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РАЗДЕЛ 2. МЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЗДОРОВЬЯ ЧЕЛОВЕКА УДК 618.2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14258/zosh(2022)4.07-
БОЛГАРСКИЕ ТРАДИЦИИ И РИТУАЛЫ - ПРОТИВ СТРАХОВ
БЕРЕМЕННЫХ
Лилия Василева Перусанова
Доцент, доктор, СУ „Св. Климента Охридского", г. София, Медицинский факультет,
liliperusanova@abv.bg
BULGARIAN TRADITIONS AND RITUALS - COUNTERPOINT OF THE FEARS OF
PREGNANT WOMEN
Lilia Vasileva Perusanova
PhD, Medical Faculty, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski ", Sofia, Bulgaria,
liliperusanova@abv.bg
АННОТАЦИЯ:
Введение: Беременная женщина, несмотря на физиологические изменения, продолжает оставаться частью общественной системы. Она остается частью своей семьи, места работы и продолжает выполнять те социальные роли, которые характеризовали ее до беременности.
Целью исследования является выявление социальных и культурных воздействий в пренатальный период, вызывающих повышенную тревогу и стресс.
Материалы и методы: Анонимный опрос 120 беременных женщин, находящихся на дородовом наблюдении в четырех больницах страны: больнице „Св. Врач" г. Сандански, университетской больнице „Рокфеллер" г. Петрич, отделении акушерства и гинекологии университетской больницы „Лозенец" г. София и Университетская больница "Майчин дом" София. Опрос проводился в 2020-2021 годах.
Результаты и выводы: Факторами, оказывающими наибольшее влияние во время беременности, являются низкий доход, решимость жить «ниже среднего» и социальный статус «ниже среднего». К этому добавляются стресс и большая ответственность на рабочем месте, плюс страх увольнения и отсутствие поддержки со стороны партнера. Соблюдение определенных ритуалов и культурных традиций является „контрапунктом" многих страхов и тревог беременной.
Ключевые слова: социальные воздействия, беременность, ритуалы, традиции, стресс. ABSTRACT
Introduction: The pregnant woman regardless of physiological changes continues to be a part of the public system. She remains a part of her family, place of work and continues to meet those social roles that have characterized her before the pregnancy.
The aim of the study is to identify the social and cultural impacts during the prenatal period causing increased anxiety and stress.
Materials and Methods: An anonymous survey of 120 pregnant women attending antenatal care in four hospitals in the country: Hospital "St.Vrach" Sandanski, University Hospital "Rockefeller" Petrich , Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University Hospital
"Lozenets " Sofia and University Hospital " Maichin dom "Sofia. The survey was conducted in 20202021.
Results and conclusions: The factors with the greatest impact during the pregnancy are the low income, the determination to live "close to the bottom" and "below average" social class. The stress and greater responsibilities in the workplace come in addition, plus a fear of a dismissal and a lack of support from the partner. Keeping certain rituals and cultural traditions is a "counterpoint" to many fears and the anxiety of the pregnant woman.
Key words: social impacts, pregnancy, rituals, traditions, stress
INTRODUCTION
Bulgarian centuries knew and did her best to give birth to healthy and beautiful children. During pregnancy is filled with many things that it is better to do, and more so, and perhaps more prohibitions. Pregnant limited by different foods and activities, which in most cases is determined by a direct connection imitation, albeit quite external to what it wants to avoid the woman for himself and the child. Restrictions are both health care for the mother and child, but also a kind of isolation and precaution. Very strong emphasis on the moral prohibitions.
Prohibitions introduced national tradition as to certain foods that the woman should abstainduring pregnancy and certain prohibitions against women. (Perusanova, Sidjimova, 2020)
So women should not eat back her husband after a trip bread to not be the future where cowardly wild or domestic animal killed by a wolf is not the future baby hairy; fish head or gills of fish, not snore or snort the child while sleeping; turtle meat, to avoid startling dream. (Perusanova-Pavlova, 2015)
The tradition provides for the promotion of certain foods that should be used pregnant - to drink goat's milk with honey and wine, eat heel of bread in order to have a male child.
There are certain prohibitions concerning pregnant. So pregnant should not be a road not to be angry the Virgin and Child to be born abnormal, and not to smash his head; pregnant women should not be scared, not like a child who scares her - human or animal, for a pregnant woman should not talk at night to not hear it from evil demons and "throw the child" and the woman to miscarry. (Perusanowa, Sidzhimowa, 2020)
The tradition recommends certain actions of the pregnant:
- To remove yourself from every evil pregnant should in the first weeks of pregnancy to descend body soap naked;
- Pregnant women should bathe more often to avoid crying infant;
- Pregnant woman should honor some of the strictest church holidays - St. Anna, Virgin Mary, St. Simeon, St. Barbara and St. Ignatius' Day; when the child move for the first time in the womb, woman should mixtures a cake (white wheat flour) to break up into pieces and distribute it to friends and relatives to the child, to born easily and the child to be healthy. (Perusanova-Pavlova, 2015)
The aim of the study was to determine which social and cultural impacts in prenatal period cause in women voltage changes in the relationship with the partner, stress in the workplace and increased anxiety.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An anonymous survey of 120 pregnant women attending antenatal care in four hospitals in the country: Hospital "St.Vrach" Sandanski, Hospital "Rockefeller" Petrich, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University Hospital " Lozenets " Sofia and University Hospital " Maichin dom " Sofia. The survey was conducted in 2020-2021
DISCUSSION
1. Age distribution of pregnant: Pregnant under 20 are 14, aged 20 to 30 g - 45 pregnant women, 30 to 40 g - 54 and over age 40 are 7 women.
