Biomechanical parameters of jumping over the sledges technique Текст научной статьи по специальности «Строительство и архитектура»

UDC: 796.012(063) DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-2-45-53

Biomechanical parameters ofjumping over the sledges technique

Margarita G. Kolodeznikova'*, Ralina A. Pichueva2, Alena V. Timofeeva3 M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk

Yakutsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-0327-1976, mgkolodeznikova@inbox.ru* 2A.G. Kizima National kinds of sport school for children and teen-agers

Dudinka, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-9253-5595, tesedo94@mail.ru 3S.F. Gogolev Yakut Pedagogical College Yakutsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-2618-0041, koltov94@mail.ru

Abstract: TJumping over the sledges is a kind of northern all-around. It is considered difficult, as jumping fulfillment and technical mastery achievement in this kind of sport is extremely difficult. The complex of objectives, realized during sports training with the help of goals, presents technical training in different kinds of sport. The effectiveness and success during the competitions depends on an optimal and balanced level of an athlete's movements. Materials. Optimal biomechanical parameters of jumping over the sledges determination. Research methods. Information sources analysis; anthropometry; biomechanical experiment (shooting the process of jumping over the sledges with the help of Qualisys DHCP Server system); the received data handling and analysis with the help of Qualisys Track Manager, Excel computer software; mathematical-statistical analysis of the experimental data. Results. We organized a comparative analysis of the technique effectiveness among the athletes of mass categories and the indices of a highly-qualified athlete technique. The procedure of comparison was based on searching for discriminative indices of the technique. We revealed kinematic indices of the technique. Conclusion. The organized research work helped to reveal optimal biomechanical parameters of jumping over the sledges technique. Comparative analysis helped to define kinematic indices of the technique. . Keywords: jumping over the sledges, biomechanics of sport, kinematic indices of movements technique, athletes, technical training of athletes, northern all-around.

For citation: Margarita G. Kolodeznikova*, Ralina A. Pichueva, Alena V. Timofeeva. Biomechanical parameters of jumping over the sledges technique. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(2): 35-40. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-2-45-53 .

Introduction

Jumping over the sledges is a kind of northern all-around. It is considered difficult, as jumping fulfillment and technical mastery achievement in this kind of sport is extremely difficult [1,2].The complex of objectives, realized during sports training with the help of goals, presents technical training in different kinds of sport[3,6]. The effectiveness and success during the competitions depends on an optimal and balanced level of an athlete's movements. Nowadays scientists and specialists use computer technology means (Qualisys DHCP Server, Qualisys Track Manager, "Videoanalysis-3B", "DartFish" and "Videomotion" program, two-dimensional video analysis with the help of software SkillSpector and others). With the help of these means it is possible to get kinesiological characteristics of movements [4,5,7,8].

The basis of jumping over the sledges kinesiology, presented in the article, form a new fundamental base, as on the basis of the organized

research work new opportunities of jumping technique appear. They can be mastered quickly and effectively, as it would be possible to create individual programs and a differentiated approach to the training process of an athlete, taking into account the level of physical and technical readiness, coordination and there would be an opportunity to predict "motor future" of an athlete in order to choose the method of training. It is oriented toward high results. All mentioned above conditions the urgency of the present research work. Nowadays kinesiological characteristics of jumping over the sledges are not studied [9].

The aim of the research is to study and reveal kinesiological parameters of jumping over the sledges technique.

Materials and methods

During the research we used the following methods: studied information sources concerning

the problem; carried out anthropometry, during the kinesiology of jumps study we used Qualisys DHCP Server system; material was handled with the help of Qualisys Track Manager, Excel programs. The athletes of different qualifications from NorthEastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov took part in the experiment (from the 1st category to master of sport). Before the experiment we organized anthropometry according to the following points: i) apical and heel ones for height measuring; 2) trochanteric and heel ones for legs length measuring; 3) trochanteric and upper-tibial ones for hip length measuring; 4) upper-tibial and low- tibial ones for shin length measuring; 5) shoulder and finger ones for hand length measuring; 6) shoulder and radial ones for shoulder length measuring; 7) radial and slit-like for forearm length measuring. In order to reveal kinesiological characteristics we realized shooting with the help of Qualisys DHCP Server complex.

The objectives of the research work: to study the kinesiology of jumping over the sledges and the indices of movements kinematics (speed, angles, joints folds), body position and an athlete's general center of gravity (GCG) during the technique fulfillment.

