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Б1олог1чний в1сник МДПУ iMeH Богдана Хмельницького 6(3), стор. 455-462, 2016
Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6(3), pp. 455-462, 2016
ARTICLE UDC 57.01
BIRD SPECIES DATABASE OF EGG VOLUMES AND SURFACE AREAS
I.S. Mytiai1, A.V. Matsyura2 National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, E-mail: [email protected], 2Altai State University, 656049, Barnaul, Lenina Prospekt, 61, Russia, E-mail: [email protected]
The computer-based analysis of 13458 photographs of avian eggs belonging to 257 species of 19 orders provided empirical data for the coefficients of egg volume and surface area calculation using the dimensions of length and breadth. The calculated species-specific and order-specific coefficients are given. The method of estimation of egg volume and surface by means of taking digital photographs with further computer calculation may be used to study the intrapopulation variability and to estimate incubation efficiency.
Key words: eggs volume, surface area of eggs, indices of eggs volume, indices of surface area of eggs
Citation:
Mytiai, I.S., Matsyura, A.V. (2016). Bird species database of egg volumes and surface areas. Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (3), 455-462. Поступило в редакцию / Submitted: 12.10.2016 Принято к публикации / Accepted: 25.12.2016 eros s^ef http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2016118 © Mytiai, Matsyura, 2016
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INTRODUCTION
The research of birds eggs is one of the most important and affordable chapter of ornithological researches. Probably it is hard to find the ornithologist, which will go through the nest of bird and will not measure the laying. But two of received measurements (length and diameter) give less information, than for example volume-surface measurements. As known, volume limits the quantity of eggwhite and yolk, which surface the capacity of shell, and that it is material-energetical embryo stock. To surface area addicted such functions as: gas exchange, transpiration and temperature schedule, that provide development of embryo. In the complex, two of these indices are the most valuable criteria of incubative quality of eggs, with the help of which it is possible to research different types of variability and to predict potential success of reproduction.
All sum of publications, dedicated to determination methods of volume can be divided to three groups. First of them is based on calculations, that are made on the basis of linear measurements of eggs and coefficients (Barth, 1953; Romanov & Romanova, 1959; Stonehous, 1966; Carter, 1974; Preston, 1974; Hoyt, 1976; Loftin & Bowman, 1978; Narushin, 2005). Method is really convenient, but in a lot of cases coefficients, which are proposed by different authors, are plenty general and gives some infelicity for some species. According to the another method, volume is determined according to quantity of ousted water (Bonnet & Mongin, 1965; Paganelli et al., 1974; Tarasov, 1977; Hoyt, 1979; Komarov, 1993; Chernichko & Chirkin, 1999). It gives the opportunity to concretize research and rise their preciseness, but the process of getting data plenty cumbersome and inconvenient for realization in the field.
The third method is based on using the modern technologies, namely computer analysis of digital eggs photos. This direction of oological researches has started in the beginning of the last century and nowadays it became more popular (Monus & Barta, 2005; Bridge et al., 2007; Mytiai, 2003; 2008; 2009; Zhou et al., 2009). Computer analysis gave the opportunity to work out the considerable factual material, and calculate intraspecific coefficients. These coefficients gives the opportunity to calculate volume and area of the surface eggs shells in absolute terms, and also calculate dimensional indices (more details are below). The last opens the perspectives
for comparing the eggs of different species of birds and gives opportunity to colligate the effectiveness of embryogeness and potential successfUlness of reproduction with some quantitative morphological indices. MATERIAL AND METHODS
All the data were collected during the field suveys and in the museums of Ukraine: National Scientifically-Naturalistic Museum National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zoological Museum of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Zoological Museum of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv State Natural-Scientific Museum National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, State Museum of Nature of V.N. Karazin National University of Charkiv, Cherkassy Local History Museum. Photo were made with help of Pentax K10D, fixed on special equipped tripod. The main condition during the photographing were placing the egg in the manner, that its longitudinal axis was perpendicular to the objective of photocamera. Beside this, the important was the equable light, that was provided by round lamp of the day light and background of black velvet. For analysis of photo shoots were used computer programs, which were written on the basis of equation smooth piecewise continuous curve and integrals for calculating the volume:
V = J xy2(x)dx and area of surface: S = 2k J y(x)Vl + y2(x)dx.
The volume of researched material is 12579 pcs of eggs of 241 species, that contributes to bird orders. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
On the basis of calculating were used the formulas, that in different modifications were used by authors mentioned earlier. Their general view: kv= V/LD2 and ks=S/LD, where V- volume, S- area of surface, L-length, D- diameter; kv, ks — volume and surface coefficients. Defining by computer method the volume and area of surface on the basis of mass material we calculated mentioned coefficients (Table 1).
