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UDC 582.998.16:631:526.3(477.4)
Biomorphological traits of Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees cultivars under conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine
S. M. Levandovska, Cand. Sci. (Biology) Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University svmzel@yahoo.com
Purpose. Determining prospects of introducing Callistephus chinensis cultivars of foreign breeding for further cultivation under conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, analytical and statistical ones. Results. Ten C. chinensis cultivars of the German breeding were tested under conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. Biomorphological traits of the varieties of five sort types were identified, and their comparative analysis was conducted. Seasonal dynamics of growth and development of cultivars in the growing area was studied. Conclusions. Cultivars with short and mean duration phases of development can be grown under conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine by direct sowing that does not affect their seed productivity and sowing quality of seeds. Seeds of late cultivars can reach complete maturity only in case of seedling use. C. chinensis cultivars of the German breeding have successfully passed the initial test for suitability to introduction into the studied area.
Keywords: Callistephus chinensis, cultivar, introduction, phenophases, decorative quality, seed productivity.
Introduction. Among the annual floriculture decorative cultigens one of the advanced places is taken by the annual aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees), that is rather popular both among specialists and amateurs in the sphere of floriculture. As the result of breeding work the C. chinensis assortment consists of more 4 thousand cultivars that are divided into 44 sort types by morphological features of inflorescence structure and ligulate flower shape. The scientific studies of these floriculture decorative cultigens in Ukraine are held in National botanic garden named after M. M. Hryshko that is a property of Ukrainian National Academy of Science. There is a collection of approximately 200 cultivars in the garden. Since 1967 the sorts studying and new cultivars working out has been done by Ukraine NAS Institute of horticulture. The cultivars are suitable for production growing, they have an advanced seed productivity and stability against the fusari-um wilt. Their collection fund consists of 116 cultivars and 180 bred hybrids.
The spectrum of annual aster using in gardening is rather wide. It is used to decorate the rabattes, curbs, mixed borders, in module flower gardens constructing, making flower arrays or as a solitary plant. Asters can be decorative flowers for rooms, balconies, verandas. The main obstacle for the wide implementation of modern cultivars into the productive floriculture is almost complete absence of C. chinensis elite seedling in Ukraine. As the result, the native market has been overfilled with the seeds of foreign origin
(Germany, Czech, Poland, China). The quality of unzoned cultivars seeds and the decora-tiveness of the grown plant not always satisfy the consumer expectations.
The reaction of cultivars on the new edaph-ic and climatic conditions of the growing zone can be observed as the deviations of season growth and development rhythm and its sort characteristics by the main decorative features: plant height, inflorescence diameter, the degree of its doubling. The introduction cultivars more often used to be damaged by the fusarium wilt that significantly reduces their seed productivity.
As far as this matter is concerned, the purpose of the study is to determine the prospects of introducing Callistephus chinensis cultivars of foreign breeding for further cultivation in the conditions of Ukrainian midland Forest steppe. The studies were based on biological, morphological peculiarities and seed productivity of the plants. Such studies are significant for predicting the prospects of spreading the C. chinensis cultivars in the certain edaphic and climatic conditions.
Materials and methods of the study. Within 2011-2013 the investigation of 10 German breeding cultivars took place on the territory of Bila Tserkva NAS decorative seedling-plot. The initial seedling material has been got from the originator: German company of Christensen Gmbh (the city of Erfurt, Germany). The investigated cultivars belong to the following five sort types: Princess ('Davina', 'Marcia', 'Sylvia', 'Helberg', 'Hilda'), Peon-like ('Roter Turm'), Pygmy Royal ('Erfurt Pygmy Violet',
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'Erfurt Pygmy Rose'), Artistic ('Hollander'), La-Plata ('Astoria Rose'). The seedling method of growing has been used. The agrotechnical measures of looking after the plants has been used according to the recommended sources [3, 4]. C. chinensis season sort development has been studied according to the methodological recommendations of I. M. Beidman [5] and the System of phenological observations in the botanic gardens of USSR [6]. To evaluate the seed productivity the system of I. V. Vaynagiy has been used [7]. The seeds sowing quality has been estimated according to the state standards of DST 12260-81 [8] and the International rules of seeds analysis [9]. The statistics process of experimental data has been done according to G. N. Zaytsev system [10].