figure 1. Age distribution of pregnant
100
50
14
45 54
■L
под 20 20г. - 30-40 40+ г. 30г. г.
0
2. Social class affiliation. 33.33% of respondents consider that live near the bottom, 58.34% live a little above average, but only 8.33% that live well.
figure 2. Social class affiliation.
Не мога да преценя Не живея добре 0% 8,33%
Живея малко над... 58%
Живея близо до. 33,33%
0% 20% 40% 60%
3. Unemployment rate. 75% of pregnant women are employed, 25% are unemployed.
figure 3. Unemployment rate.
4. Education. With secondary education are 41.67% of pregnant women with higher 55.83% with primary education - 2.5%
figure 4. Education
Средно 41,67%
5. Level of income. With an average income (from 500-1000lv) are 61.66% of respondents, 25% have high incomes (over 1000lv), 13.33% are low-income (260-500lv).
figure 5. Level of income.
80,00% 60,00% 40,00% 20,00% 0,00' 0,00%
8,00%
61,66%
25,00%
- m-
под от 260 от 500 над
200 до 500 до 1000
лева лева 1000 лева лева
6. Marital status. 71.67% are married respondents in partnerships 28.33%. No single mothers and divorced pregnant.
figure 6. Marital status.
80,00% 60,00% 40,00% 20,00% 0,00%
J? 4Г
J" J* J?
сГ ¿Г o?
7. Religion. Orthodox are 95% of women, Muslim women are 3.33% and atheists define 1.67%. figure 7. Religion
МюсюлАтеист мани 1,67%
авни 95,00%
8. Stressful situations in the workplace. All respondents indicated that they have experienced stressful situations in the workplace.
9. Overload in the workplace and lack of time. A significant proportion of respondents - 93.33 percent indicated that they were overwhelmed at the workplace during pregnancy and lack of time.
10. Assigning fewer responsibilities at work. 80,00% of respondents would like to have less job responsibilities in a gestation period.
11. Support partner. Significantly lower (21.67%) is the percentage of pregnant women who have felt the support from your partner.
figure 11. Support partner
Партньо Не мога
ра не ме да
подкреп ^—преценя
78,33% 0,00%
Партньо
ра ме
подкреп
я
21,67%
12. Independent home. In a separate dwelling live 80.83% percent of respondents.
figure 12. Independent home.
Под При
наем родител
15,17% ите
^ 1 4,00% i
Самосто
ятелно
жилище
80,83%
13. Healthy Eating. Half of the surveyed pregnant women believe that eating healthy.
14. Sufficient sleep and rest. 94.17% of women think that they suffer from lack of sleep and rest.
78
15. Document for temporary incapacity for work before going on leave. 65% of pregnant women would use hospital.
16. Danger of dismissal or redundancy during pregnancy. More than half - 54.17% of the women feel threatened by dismissal or redundancy.
17. In which way the woman is pregnant. 85.00% of the women were pregnant with their first child. figure 17. Another pregnancy
Втора
бремен
ност
15,00%
1 Първа
бремен
ност
85,00%
18. Respect for traditions and rituals during pregnancy. All respondents have observed certain rituals and traditions during her pregnancy.
figure 18. Respect for traditions and rituals during pregnancy.
Спазвам ритули и традици и
100,00%
Не съм спазвала
никакви
19. The types of traditions, rituals, customs and beliefs are described in the free text of pregnant women in questionnaires:
Avoid knit to not wrap the cord around the baby, Do not go home in the dark, If you want something to eat, they should eat to not miscarry, When first the woman felt fetal movement should be appropriateness loaf, Yes do not be frightened and startled pregnant woman, By the third month not to tell anyone she was pregnant, If after the fifth month of a gestation period kept secret child, Would be deaf and dumb if pregnant steal something to eat to touch a covered part of the body, not to scar, Do not eat rabbit meat to notcowardly child, Wear a red thread on his left hand against the evil eye, To have a boy to eat corner of bread, Carry wrapped woolen belt at the waist to give birth slightly, Do not cross the path of the pregnant woman, Pregnant not to kill a snake, When I left to bear not to tell anyone to give birth slightly, Until bed at night puts pregnant broom to chase evil spirits, If pregnant refuse food, it the child will be a fussy eater, Pregnant not to look at anything ugly and scary to not affect the appearance of the baby, Do not quarrel with anyone pregnant woman, because the child will be nervous, Pregnant not to play with cats, because one day the child there will be many enemies, Never woman before the baby is born cannot buy clothes, lest there be an accident at birth, Pregnant should not be shot or drawing to be born healthy baby, Pregnant woman hair is not clipped
to not cut luck baby, Pregnant does not jump cables and hoses to not wrap the cord around the baby's neck, Pregnant not to eat snails and not sissy child, Where throw navel baby - there will run his life, Like go to a pregnant gave birth to open all cabinets and drawers can be easily birth, If a pregnant woman wants something to eat and it will not lick your hand, not miscarry.