These calculations, as were marked earlier, give the opportunity to transfer from absolute value to dimensional indices: cubical dilatation - Irv = V01J /Vph and comparative surface: Is = Sm /Sph, where Irv i. Is — indices, V01J i Sm —volume and surface area of real eggs, Vph Sph — volume and surface area of sphere with the diameter which equal to the length of the egg. Such approach can be easily visible demonstrated (Fig. 1).
(fxf)##(9)$(i)D
Fig. 1. Comparing of egg shapes and sphere (sphere diameter is equal to egg length).
Thesed indices give the opportunity to make needed comparisons, and also to analyze eggs from the point of more or less incubation usefulness. As etalon for comparison the sphere was used. The last has the range of distinctive only for itself qualities. For example, only this physical body has the correlation of volume to area surface maximally. This index is very important for bird eggs, because it is linked to material-energetically side of the process of incubation. The eggs with max volume with min area of surface have whole chain of preferences. Their shell has max strength with min thickness. The processes of gas exchange and transpiration in this case pass more optimal, than with thick shell. The small area of surface has less heat emission, that is better index for embryo surviving at the moment of absence of sitting bird in the nest. The max volume gives opportunity to place more quantity of needed substances.
Foregoing material show, that using the digital photos and their computer analyzing open wide perspectives in the research of the bird eggs. Absolute and comparative dimensional indices allow not only delimit eggs between themselves but also make analyzes of their incubational usefulness. The last circumstance is very important, because with the presence only oological material it is possible to make the prognosis of potential condition of the population before the beginning of the nests period.
Essential advantage of this method are its economy, speediness of accomplishment, and occurring during one's lifetime the max of information.
Table 1. Indices for calculating the volume and surface area of eggs
Bimoiirnuu eicHUK MAnY Mem Bozbam XMeAbm^bKozo 6 (3), 2016
Order / Species n L D Kv Vcal Vexp Ks Scal Sexp
Gaviiformes 113 78.7 48.8 0.512 97.16 96.47 2.746 105.84 105.06
Gavia stellata 39 73.1 45.1 0.515 76.55 75.99 2.757 90.86 90.08
Gavia arctica 58 80.2 50.1 0.510 102.63 102.34 2.743 110.22 109.59
Gavia immer 6 94.6 59.1 0.508 168.18 167.48 2.731 152.79 152.17
Gavia adamsii 10 91.6 55.4 0.509 143.21 142.31 2.723 138.27 137.21
Podicipediformes 337 50.5 34.0 0.506 30.51 30.42 2.766 47.99 47.86
Podiceps ruficollis 22 36.3 25.8 0.506 12.17 12.12 2.795 26.11 25.98
Podiceps nigricollis 73 44.5 30.1 0.507 20.46 20.56 2.772 37.13 37.14
Podiceps auritus 9 44.9 30.7 0.500 21.23 21.33 2.745 37.89 38.08
Podiceps grisegena 66 51.1 34.9 0.507 31.59 31.66 2.777 49.56 49.49