Results of the study. One of the plants introduction success indicators is season development dynamics. according to phenological observations, the early shoots appeared in the 7-10th day (tab. 1). In the conditions of the research zone the budding phase has come in the second decade of July ('Roter Turm', 'Astoria Rose', 'Erfurt Pygmy Rose', 'Erfurt Pygmy Violet', 'Hollander'), the Princess sort type cultivars have their budding phase in the third decade of July. The blossom has be-
30
gun correspondingly in the second decade of August. The longest blossom period was inherent to 'Davina' and 'Marcia' cultivars. Their term was 42-47 days. Such long and plentiful blossom, which maximum phase is in the late terms, emphasizes C. chinensis among the most introduced in Ukraine floriculture decorative cultigens and gives the opportunity to distinguish them as specially valuable plants for the late summer and autumn periods assortment enrichment. This peculiarity can be used in the non-stop blossom flower gardens planning.
During the process of studies it is established that the period between the blossom phases of 'Astoria Rose', 'Hollander', 'Roter Turm', 'Erfurt Pygmy Violet', 'Erfurt Pygmy Rose' took place for 124-136 days. These are the cultivars of short and middle term development phases that can be grown in the conditions of Ukrainian midland Forest steppe with a no-seedling method that doesn't influence their seed productivity and seeds sowing quality. The length of "shoot-blossom" period of Princess sort type is 146-150 days. These cultivars can have their complete blossom under conditions of seedling cultigens only.
The studying of morphological features of the plants shows the height and shape of a
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Table 1
C. chinensis cultivars phenological observations data (2011-2013)
Cultivar Sowing data Shoots appearance Seedling mass implant Budding Blossom Complete ripening Length of phases, days
Beginning d n LÜ Beginning Mass blossom d n LÜ Complete loss of decorativity Beginning d n LÜ Budding Blossom Complete ripening
'Davina' 26.03 ±2,8 03.04 ±2,3 22.05 ±3,4 26.07 ±3,1 11.08 ±3,9 12.08 ±3,2 27.08 ±3,0 24.09 ±4,6 27.09 ±2,2 28.09 ±3,1 30.10 ±3,2 17 ±2,8 44 ±2,4 33 ±1,6
'Marcia' » 03.04 ±2,4 30.05 ±3,2 27.07 ±3,7 12.08 ±3,7 13.08 ±3,0 30.08 ±3,3 26.09 ±4,2 29.09 ±2,6 30.09 ±3,0 31.10 ±3,6 17 ±2,4 45 ±2,6 32 ±1,8
'Sylvia' » 05.04 ±2,1 25.05 ±2,8 29.07 ±3,0 15.08 ±3,0 16.08 ±3,1 29.08 ±4,1 22.09 ±4,8 26.09 ±2,4 27.09 ±3,8 29.10 ±2,8 18 ±2,2 38 ±2,0 33 ±2,0
'Helberg' » 05.04 ±2,8 23.05 ±2,7 26.07 ±3,6 12.08 ±3,1 13.08 ±3,3 27.08 ±4,0 20.09 ±4,0 25.09 ±2,8 26.09 ±4,0 28.10 ±3,2 17 ±2,0 39 ±2,2 32 ±2,0
'Hilda' » 04.04 ±2,7 28.05 ±3,0 28.07 ±3,2 14.08 ±3,0 15.08 ±3,4 30.08 ±3,5 22.09 ±3,1 24.09 ±3,0 25.09 ±3,5 26.10 ±3,0 18 ±1,9 39 ±1,4 32 ±1,8
'Roter Turm' 31.03 ±2,4 08.04 ±2,3 17.05 ±2,1 12.07 ±3,4 30.07 ±3,2 31.07 ±2,5 22.08 ±3,1 10.09 ±3,3 16.09 ±2,2 17.09 ±3,2 18.10 ±3,7 16 ±2,5 41 ±1,6 32 ±1,5
'Erfurt Pygmy Violet' » 07.04 ±2,5 18.05 ±2,4 11.07 ±3,2 22.07 ±3,6 23.07 ±2,8 12.08 ±3,0 01.09 ±3,0 07.09 ±2,0 08.09 ±3,1 09.10 ±3,2 13 ±1,8 40 ±1,4 31 ±1,2
'Erfurt Pygmy Rose' » 07.04 ±2,5 18.05 ±2,4 11.07 ±3,2 22.07 ±3,6 23.07 ±2,8 12.08 ±3,0 01.09 ±3,0 07.09 ±2,0 08.09 ±3,1 09.10 ±3,2 13 ±1,8 40 ±1,4 31 ±1,4
