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25Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, R VOLUME 1 | ISSUE 8
educational, natural and social sciences ( ) ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor SJIF 2021: 5.423
BORROWINGS IN KOREAN. THE REASON OF BORROWING IN
LINGUITICS
Jumaniyazova Feruza Iskanderovna Teacher of Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh
ABSTRACT
This article distinguishes borrowed and foreign words in Korean. Furthermore, it analyses borrowed words from different languages and gives examples to double borrowing in Korean with explanation.
Key words: Borrowing, foreign words double borrowing, hancha, hanmul, etc.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В этой статье различаются заимствованные и иностранные слова в корейском языке. Кроме того, он анализирует заимствованные слова из разных языков и дает примеры двойного заимствования на корейском языке с объяснением.
Ключевые слова: заимствование, двойное заимствование иностранных слов, ханча, ханмуль и др.
ANNOTATSIYA
Ushbu maqolada koreys tilida o'zlashtirilgan va chet tili so'zlari farqlangan. Bundan tashqari, bu maqolada turli tillardan o'zlashtirilgan so'zlar tahlil qilinadi va tushuntirib berilgan. Shu jumladan koreys tilida ikki marta o 'zlashtirishga misollar keltirilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: o'zlashtirish, xorijiy so'zlar ikki marta o'zlashtirish, hancha, hanmul va boshqalar.
INTRODUCTION
Borrowings are the words that come from foreign countries and are assimilated into Korean and used like Korean. They are elements that form the lexical system of the Korean language together with native words, and are also called borrowed words. In addition to words, phonological and grammatical elements may be borrowed. Although it is difficult to distinguish between borrowed words and foreign words, the following criteria can be considered as a requirement for borrowed words:
- Pronunciation, form, and usage do not fundamentally conflict with the characteristics of Korean.
- It is not quoted or mixed, and it is used naturally in Korean sentences and does not require special treatment such as explanations or comments.
- The words are written in Korean.
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- No foreign language awareness.
- It is widely used in our society.
- Frequent use.
- The period of use after borrowing is long.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
The reason of borrowing of languages is made up of the following two factors.
Mixing of Tribes and Mixing of Languages
Mixing of races and tribes is sometimes achieved through the relationship between conquest and conquered, and peace. It can also be done following a hostile migration. When races are mixed, due to the relationship between conquests and conquered, if the conqueror is a majority group and the culture is superior, it is common for the conqueror's language to penetrate into the conquered language or completely overwhelm the conquered language. The longer the period of conquest is, the greater the possibility that the conquered language will be destroyed. Conversely, if the conquered dominates and the culture is high, the conquered language may overwhelm the conqueror's language and annihilate it. There is an example in which the Manchus of the Qing dynasty militarily conquered the Han Chinese of the Ming dynasty, but they were suppressed by their number and high culture and eventually lost both their ethnicity and their language. The language of the thirteenth is assimilated into the language, and as generations change, they forget the language of their ancestors. When the language of the ruling class is borrowed, the motive for borrowing is called the privileged motive.
Cultural exchange and language borrowing
The owner of a low culture borrows data from the language of the owner of a high culture. In principle, it is reciprocal when cultural levels are similar. Korea has been greatly influenced by China politically and geographically, and Korea adopted "hancha" and "hanmul" to enter the Chinese character culture centuries ago. Thus, today, Korean has an absolute majority of Chinese characters that account for more than half of Korean vocabulary. Languages are sometimes borrowed regardless of the cultural level. When an unknown animal or plant is newly known, its name is imported. 'beet' and 'alpaca' are borrowed from Latin and Spanish
respectively. 'Tomato' is imported from the Mexican 'tomatl' through the Spanish 'tomate' and again through the English 'tomato'. This is an example of a foreign word borrowed with the import of goods not produced in one's own country. This motive for borrowing is called necessary motive. The more retrospectively, the more
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difficult it is to distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Moreover, it is extremely rare that the borrowing time and route of each foreign word can be revealed. Foreign words in modern Korean are borrowed from dozens of languages. And it will continue to increase in the future.