Podiceps cristatus 167 54.8 36.4 0.506 36.68 36.64 2.755 54.91 54.79
Procellariiformes 22 57.8 41.9 0.513 64.07 64.44 2.84 74.40 74.78
Fulmarus glacialis 8 72.4 51.2 0.512 97.84 98.74 2.808 104.31 105.24
Puffinus puffnus 7 58.6 43.2 0.514 56.41 56.19 2.853 72.27 71.97
Hydrobates pelagicus 7 27.8 21.7 0.516 6.74 6.83 2.885 17.39 17.61
Pelecaniformes 163 64.7 40.9 0.512 59.96 59.74 2.752 74.63 74.41
Pelecanus onocrotalus 12 93.8 60.0 0.509 171.74 171.56 2.751 154.72 153.88
Pelecanus crispus 8 94.2 59.5 0.506 169.36 167.69 2.734 153.25 151.69
Phalacrocorax carbo 113 62.9 39.6 0.512 50.52 50.48 2.751 68.52 68.38
Phalacrocorax aristotelis 22 61.0 37.8 0.509 44.51 44.18 2.732 63.01 62.48
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus 8 47.9 30.2 0.517 22.61 22.86 2.763 40.00 40.42
Ciconiiformes 461 56.7 40.4 0.508 49.33 49.19 2.808 65.29 65.11
Botaurus stellaris 17 51.5 38.4 0.507 38.49 38.23 2.834 56.03 56.00
Ixobrychus minutus 53 35.3 25.8 0.512 12.12 12.04 2.845 25.94 25.75
Nycticorax nycticorax 35 48.3 34.9 0.511 30.10 30.12 2.829 47.73 47.60
Ardeola ralloides 13 38.5 28.6 0.513 16.15 15.92 2.857 31.43 31.01
Egretta alba 55 61.2 42.5 0.508 56.08 56.23 2.792 72.56 72.43
Egretta garzetta 53 47.1 33.5 0.508 26.78 26.72 2.802 44.16 44.04
Ardea cinerea 110 60.3 42.3 0.507 54.72 54.61 2.792 71.21 71.03
Ardea purpurea 84 55.3 40.6 0.509 46.44 46.47 2.827 63.48 63.48
Platalea leucorodia 22 68.0 46.3 0.508 74.04 73.91 2.782 87.55 87.18
Ciconia ciconia 19 74.8 53.5 0.513 109.89 109.95 2.828 113.24 113.01
Anseriformes 523 68.17 46.9 0.515 101.36 100.98 2.817 98.39 98.06
Anser anser 52 87.8 58.4 0.511 153.15 152.43 2.778 141.82 142.48
Cygnus olor 57 114.3 74.4 0.509 322.24 321.48 2.761 234.63 234.00
Cygnus cygnus 16 110.7 74.7 0.511 315.57 313.85 2.788 230.56 229.08
Tadorna tadorna 47 65.8 47.0 0.510 74.02 73.76 2.816 87.07 86.61
Anas platyrhynchos 88 56.3 40.7 0.515 48.07 47.94 2.842 65.08 64.93
Anas strepera 69 53.9 38.0 0.515 40.11 40.04 2.828 57.86 57.81
Anas querquedula 76 46.6 32.8 0.519 25.97 25.86 2.839 43.36 43.19
Anas clypeata 13 51.9 37.3 0.519 37.38 37.11 2.857 55.22 54.82
Aythya ferina 35 60.6 43.3 0.518 58.78 58.57 2.847 74.64 74.36
Aythya nyroca 22 51.3 37.8 0.519 37.96 37.91 2.866 55.52 55.48
Somateria mollissima 9 79.2 51.9 0.515 109.98 109.06 2.789 114.71 113.65
Mergus serrator 39 65.1 44.7 0.514 66.65 66.72 2.803 81.49 81.50
Falconiformes 1264 51.2 44.0 0.515 48.22 48.06 2.904 62.11 61.63
Pandion haliaetus 30 61.7 46.6 0.517 69.41 73.27 2.874 82.73 84.25
Pernis apivorus 23 51.9 41.9 0.513 46.72 46.76 2.914 63.38 63.17
Milvus milvus 48 56.6 44.3 0.514 57.10 56.82 2.893 72.55 72.16
Milvus migrans 102 54.6 42.4 0.515 50.51 50.35 2.893 66.94 66.57
Circus cyaneus 13 45.8 35.9 0.517 30.92 30.78 2.907 48.02 47.81
Circus pygargus 26 42.5 34.2 0.517 25.68 25.83 2.925 42.48 42.48
Circus aeruginosus 65 48.9 38.1 0.516 36.52 36.62 2.893 53.82 53.87
Order / Species n L D Kv Vcal Vexp Ks Scal Sexp