'Hollander' » 08.04 ±2,4 15.05 ±2,5 15.07 ±3,8 29.07 ±3,1 31.07 ±2,3 24.08 ±2,7 08.09 ±3,4 20.09 ±2,2 21.09 ±3,0 21.10 ±3,5 15 ±1,5 40 ±1,3 32 ±1,4
'Astoria Rose' » 08.04 ±2,2 16.05 ±2,6 12.07 ±3,1 24.07 ±3,0 25.07 ±3,0 12.08 ±3,0 02.09 ±3,3 10.09 ±2,3 11.09 ±3,2 10.10 ±3,1 13 ±2,0 39 ±1,8 30 ±1,1
Селекция та наа'нництво
bush, colour and doublig degree of the investigated sorts were in frame of sort characteristics (tab. 2). Column-like bush shape and firm shoots were inherent to 'Roter Turm', 'Hollander', 'Astoria Rose'. The average inflorescence
All investigated cultivars had a high percent of typical plants: 89-95% that witnesses about high seeds quality that has been got from the originator, and about the stability of cultivars.
The seed productivity is one of the most important agricultural indices that shows the degree of cultivar adaptivity in certain living conditions and their stability against the external factors. The received data analysis (Tab. 3) gives the opportunity to say about the significant difference between the received indices of the different sort types cultivars. It is distinguished that the highest indices of seed productivity are inherent to Princess sort type cultivars. In the process of seeds quality indices distinguishing it turned that the high (more then 80%) laboratory similarity was inherent to the following cultivars: 'Davina',
Table 3
C. chinensis seed productivity and sowing quality (2011-2013)
Seed weight Weight of Laboratory
Cultivar out of one 1000 seed similarity
plant, g pieces, g of seeds, %
'Davina' 2,34±0,09 1,84±0,14 88,2±1,8
'Marcia' 2,25±0,07 1,77±0,12 84,0±1,2
'Sylvia' 2,36±0,05 1,83±0,09 87,8±1,1
'Helberg' 2,36±0,11 1,91±0,21 79,6±1,4
'Hilda' 3,01±0,06 2,12±0,18 86,2±2,0
'Roter Turm' 1,89±0,07 1,70±0,12 86,4±1,6
'Erfurt Pygmy Violet' 1,82±0,12 1,03±0,08 78,5±1,2
'Erfurt PygmyRose' 1,85±0,13 1,04±0,11 79,0±2,1
'Hollander' 1,71±0,05 0,93±0,10 78,2±1,3
'Astoria Rose' 1,15±0,07 0,87±0,09 75,5±1,8
diameter was between 4.3 cm ('Helberg') and 12.5 cm ('Hollander'). The inflorescence diameter of 'Davina', 'Marcia' and 'Sylvia' cultivars was significantly reduced up to 1.5-2.0 cm comparing with their sort characteristics.
'Marcia', 'Sylvia', 'Hilda' (Princess sort type); 'Roter Turm' (Peon-like sort type). The seeds of Astoria Rose plants are characterized by the lowest sowing quality.
Thus, as the received data shows, C. chien-sis cultivars of German breeding had a high genetically determined potential of seed productivity that can be realized satisfactory in our conditions that gives the opportunity to belong it to the high productivity and suitable for growing in production quantity.
Conclusions. The investigated C. chinensis cultivars of German breeding in conditions of Ukrainian midland Forest steppe have saved their sort characteristics. The data about the peculiarities of phenological phases and high reproduction ability of cultivars witness about the success of their cultivating. The high indices of seed productivity and blossom in the late summer and autumn months give the ground to consider the Princess sort type cultivars as highly perspective for the practical use in the research zone.
