" tluclsneeo of u s o"id cruee ^vr<p aeovli ngooff peried wluoh received the name "Tew vi a square root" [2]:
S= KcJT, (7)
where 4 is the thickness of a solid crust of metal; t is the time; Ks is the coefficient of a speed of a crystallization (solidification constant), mm/T05.
In engineering practice, the ratio (7) allows making a quick approximate assessment of thickness of a solid crust of metal in the course of its hardening. However, determination of the coefficient of Ks is very difficult task. For some well-studied hardening processes, it is received empirically. Specification of the law of a square root is possible on the basis of the composite mathematical models. At the same time using possibilities of numerical methods and the modern software products, it is possible to consider and analyse influence practically of all factors accompanying metal hardening process.
Results and discussion
The main factor influencing the dynamics of solidification of melt droplets in an aqueous medium in the production of granules of a fixed size is its initial heating. In the theory of solidification of castings in order to approximate the model of solidification to real conditions, various modifications of the square root law (7) associated with the correction of the value of KS on the basis of empirical material have been widely used. However, from the point of view of practical use, they are not universal because of the significant, often insurmountable difficulties associated with determining the correction factors in the law of promotion of hard crust for each specific casting case. At the same time, the construction of an adequate approximate method for calculating the kinetics of crust growth taking into account the degree of overheating is associated with two key factors: the dynamics of heat exchange (changes in the heat transfer coefficient) in the system and thenatureof the heatdissipationoftheliquid phaseoverheating.
A calculated study of heat transfer in the process of granulation in an aqueous medium of melt droplets of composition Al-15% Pb (by weight) with a diameter of 4.5 was carried out...7.5 mm. The rate of solidification of the granules was estimated by the value of the initial overheating of the Tm melt up to 1473 K. The temperature of the cooling water is Tw - 288 K. Note that the high value of the melt overheating adopted in the calculations is associated with a wide range of immiscibility temperatures of the liquid phase of the Al-Pb system [11].
The nature of the influence of the initial overheating of the melt on the solidification process of aluminum melt droplets is established. It was found that with increasing melt overheating, the rate of solidification decreases and practically does not depend on the size of the studied droplets (Fig. 2). The rate of formation of the solid phase in the initial stage is linear, and in the other-close to the parabola (Fig. 3).
In Fig. 4 the obtained dependence of the solidification constants of melt droplets with a diameter of 6 mm on the value of their overheating Tm is given. As can be seen, the nature of the dependence is close to linear and, according to calculations, the AKs for the studied temperature range is on average 0.005 mm/sec.0 5 on the 1 K to ATm.
F ig. 2. Dependence ofthe relative thickness ofthe hardened crust C tC oft he melt droplet o f different siz^s on the time of movement in water x: 1r 2 anV 3 - drodtet diameter 4.5; 6.0 Erred 7. 5 mm
t. sec.
Fig. 31 . Depeedtnce of 2he reletive thickness ofthe hardened tenet /Ron 5he overOeeting temperatm'e (^er^atir melt droplet Tm wtrlr e dremrter ofU mm: 1, d and t - K70,1423 and 147t K
1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 rm,K
Fig. 4. Dependenceofthe coeffictent oflhe rate ofcrystallization ofadron of melt Ce with a diameter of6 mm. on the temperature of its overheaScng W
Thus, an approximate engineering assessment of the solidification dynamics of lead-containing aluminum granules, taking into account their overheating, can be made on the basis of the following ratio:
% = [5.9 - (0.005A TjJT. (8)
Here 4 is the thickness of the hard crust of a metal drop with radius R (provided that 4 < R), mm; t is the duration of the solidification process, sec.; ATm is the temperature overheating (provided that Tm >1.015Tc), K.
Conclusions
1. In the numerical model developed earlier the algorithm of calculation of process of solidification of liquid metal is improved, allowing to consider mobility of borders and heat of phase transition, nonlinearity of the equation of unsteady thermal conductivity.
2. As a result of numerical studies, the character of the influence of droplet size and overheating of lead-containing aluminum melt on the dynamics of solidification of granules in air and water is established.
3. The coefficient of crystallization rate (solidification) during granulation of melt droplets in a wide range of their overheatingis determined.
4. An approximate ratio is proposed that takes into account the amount of overheating of the liquid phase and connects the thickness of the formed solid phase with the duration of the granulation process.
References
[1] Babkin V.G., Skuratov A.P., Cherepanov A.I., Pianykh A.A. Model operation of thermal processes when casting granules of high-concentrated alloys of the Al-Pb-Bi system and optimization of their structure, Aluminium of Siberia, 2008, 284-291 (in Russian).
[2] Samoylovich Yu.A., Timoshpolsky V.I., Trusova I.A., Filippov V.V. Steel ingot. Vol. 2. Harening and cooling, Minsk, Belarusian science, 2000, 637 p. (in Russian).
[3] Muchnik G.F., Rubashov I.B. Methods of the theory of heat exchange. P.1. Heat conductivity: studies. a grant for technical colleges, M., The higher school, 1970, 288 p. (in Russian).
[4] Karslou X.S., Eger D.K. Teploprovodnost of solid bodies, M., Science, 1964, 488 p. (in Russian).
[5] Rikhtmayer R., Morton K. Difference methods of solution of boundary value problems, M., The World, 1972, 418 p. (in Russian).
[6] Saulyev V.K. Integration of the equations of parabolic type by the method of grids, M., Fizmatgiz, 1960, 324 p. (in Russian).
[7] Salomatov V.V. A non-linear heat mass transfer - a basis of the modern energy-saving technologies of the steel hire complex: the monograph, Novosibirsk, NGTU publishing house, 2005, 464 p. (in Russian).
[8] Samarsky A.A., Vabishchevich P.N. Computing heat transfer, M., Editorial of URSS, 2003, 784 p. (in Russian).
[9] Zeldovich Ya.B., Myshkis A.D. Elements of applied mathematics, M., Science, 1972, 592 p. (in Russian).
[10] Skuratov A.P., Pianykh A.A. Heat exchange when granulation lead-bearing aluminum alloys in an aqueous medium, The thermal physics and an aeromechanics, 2012, 19 (2), 155-162.
[11] Ivlev A.V., Skuratov A.P., Ivlev M.V. Approximate solution of the Stefan problem in the solidification of a metal melt droplet, Process Management and Scientific Developments: materials of the international conference (Birmingham, United Kingdom, November 30, 2019). Birmingham, UK, 2019, 2, 140-146.