Accipiter gentilis 88 57.2 44.0 0.515 57.02 56.95 2.886 72.12 72.39
Accipiter nisus 70 39.4 31.8 0.516 20.49 20.54 2.922 36.54 36.49
Buteo rufinus 28 55.9 44.0 0.516 57.07 56.57 2.909 71.61 71.36
Buteo buteo 237 54.8 43.2 0.513 52.52 52.42 2.898 68.67 68.32
Circaetus gallicus 9 75.5 59.5 0.515 138.15 136.70 2.907 130.72 129.36
Hieraaetus pennatus 35 55.6 45.5 0.516 60.05 59.36 2.936 74.56 74.01
Aquila clanga 10 64.7 52.0 0.515 90.76 90.11 2.917 98.25 97.77
Aquila pomarina 47 63.9 50.7 0.514 84.44 84.39 2.907 94.32 94.22
Aquila heliaca 11 74.2 57.1 0.516 124.71 123.62 2.892 122.55 121.27
Aquila chrysaetos 8 75.1 59.2 0.515 135.69 132.85 2.917 129.69 126.96
Haliaeetus albicilla 16 73.6 56.8 0.513 121.65 121.63 2.881 120.34 119.87
Aegypius monachus 12 96.5 73.7 0.510 267.31 267.96 2.861 203.45 202.91
Falco rusticolus 10 61.9 47.9 0.513 72.71 72.65 2.878 85.21 85.14
Falco cherrug 72 54.7 41.9 0.514 49.38 49.41 2.879 66.01 65.89
Falco peregrinus 12 51.7 41.1 0.522 45.51 45.69 2.929 61.86 62.44
Falco subbuteo 36 41.4 32.8 0.516 22.94 22.98 2.909 39.46 39.37
Falco columbarius 14 40.3 32.9 0.519 22.64 23.78 2.908 38.52 40.43
Falco vespertinus 81 36.8 29.3 0.516 16.35 16.41 2.912 31.47 31.47
Falco naumanni 23 36.9 30.4 0.517 17.69 17.91 2.936 32.99 33.25
Falco tinnunculus 138 39.2 31.7 0.514 20.19 20.24 2.917 36.17 36.17
Galliformes 383 36.8 28.1 0.506 16.37 16.37 2.848 30.82 30.46
Lagopus lagopus 34 42.3 31.1 0.509 20.82 20.79 2.841 37.35 37.08
Lyrurus tetrix 13 49.7 35.9 0.510 32.56 32.52 2.823 50.26 50.12
Tetrao urogallus 15 56.1 41.4 0.508 50.37 50.77 2.821 66.24 66.72
Tetrastes bonasia 20 40.4 29.4 0.512 17.87 17.78 2.834 33.65 33.48
Alectoris chukar 27 41.5 31.2 0.502 20.26 20.11 2.829 36.61 36.34
Perdix perdix 81 34.1 26.7 0.503 12.22 12.47 2.853 25.96 26.27
Perdix dauricae 26 32.6 25.3 0.503 10.51 10.41 2.856 23.56 23.33
Coturnix coturnix 127 30.1 23.0 0.503 8.02 8.00 2.846 19.71 19.61
Phasianus colchicus 40 44.7 35.1 0.512 28.28 28.42 2.889 45.41 45.36
Gruiformes 465 49.4 34.4 0.510 41.39 41.28 2.806 52.96 52.86
Grus grus 24 97.7 62.3 0.509 192.93 191.78 2.752 167.44 165.98
Anthropoides virgo 24 82.3 52.0 0.509 113.11 113.09 2.740 117.19 116.97
Rallus aquaticus 20 36.6 26.6 0.511 13.28 13.47 2.822 27.53 27.89
Por%ana por^ana 42 35.1 24.2 0.512 10.56 10.57 2.801 23.84 23.83
Porzana parva 26 30.5 22.1 0.511 7.64 7.63 2.829 19.11 19.07
Crex crex 80 36.7 26.7 0.510 13.36 13.40 2.828 27.72 27.74
Gallinula chloropus 96 42.8 30.7 0.513 20.68 20.95 2.825 37.09 37.39
Fulica atra 111 51.8 36.1 0.508 34.28 34.22 2.789 52.09 52.04
Otis tarda 26 79.3 57.1 0.510 131.79 131.66 2.822 127.81 127.11
Tetrax tetrax 16 51.3 39.6 0.508 41.37 40.98 2.863 58.45 57.94
Charadriiformes 1649 49.3 35.1 0.501 35.21 35.24 2.790 50.76 50.57
Burhinus oedicnemus 17 54.5 40.2 0.512 45.01 45.08 2.843 62.22 62.16
Pluvialis squatarola 13 54.1 37.1 0.493 36.78 35.77 2.759 55.38 53.78
Pluvialis apricaria 11 52.4 36.5 0.490 34.28 33.65 2.748 52.62 52.00