Bibliography
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2. Шевель Л. 0. Нов1 сорти айстри однор1'чноТ (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees) украТнськоТ селекц'Т / Л. 0. Шевель // Сортовивчення та охорона прав на сорти рослин. - 2013. - № 2. - С. 62-65.
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4. Китаева Л. А. Семеноводство цветочных культур / Л. А. Кита-ева. - M. : Россельхозиздат, 1983. - 190 с.
Table 2
C. chinensis cultivars characteristics according to morphological features (2011-2013)
Cultivar Bush height, cm Bush shape Inflorescence colour Inflorescence diameter, cm Inflorescence doubling Quantity of simultaneously blossoming inflorescences, units Plants standardity, %
'Davina' 55,5-58,5 wide salmon 8,5-8,8 densely double 8-10 92
'Marcia' 52,3-54,2 wide red 7,2-7,4 densely double 8-12 90
'Sylvia' 59,0-60,1 wide red 7,1-7,3 densely double 7-10 91
'Helberg' 49,4-52,2 column-like light-yellow 4,3-4,8 densely double 8-18 90
'Hilda' 47,4-48,2 column-like light-yellow 7,5-7,8 densely double 10-16 93
'Roter Turm' 55,6-56,4 column-like dark-red 6,6-6,8 densely double 3-5 89
'Erfurt Pygmy Violet' 31,6-32,5 wide pink 6,0-6,3 double 6-8 91
'Erfurt PygmyRose' 31,4-32,4 wide violet 6,1-6,5 double 6-8 91
'Hollander' 52,1-54,2 wide pink 12,2-12,5 double 4-6 92
'Astoria Rose' 60,5-62,3 column-like pink 6,8-7,0 half double 6-8 95
Селекция та наанництво
5. Бейдеман И. Н. Методика изучения фенологии растений растительных сообществ / И. Н. Бейдеман. - Новосибирск : Наука, 1974. - 155 с.
6. Методика фенологических наблюдений в ботанических садах СССР // Бюл. Главного ботанического сада. - М. : Наука, 1979. - Вып. 113. - С. 3-8.
7. Вайнагий И. В. О методике изучения семенной продуктивности растений / И. В. Вайнагий // Бот. журн. - 1974. - Т. 59, № 6.
- С. 826-831.
8. Семена однолетних и двулетних цветочных культур. Посевные качества : ГОСТ 12260-81. - [Введен 01.07.1982]. - М. : Изд-во стандартов, 1981. - 21 с. - (Межгосударственный стандарт).
9. Международные правила анализа семян / пер. с англ. Н. Н. Ан-тошкиной ; под ред. К. А. Морозовой. - М. : Колос, 1984. - 309 с.
10. Зайцев Г. Н. Математическая статистика в экспериментальной ботанике / Г. Н. Зайцев. - М. : Наука, 1984. - 423 с.
References
1. Aleksieieva, N. M., Cherniak, V. M., & Levandovska, S. M. (2008). Aistry. Biolohichni osoblyvosti. Vyroshchuvannia. Vykorystannia. Sorty [Biological peculiarities. Growing. Using. Sorts]. Ternopil: Navchalna knyha - Bohdan [in Ukrainian].
2. Shevel, L. 0. (2013). Novi sorty aistry odnorichnoi (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees) ukrainskoi selektsii [New sorts of annual aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees) of Ukrainian breeding]. Sortovyvchennia ta okhoronapravna sorty roslyn [Plant Varieties Studying and Protection], 2, 62-65 [in Ukrainian].
3. Dryagina, I. V., & Kudryavtsev, D. B. (1986). Selektsiya i semenovodstvo tsvetochnykh kul'tur [Breeding and seedling of floriculture cultigens]. Moscow: Agropromizdat [in Russian].
4. Kitaeva, L. A. (1983). Semenovodstvo tsvetochnykh kul'tur [Seedling of floriculture cultigens]. Moscow: Rossel'khozizdat [in Russian].
5. Beydeman, I. N. (1974). Metodika izucheniya fenologii rasteniy rastitel'nykh soobshchestv [System of studying of phenology of vegetable fellowships]. Novosibirsk: Nauka [in Russian].