Roots and cultural background of foreign words
Chinese characters and Chinese: Chinese characters are the most dominant in terms of numbers, depth of penetration, and influences. Among them, Chinese characters are the same as in China. Some are used, and some are made in Korea and are not found in China. Because of the nature of Chinese characters, coined words are simple and suitable for concept words, so they are widely used in academic and other professional terms. And apart from the Chinese words coined in Korea, they are
originally borrowed from Chinese and are commonly known as
which is incorrectly known as a native language. These are presumed to have been borrowed from the ancient Korean language, and many such examples have been found. In modern times, translation terms in the process of introducing Western culture are also often made in Chinese characters. Such a trend indicates that Chinese characters are solidifying their position as a cultural language.
English and American languages: Borrowed words from English are widely used in various fields of culture. This is due to the predominance of British and American cultures, where English is the official language. There are many examples of third language borrowed from English being borrowed from Korean again. 7^(gas), "e^^(glass), ^^ (coffee), ^^^(compass)
are Dutch, but they are spread to the world by borrowing the power of English.
Italian and music: musical terms in Italian is widely used. ^^(piano)' ■' <££(alto)' -'#S(solo)' ■ '^H^(soprano)' ■' (tenor)' etc.
French and Art: There is a lot of French in the fields of art, including fine arts, and terms such as (atelier)', (realism)', '^H(conte)',
'^)S(chapeau)', '6}^^l^(agrement)', (nougat)' etc.
German language and philosophy and medicine: There are terms borrowed from German such as philosophy, medicine, skiing, and mountaineering. ^M(Thema)', '^H^(Seminar)', (Neurose)', '*}^(Seil)',
'^^(Pickel)', (Ruck-sack)', 'S^(Kocher)' etc.
Greek/Latin and Academic: Greek and Latin are indispensable languages as academic terms. These are not direct borrowing terms, but double foreign words. '^4(alpha)', '^(beta)', '^(radium)' etc.
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Japanese: In addition to borrowing directly from Japanese, double borrowing
through Japanese is possible. i A)' and ^ ^, )' are
examples of direct borrowing, and in the case of double foreign words as follows, the Japanese pronunciation is its speciality. It is used among professionals
suspense)', nut)', (/ hyx,
atelier)' etc.
Other languages: In addition, foreign words from many languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Hebrew, etc. There are many. Double foreign words One of the characteristics of foreign words borrowed from Korean is that there are many double foreign words. There are many things through Chinese, through Western control, and through Japanese, as mentioned briefly above. We borrow material from a third language through contact with people who speak these languages.
CONCLUSION
Assimilation into Korean
Rooting of verbs and adjectives: The English word 'sign' is used in Korean as a noun like 'signature', and it is also used with Korean verb to make a
verb 'to make a sign'. Also, the word 'avec' in French is a preposition meaning 'together' and is used as the root of the same verb 'to do
together'.
Pronunciation assimilation: Pronounced according to the phonological rules of Korean, for instance 'lamp- ^S', 'spring- ', 'Russia- etc.
Influence of foreign words
Effect on the lexical system: the increase in foreign elements and the decline in the growth power of native words, the increase in the number of vocabulary items, the abundance of expressiveness due to synonyms, and the increase in translated terms are also mentioned. In addition, the number of homonyms ( programme, professional, proletariat) - sewing machine, apartment
house, It^H - television) due to abbreviations are mentioned.
REFERENCES
1. Lee Ki - Moon, Minjung Seogwan. "History of Korean language. "South Korea : Korea University, 1972.
2. MoonKi -Lee. "About Modern Chinese Borrowing Terms . Asia Studies Research Institute, 1965.
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, R VOLUME 1 | ISSUE 8
educational, natural and social sciences ( ) ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor SJIF 2021: 5.423
3. JinwanKim. "Korea China in the early period. Seoul National University Language Research Institute, 1970.
4. "Encyclopedia of Korean National Culture. "