Charadrius dubius 25 29.9 22.5 0.496 7.53 7.59 2.804 18.89 18.94
Charadrius alexandrinus 12 32.0 23.7 0.500 9.02 9.00 2.812 21.38 21.28
Eudromias morinellus 13 43.0 30.1 0.502 19.53 19.48 2.778 35.88 35.78
Vanellus vanellus 94 46.3 33.1 0.488 24.71 24.62 2.742 41.97 41.82
Arenaria interpres 12 39.5 29.3 0.491 16.70 16.79 2.775 32.18 32.27
Himantopus himantopus 32 44.7 32.0 0.494 22.64 22.88 2.760 39.51 39.82
Recurvirostra avosetta 50 50.7 35.3 0.495 31.18 31.14 2.752 49.18 49.05
Haematopus ostralegus 31 55.5 40.2 0.505 45.34 45.49 2.804 62.59 62.73
Tringa ochropus 12 40.1 28.6 0.492 16.14 16.09 2.758 31.64 31.50
Tringa glareola 13 39.6 28.1 0.488 15.26 15.34 2.738 30.44 30.59
BioAoziwuü eicHUK MAnY rnem Bozbam XMenbm^bKDZo 6 (3), 2016
Order / Species n L D Kv Vcal Vexp Ks Scal Sexp
Tringa nebularia 12 51.5 35.4 0.489 31.51 31.68 2.729 49.73 49.52
Tringa totanus 67 44.0 30.8 0.487 20.29 20.30 2.728 36.94 36.89
Tringa erythropus 10 48.9 34.3 0.492 28.30 28.32 2.747 46.08 46.12
Tringa stagnatilis 12 38.4 26.6 0.492 13.34 13.35 2.740 27.96 27.98
Actitis hypoleucos 36 35.2 25.9 0.492 11.61 11.58 2.776 25.31 25.19
Xenus cinereus 12 37.8 27.7 0.490 14.23 14.13 2.768 28.97 28.78
Phalaropus lobatus 20 29.8 20.6 0.487 6.19 6.13 2.726 16.75 16.60
Philomachus pugnax 11 45.0 31.2 0.487 21.38 21.39 2.727 38.34 38.17
Calidris temminckii 15 28.3 21.4 0.494 6.39 6.37 2.802 16.94 16.89
Calidris maritima 10 39.5 27.6 0.494 14.89 14.80 2.758 30.08 29.90
Gallinago gallinago 47 39.3 28.0 0.492 15.14 15.28 2.752 30.26 30.47
Gallinago media 13 45.1 32.7 0.492 23.66 23.45 2.770 40.78 40.41
Scolopax rusticola 34 44.9 34.1 0.502 26.13 26.13 2.830 43.26 43.12
Numenius arquata 12 70.4 48.1 0.493 80.19 78.18 2.752 93.11 90.61
Numenius phaeopus 11 61.3 41.8 0.488 52.42 51.92 2.724 69.85 69.19
Limosa limosa 23 55.5 38.5 0.487 40.07 39.96 2.756 58.27 57.96
Glareola pratincola 13 31.0 24.2 0.512 9.30 9.25 2.889 21.66 21.58
Stercorarius parasiticus 11 58.1 41.4 0.499 49.76 49.38 2.786 66.95 66.45
Larus ichthyaetus 14 77.8 53.3 0.506 112.18 111.94 2.780 115.37 115.08
Larus melanocephalus 45 54.6 38.8 0.506 41.61 41.68 2.804 59.43 59.34
Larus ridibundus 283 52.0 36.7 0.506 35.36 35.34 2.797 53.28 53.16
Larus genei 31 54.7 39.0 0.508 42.22 42.21 2.804 59.77 59.74
Larus argentatus 25 74.5 51.6 0.511 101.24 100.91 2.805 107.73 107.02
Larus cachinnans 138 71.2 49.8 0.507 89.68 89.30 2.798 99.32 98.56
Larus canus 43 56.0 41.0 0.509 48.05 49.00 2.821 64.88 65.79
Rissa tridactyla 17 58.3 41.7 0.508 51.55 51.30 2.814 68.47 68.09
Chlidonias nigsr 82 34.5 25.2 0.499 10.92 10.88 2.796 24.30 24.17
Chlidonias leucopterus 22 36.8 26.4 0.499 12.77 12.88 2.779 26.97 27.03
Chlidonias hybrida 33 39.1 28.2 0.500 15.59 15.37 2.799 30.92 30.43
Gelochelidon nilotica 22 50.6 36.2 0.509 33.80 33.88 2.811 51.54 51.53
Hydroprogne caspia 12 66.3 46.1 0.512 72.21 72.50 2.803 85.89 85.84
Sterna hirundo 94 41.7 30.8 0.505 20.00 19.95 2.822 36.28 36.13