Results and discussion

We studied kinesiological components of jumping technique: legs bending in knee joint (degree); arms bending in ulnar joint (degree); back bending in thoracic section (degree); GCG difference (GCG values in the phases of a jump -GCG value in "attention" stand) (cm); repulsion period (split second); flight period (split second); speed of movement in joints: knee, ulnar, back bending, GCG.

The average height of the respondents was 167,8±1,09, take-off leg - right.

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Fig. 1. Legs bending in the right and left knee joints

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Fig. 5. Back bending in in thoracic section

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Fig. 6. Speed of angle of back flexion movement in thoracic section

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Fig. 7. The value of difference GCG (GCG values in the phases of a jump - GCG value in "attention" stand)

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The technique of jumps among mass categories athletes differs from the technique of jumps of an athlete-master. This way we revealed asymmetry in angle of legs flexion in knee joints and arms in elbow joints and also in the developed speed of the examined points among not qualified athletes. These indices prove not simultaneous repulsion from the support. It is a serious mistake, leading to keeping an athlete out of competitive attempt and proving not symmetric athletes' body movement. Angles of the right and left legs flexion varied from 131,6° and 142,2° till 169,8° and 168,6° in repulsion phase; from 39,7° and 39,2° till 71,3° and 63,2° in flight phase; from 137,7° and 133,1° till 168° and 166,1° in landing phase. The values of the right and left knee joints speed (m/s) were the following: from 2,51 and 2,24 till 2,87 and 3,03 in repulsion phase; from 1,85 and 2,01 till 2,2 and 4,21 in flight phase; from 2,8 and 3,06 till 3,24 and 3,45 in landing phase.

It was defined that legs flexion angle in knee joints in flight phase correlate (r=0,85 in terms of p > 0,05). The angles of flexion in knee joints in repulsion phase influence the angles of legs flexion in landing phase (r=0,96 in terms of p > 0,05).The value of the right knee joint speed is validly connected with the speed of the left knee joint in flight phase (r=0,82 in terms of p > 0,05).We revealed the connection between the speed of the right knee joint in flight phase and the speed of the left knee joint in repulsion phase (r=0,82 in terms of p > 0,05). The angles of arms flexion in elbow joints varied from 78° and 87,4° till 108,4° and 137,6° in repulsion phase; from 92,3° and 95,7° till 144,9° and 141,7°

in flight phase; from 114,7° and 108,1° till 152° and 148,3° in landing phase. The values of speed were the following: from 3,6 and 3,78 till 5,55 and 5,73 in repulsion phase; from 0,49 and 0,74 till 1,91 and 1,86 in flight phase; from 3,54 and 3,61 till 5,44 and 5,62 in landing phase.

In flight and landing phase we revealed valid correlation connection between the angles in the right and left elbow joints (r=0,88 and 0,91 in terms of p > 0,05). We also revealed that the value of the angle in the right elbow joint during the moment of repulsion depends on the value of the angle in the left elbow joint in landing phase (r=0,85 in terms of p > 0,05). Correlation determination showed the connection between the gained speed in the right and left elbow joints in repulsion, flight and landing phase (r=0,97, 0,90 and 0,99 in terms of p > 0,05).

A highly-qualified athlete fulfills a jump over the sledge without considerable changes in back flexion in thoracic section from the moment of repulsion till the moment of the flight. It happens as a result of swinging movements of the bent arms upwards. The athletes of mass categories the angles of back flexion in thoracic section either increase, or decrease from the moment of repulsion by the moment of the flight. The values of the angles of back flexion in thoracic section varied from 154,2° till 165,6° in repulsion phase, from 155,8° till 168,2° in flight phase, from 150,6° till 164° in landing phase. The values of speed (m/s) of the angle of back flexion in thoracic section were the following: from 2,51 till 2,87 in repulsion phase, from1,85 till 2,09 in flight phase, from 2,8 till 3,24 in landing phase.

The values of GCG (cm) difference from the GCG values in the phases of a jump and GCG values in "attention" stand among the examined athletes extremely vary: from 3,7 till 7,9 in repulsion phase, from 22,9 till 37,9 in flight phase, from 0,6 till 5,7 in landing phase. However, one athlete had the lowest indices. It proves lower flight over the sledge among the examined athletes. It means that a low jump over the sledge can lead to sledge shift. It is a major mistake in a competitive attempt. The values of speed (m/s) in GCG are the following: from 2,35 till 3,57 in repulsion phase, from 1,11 till 1,56 in flight phase, from 1,64 till 3,49 in landing phase.