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
• Disturbing fact is that half of respondents do not eat healthily, and the majority suffer from insufficient sleep and rest and excessive burden on the workplace.
• Optimal physiological age of first birth is 24 to 30 years, but half of pregnant women aged between 30 and 40 years, which shows that a woman is planning the birth of a child after receiving education and is materially stable.
• Only 15% of women pregnant with a second child, which confirms the trend of reducing the birth rate in Bulgaria
• Social class affiliation is an influential factor for the Bulgarian before a child - 58.34% live a little above average, 33.33% of respondents consider that live near the bottom. Material well-being of the mother would create comfort and sense of security in caring for a newborn.
• Employment security is an important factor in the creation of generation in Bulgarians. 75% of pregnant women are employed, 25% unemployed.
• During the pregnancy 80% of women prefer to be loaded with less job responsibilities, and 65% would use sick leave before the 45-day maternity leave. All women indicated that their workplace had stressful situations.
• insecurity and anxiety. Support from partners in connection with the new social role of women is crucial for the successful outcome of pregnancy.
• Marriage and partnership are an integral part of the traditions of women in Bulgaria - no single mothers and divorced in the survey. 71.67% are married respondents in partnerships 28.33%.
• Observance of rituals and traditions creates a certain psychological comfort on the pregnant woman, regardless of its level of education or what is the nature of its activities. All surveyed pregnant, which has not complied with any custom or may have resorted to some ritual. Even in the cases where the mothers say they do not "believe" the many folk traditions and customs compliance represents a certain "counterpoint" to the many fears that have the mother during her pregnancy.
• Culture has a significant impact on the course of pregnancy and the attitudes of the mother. The variety of cultural products and suggests various options such as effects on the pregnant with this one of the institutes of culture - the beliefs and customs have an effect notwithstanding the pregnant to one or another social category.
• More than half of pregnant women fear redundancy and dismissal in the workplace, and this factor, together with the lack of support from the partner pregnant evokes feelings of insecurity and anxiety. Support from partners in connection with the new social role of women is crucial for the successful outcome of pregnancy.
• Marriage and partnership are an integral part of the traditions of women in Bulgaria - no single mothers and divorced in the survey. 71.67% are married respondents in partnerships 28.33%.
• Observance of rituals and traditions creates a certain psychological comfort on the pregnant woman, regardless of its level of education or what is the nature of its activities. All surveyed pregnant, which has not complied with any custom or may have resorted to some ritual. Even in the cases where the mothers say they do not "believe" the many folk traditions and customs compliance represents a certain "counterpoint" to the many fears that have the mother during her pregnancy.
• Culture has a significant impact on the course of pregnancy and the attitudes of the mother. The variety of cultural products and suggests various options such as effects on the pregnant
with this one of the institutes of culture - the beliefs and customs have an effect notwithstanding the pregnant to one or another social category.
REFERENCES
1. Lilia Perusanova , Dobriana Sidjimova, Study of the influence of cultural traditions and observance on pregnant women in Bulgaria, 5th International Conference on nursing and midwifery at Darkhan Medical School, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia on 4-5 November 2020, ISBN 978-9919-9608-5-8
2. L. Perusanowa, D. Sidzhimowa, Aktualne praktyki poloznicze w zakresie wspierania kobiet w ci^zyz problemami spoleczno-psychologicznymi , 2020 Wyzsza Szkola Gospodarki w Bydgoszczy, Zabajkalski Uniwersytet Panstwowy, Monografía zbiorowa. УДК 796:008:61 ББК 75.110:71.065.2:51.1(2)2. ISBN:978-83-65507-37-2: Wyzsza Szkola Gospodarki w Bydgoszczy, 2020, ISBN 978-5-9293-2571-7: Zabajkalski Uniwersytet Panstwowy, 2020, p 297-313
3. Perusanova-Pavlova L., Social and cultural impacts on the pregnant woman, Trakia Journal of sciences, ISSN 1313-7050(print), ISSN1313-3551(online) Volume 13, Supplement 2, 2015, pp 221-225 ;