Sterna paradisaea 45 40.6 29.2 0.508 17.64 17.45 2.820 33.40 33.08
Sterna albifrons 39 32.0 23.9 0.506 9.24 9.23 2.834 21.66 21.58
Columbiformes 123 35.6 26.4 0.517 13.30 13.44 2.867 27.25 27.12
Columba palumbus 31 41.0 29.7 0.516 18.68 18.64 2.848 34.72 34.59
Columba oenas 24 36.9 28.1 0.516 15.07 15.09 2.881 29.91 29.87
Columba livia 17 37.6 28.3 0.518 15.56 15.47 2.881 30.62 30.44
Streptopelia turtur 51 30.9 22.9 0.517 8.38 8.34 2.868 20.30 20.17
Cuculiformes 39 22.8 16.9 0.518 3.36 3.37 2.866 11.02 11.05
Cuculus canorus 39 22.8 16.9 0.518 3.36 3.37 2.866 11.02 11.05
Strigiformes 232 43.6 35.6 0.517 31.66 31.76 2.931 47.01 47.15
Nyctea scandiaca 24 55.9 45.2 0.514 58.77 58.96 2.914 73.70 73.81
Bubo bubo 19 61.2 49.5 0.514 77.22 77.33 2.914 88.37 88.43
Asio otus 62 40.4 32.6 0.517 22.23 22.19 2.926 38.56 38.48
Asio flammeus 40 39.9 32.3 0.516 21.41 22.16 2.905 37.35 38.39
Otus scops 20 31.5 27.0 0.519 11.88 11.89 2.978 25.27 25.30
Athene noctua 20 33.4 28.6 0.518 14.18 14.12 2.978 28.47 28.36
Strix aluco 35 46.9 38.5 0.518 36.12 36.18 2.943 53.24 53.21
Strix nebulosa 12 51.8 41.9 0.517 47.06 46.87 2.929 63.63 63.34
Caprimulgiformes 31 30.9 21.7 0.521 7.63 7.60 2.850 19.16 19.07
Caprimulgus europaeus 31 30.9 21.7 0.521 7.63 7.60 2.850 19.16 19.07
Apodiformes 20 24.7 16.5 0.523 3.53 3.55 2.825 11.54 11.58
Apus apus 20 24.7 16.5 0.523 3.53 3.55 2.825 11.54 11.58
Coraciiformes 238 27.2 22.1 0.518 7.66 7.66 2.941 18.29 18.31
Order / Species n L D Kv Vcal Vexp Ks Scal Sexp
Coradas garrulus 66 35.7 28.1 0.516 14.53 14.55 2.904 29.10 29.10
Alcedo atthis 101 22.2 18.6 0.519 3.97 3.98 2.959 12.18 12.20
Merops apiaster 71 26.5 21.7 0.521 6.47 6.51 2.949 16.90 16.98
Upupiformes 133 25.8 17.8 0.517 4.25 4.24 2.820 12.98 12.97
Upupa epops 133 25.8 17.8 0.517 4.25 4.24 2.820 12.98 12.97
Piciformes 536 23.7 17.9 0.516 4.21 4.19 2.878 12.55 12.49
Jynx torquilla 248 20.5 15.6 0.517 2.58 2.57 2.888 9.22 9.19
Picus viridis 13 30.5 23.4 0.515 8.57 8.60 2.881 20.52 20.56
Picus canus 41 28.4 21.4 0.512 6.64 6.64 2.862 17.37 17.35
Dryocopus martius 15 34.7 25.2 0.506 11.36 11.19 2.808 24.56 24.69
Dendrocopos major 125 26.7 19.9 0.516 5.43 5.41 2.868 15.18 15.11
Dendrocopos medius 71 25.0 19.0 0.515 4.64 4.64 2.875 13.64 13.62
Dendrocopos minor 23 18.7 14.8 0.518 2.12 2.12 2.912 8.03 8.04
Passeriformes 5847 21.6 15.9 0.511 3.60 3.58 2.849 10.56 10.52
Riparia riparia 79 17.2 12.6 0.511 1.40 1.40 2.837 6.15 6.15
Hirundo rustica 48 19.6 13.6 0.512 1.87 1.87 2.81 7.52 7.52
Delichon urbica 60 19.5 13.5 0.51 1.82 1.82 2.801 7.39 7.38
Galerida cristata 28 22.6 16.9 0.51 3.29 3.28 2.85 10.86 10.82
Melanocorypha calandra 22 24.2 17.7 0.506 3.87 3.87 2.815 12.11 12.10
Lullula arborea 16 21.6 16.7 0.515 3.10 3.11 2.886 10.39 10.43
Alauda arvensis 36 23.5 16.8 0.508 3.37 3.35 2.816 11.11 11.05
Anthus campestris 12 20.2 15.2 0.51 2.39 2.38 2.853 8.78 8.74
Anthus trivialis 91 20.3 15.4 0.509 2.44 2.43 2.85 8.90 8.84