6. Metodika fenologicheskikh nablyudeniy v botanicheskikh sadakh SSSR [System of phenological observations in botanic gardens of USSR]. (1979). Byulleten Glavnogo botanicheskogo sada [Bulletin of Central Botanic Garden], 113, 3-8 [in Russian].
7. Vaynagiy, I. V. (1974). 0 metodike izucheniya semennoy produktivnosti rasteniy [Seeding productivity of plants studying system]. Botanicheskiy zhurnal [Botanical Journal], 59, 6, 826-831 [in Russian].
8. Semena odnoletnikh i dvuletnikh tsvetochnykh kul'tur. Posevnye kachestva [Seed of annual and biannual flowers. Sowing characteristics]. (1981). GOST 12260-81 from 1 July 1982. Moscow: Izdatelstvo standartov [in Russian].
9. Morozovoy, K. A. (Ed.). (1984). Mezhdunarodnye pravila analiza semyan [International rules of seeds evaluation]. (N. N. Antoshkina, Trans.). Moscow: Kolos [in Russian].
10. Zaytsev, G. N. (1984). Matematicheskaya statistika v eksperimental'noy botanike [Mathematical statistics in experimental botany]. Moscow: Nauka [in Russian].
УДК 582.998.16:631.526.3(477.4)
С. M. Левандовська. Б1-оморфолопчн1- особливосп культивар1-в Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees в умовах центрального Лкостепу УкраУни // Сортовивчення та охорона прав на сорти рослин. - 2015. - № 3-4 (2829). - С. 29-32.
Мета. Визначення перспективной 1нтродукц11 культивар1'в Callistephus chinensis заруб1'жно'1 селекцй для подальшого культивування в умовах центрального Лкостепу УкраУни. Методи. Польовий, лабораторний, анал1'тичний та статистичний. Результати. Проведено сортовипробування десять культивар1'в C. сhinensis тмецько'! селекцй в умовах центрального Лкостепу УкраУни. Встановлено бкморфолопчт особливосп сорлв п'яти сортотитв, проведено Ух пор1'вняльний анал1'з. Вивчено сезонну динамжу росту та розвитку культивар1'в у дослщжуват'й зон вирощування. Вис-
новки. Культивари з коротко- й середньотривалими фазами розвитку в умовах центрального Л1состепу УкраУни можна вирощувати безрозсадним способом, що не впливае на Ухню нас'нневу продуктивнкть та поа'вт якосл нас'ння. Повне достигання нас'ння у т'зт'х сорлв можливе лише за умов розсадноУ культури. Культивари C. chinensis тмецько'! селекцГ! успшно пройшли первин-не 1'нтродукц1'йне випробування в дослщжуват'й зот.
Ключов1* слова: Callistephus chinensis, культивар, 1'нтро-дукц'я, фенофази, декоративнкть, нас'ннева продуктив-н1сть.
УДК 582.998.16:631.526.3(477.4)
С. Н. Левандовская. Биоморфологические особенности культиваров Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees в условиях центральной Лесостепи Украины // Сортовивчення та охорона прав на сорти рослин : - 2015. -№ 3-4 (28-29). - С. 29-32.
Цель. Определение перспективности интродукции культиваров Callistephus chinensis зарубежной селекции для дальнейшего культивирования в условиях центральной Лесостепи Украины. Методы. Полевой, лабораторный, аналитический и статистический. Результаты. Проведено сортоиспытание десять культиваров C. chinensis немецкой селекции в условиях центральной Лесостепи Украины. Установлены биоморфологические особенности сортов пяти сортотипов, проведен их сравнительный анализ. Изучена сезонная динамика роста и развития культиваров в исследуемой зоне выращивания. Выводы. Культивары с мало- и
среднепродолжительными фазами развития в условиях центральной Лесостепи Украины можно выращивать безрассадным способом, что не влияет на их семенную продуктивность и посевные качества семян. Полное созревание семян у поздних сортов возможно лишь при условии рассадной культуры. Культивары C. chinensis немецкой селекции успешно прошли первичное интродук-ционное испытание в исследуемой зоне.
Ключевые слова: Callistephus chinensis, культивар, интродукция, фенофазы, декоративность, семенная продуктивность.
Над1йшла 1.09.2015
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