Anthus pratensis 17 20.0 14.8 0.514 2.26 2.25 2.852 8.44 8.43
Motacilla flava 49 18.5 14.1 0.506 1.86 1.85 2.85 7.42 7.39
Motacilla alba 52 19.9 14.8 0.511 2.22 2.22 2.848 8.37 8.34
Lanius collurio 181 21.8 16.4 0.514 3.02 3.00 2.869 10.27 10.21
Lanius minor 29 24.9 17.8 0.512 4.05 3.99 2.835 12.57 12.39
Oriolus oriolus 49 30.6 21.4 0.515 7.24 7.23 2.827 18.51 18.48
Sturnus vulgaris 124 28.8 21.2 0.512 6.61 6.61 2.839 17.30 17.31
Garrulus glandarius 112 31.0 22.8 0.509 8.24 8.20 2.835 20.08 19.97
Pica pica 327 33.3 23.7 0.507 9.52 9.47 2.807 22.15 22.01
Corvus monedula 109 34.7 24.9 0.508 11.00 10.92 2.817 24.39 24.21
Corvus frugilegus 121 40.1 28.0 0.503 15.88 15.83 2.783 31.27 31.17
Corvus corone 27 43.5 30.0 0.506 19.83 19.78 2.781 36.30 36.20
Corvus cornix 190 41.4 29.4 0.506 18.15 18.10 2.799 34.08 33.97
Corvus corax 97 49.3 33.4 0.509 27.95 27.79 2.783 45.75 45.49
Troglodytes troglodytes 19 16.7 12.3 0.508 1.28 1.28 2.835 5.81 5.80
Locustella luscinioides 16 19.4 14.6 0.515 2.13 2.12 2.867 8.11 8.09
Locustella naevia 15 17.1 13.6 0.511 1.62 1.61 2.898 6.72 6.69
Acrocephalus paludicola 16 16.9 13.3 0.51 1.53 1.55 2.874 6.45 6.55
A. schoenobaenus 15 18.0 13.8 0.511 1.74 1.74 2.865 7.09 7.09
Acrocephalus agricola 13 16.5 12.4 0.514 1.30 1.30 2.865 5.84 5.83
Acrocephalus palustris 54 18.1 13.3 0.509 1.64 1.63 2.835 6.84 6.79
Acrocephalus scirpaceus 43 18.4 13.8 0.513 1.80 1.79 2.864 7.28 7.22
Acrocephalus arundinaceus 49 22.6 16.2 0.511 3.03 3.04 2.82 10.32 10.33
Hippolais icterina 52 18.7 13.7 0.511 1.80 1.80 2.842 7.28 7.26
Sylvia nisoria 80 21.3 15.6 0.512 2.65 2.64 2.841 9.41 9.37
Sylvia hortensis 15 20.1 15.2 0.517 2.39 2.38 2.88 8.78 8.75
Sylvia atricapilla 232 19.8 14.7 0.512 2.20 2.20 2.853 8.31 8.29
Sylvia borin 70 20.1 15.2 0.512 2.38 2.37 2.86 8.75 8.72
Sylvia communis 149 18.6 14.1 0.51 1.90 1.89 2.864 7.52 7.48
Sylvia curruca 45 16.9 12.9 0.51 1.44 1.44 2.867 6.26 6.23
Phylloscopus trochilus 29 20.1 12.0 0.512 1.49 1.17 2.871 6.92 5.43
Phylloscopus collybita 44 15.3 12.1 0.512 1.16 1.15 2.9 5.38 5.36
BioAoziwuü eicHUK MAnY Mem Bozdama XMeMHU^bKozo 6 (3), 2016
Order / Species n L D Kv Vcal Vexp Ks Scal Sexp
Phylloscopus sibilatrix 169 16.2 12.8 0.512 1.36 1.37 2.888 5.98 5.99
Ficedula hypoleuca 24 17.5 13.5 0.511 1.64 1.63 2.876 6.80 6.77
Ficedula albicollis 100 18.1 13.4 0.513 1.66 1.65 2.852 6.91 6.87
Ficedula parva 134 17.2 12.9 0.516 1.48 1.44 2.888 6.41 6.23
Muscicapa striata 115 18.8 14.1 0.514 1.93 1.92 2.864 7.61 7.59
Saxicola rubetra 78 18.7 14.5 0.509 1.99 1.99 2.867 7.75 7.73
Saxicola torquata 31 17.9 14.3 0.51 1.86 1.86 2.893 7.38 7.38
Oenanthe oenanthe 49 20.4 15.6 0.512 2.54 2.53 2.869 9.11 9.10
Phoenicurus phoenicurus 50 19.1 14.0 0.51 1.91 1.90 2.83 7.57 7.56
Erithacus rubecula 64 19.5 15.1 0.519 2.30 2.30 2.904 8.53 8.53
Luscinia megarhynchos 16 20.4 15.2 0.514 2.43 2.42 2.862 8.88 8.84
Luscinia luscinia 114 21.8 16.0 0.513 2.87 2.86 2.846 9.93 9.91
Luscinia svecica 61 18.6 14.5 0.509 1.99 1.98 2.87 7.73 7.71
Turdus pilaris 20 28.3 21.1 0.514 6.51 6.47 2.869 17.15 17.05
Turdus merula 122 29.1 21.5 0.515 6.96 6.99 2.858 17.89 17.92
Turdus philomelos 122 27.0 20.4 0.509 5.71 5.69 2.851 15.66 15.62
Turdus viscivorus 13 33.3 23.2 0.51 9.17 9.13 2.8 21.64 21.56
Panurus biarmicus 25 17.9 14.2 0.517 1.87 1.87 2.921 7.43 7.41
Aegithalos caudatus 93 14.2 11.2 0.513 0.91 0.91 2.893 4.59 4.58
Remizpendulinus 45 16.2 10.6 0.517 0.94 0.94 2.789 4.78 4.77
Parus palustris 43 16.2 12.6 0.508 1.31 1.31 2.87 5.87 5.85
Parus caeruleus 128 15.8 12.1 0.509 1.18 1.20 2.856 5.45 5.49
Parus cyanus 13 16.6 11.9 0.512 1.20 1.20 2.823 5.55 5.55
Parus major 115 17.8 13.6 0.508 1.68 1.68 2.856 6.93 6.93
Sitta europaea 54 20.0 14.8 0.512 2.24 2.24 2.85 8.43 8.41
Certhia familiaris 40 15.8 12.0 0.512 1.17 1.16 2.863 5.43 5.43
Passer domesticus 74 22.3 15.6 0.515 2.80 2.78 2.829 9.84 9.75
Passer hispaniolensis 14 21.2 15.9 0.528 2.83 2.85 2.909 9.80 9.87
Passer montanus 122 19.2 14.2 0.517 1.99 1.98 2.867 7.78 7.75
Fringilla coelebs 225 19.8 14.6 0.51 2.16 2.16 2.839 8.21 8.19
Serinus serinus 11 17.3 12.7 0.5 1.40 1.39 2.807 6.16 6.12
Chloris chloris 143 19.8 14.6 0.514 2.17 2.16 2.854 8.23 8.21
Carduelis carduelis 71 17.7 13.2 0.51 1.56 1.56 2.844 6.61 6.61
Acanthis cannabina 76 18.1 13.5 0.512 1.70 1.70 2.853 7.00 6.98
Acanthis flammea 16 17.7 12.3 0.511 1.37 1.37 2.809 6.12 6.12
Carpodacus erythrinus 30 20.1 14.4 0.505 2.09 2.09 2.799 8.07 8.07
C. coccothraustes 149 23.9 17.7 0.51 3.84 3.83 2.842 12.05 12.02
Emberiza calandra 9 22.1 16.3 0.508 3.05 3.06 2.828 10.24 10.28
Emberiza citrinella 99 21.4 16.3 0.513 2.94 2.94 2.871 10.04 10.03
Emberiza schoeniclus 30 19.8 14.9 0.509 2.24 2.25 2.845 8.40 8.43
Emberiza aureola 71 20.2 15.0 0.512 2.33 2.33 2.851 8.65 8.62
Emberiza hortulana 37 20.3 15.6 0.512 2.53 2.52 2.87 9.09 9.06
Note: n — quantity of eggs, L — length of egg, D — egg diameter, kv — volume index, Vi — directly calculated volume, Vexp — volume, calculated by computer method, ks — surface index, Smi — directly calculated surface
area, Sexp — surface area, calculated by computer method. DISCUSSION
As follows, given in this work indices for measurement of volume and surface area of birds eggs according to their length and diameter, which were gotten on the basis of huge factual material,are more definitive and informative in the comparison with existing in the literature methods.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express heartfelt gratitude for all coworkers mentioned earlier: Golovushkin M., Rosorij G., Smogorgevskij L., Dziubenko N., Shydlovskiy I., Zatushevskiy A., Gorban I., Pisulinskij N., Pisanets Je., Peclo
O., Deviatko T., Chernikov V., Volik V., Muchova V., Gasyc C., Koshelev O., Pokusa R., Demchenko A.,
Trocenko B. and Shelestiuk S.
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Birnoziwuu eicHUK MAnY Mem Bozbama XMeabH^brnzo 6 (3), 2016