It was revealed that most part of athletes make a forward-upward motor action with a pelvis in repulsion phase. In flight phase all athletes fulfill the movement with the upper part of the body. It is proved by higher speed in the flexion angle of a back in thoracic section in comparison with the gained speed in GCG. In landing phase only athletes-masters have unidirectional back movement in thoracic section and GCG forward-down. Athletes, who have categories, fulfill landing either with preferential chest movement, or GCG forward-down. It, in our opinion, doesn't correspond with satisfactory movements coordination. During the research we revealed valid correlation connection between the gained GCG speed in repulsion and landing phase (r=0,97 in terms of p > 0,05).

Studying the duration of repulsion and flight phase revealed, that the flight phase among the athletes of mass categories is less in time than the studied phase of the master of sport. It, in our opinion, is the result of greater speed in knee joints during the moment of repulsion and till the moment of landing. The duration of the flight phase varied from 0,49 till 0,55 split seconds. However, the time of repulsion phase (from 0,18 till 0,23 split seconds) is longer among athletes, who have categories. It demands greater efforts from the athletes for repulsion and leads to higher speed in knee joints in all phases of jumping over the sledges. In our opinion, both time indices of repulsion and flight phase among the athletes, who have categories, are not optimal, as they demand more energy. Perhaps more abrupt and quicker repulsion from the support fulfilled by the athlete-master is improved within a long-term period technique. It is characterized by spring ability. Moreover, it was set that there was no connection between the result of the jumps over the sledges and the given biomechanical parameters of the technique. Perhaps the result of the jumps over the sledges mainly depends on the functional readiness of an athlete, the ability to recuperate the energy, which is to use the mechanism of energy saving, as recuperation accumulates non-metabolic energy. That is why during optimal kinematic

parameters of the technique revelation we took into consideration the results of the athlete 1. He is the master of sport of Russia, champion of Jumping over the sledges Cup of Russia 2012.

Thus, optimal kinematic parts of jumping over the sledges technique include the following:

1. Repulsion phase: angle of legs flexion in knee joints - 148-150°; the angle of arms flexion in elbow joints - 94-95°; the angle of back flexion in thoracic section - 159°; GCG lifting for 6 cm; time of repulsion phase - 0,18 split seconds; speed of legs movement in knee joints- 2,5 m/s; speed of arms movement in elbow joints- 4-4,5 m/s. As the results of speed of the angle of back flexion in thoracic section and GCG of athlete1 are relatively similar to the results of speed of other athlete, we defined mean values: the speed of movement of back flexion angle in thoracic section- 3 m/s; speed of GCG movement- 3 m/s.

2.Flight phase: angle of legs flexion in knee joints

- 55°-57°; the angle of arms flexion in elbow joints-95-97°; GCG lifting for 33 cm; time of flight phase -

0.53 split seconds; speed of legs movement in knee joints- 1,9-2 m/s; speed of arms movement in elbow joints - 0,9-1 m/s. As the indices of flexion angle and the speed of movement of back flexion angle in thoracic section, speed of GCG movement are almost the same among not qualified athletes and an athlete-master, we revealed mean values: angle of back flexion in thoracic section - 160°; speed of movement of back flexion angle in thoracic section-1,9-2 m/s; speed of GCG movement - 1 m/s.

3. Landing phase: angle of legs flexion in knee joints

- 146°-149°; the angle of arms flexion in elbow joints

- 132°-134°; speed of legs movement in knee joints-

3-3,1 m/s; speed of arms movement in elbow joints -

4-4,5 m/s. As the results of the angle of back flexion in thoracic section, GCG lifting, speed of movement of back flexion angle in thoracic section, speed of GCG movement are almost the same among mass categories athletes and athlete 1, we revealed mean values: the angle of back flexion in thoracic section

- 155°; GCG lifting for 4 cm; speed of movement of back flexion angle in thoracic section - 3-3,1 m/s; speed of GCG movement - 3-3,1 m/s.

Conclusion

During the research we made the following conclusions:

1. The athletes-beginners lift hips toward the chest, when they jump over the sledges and in our opinion, it is irrational, as a great work of hips muscles is realized. We also came to the conclusion that the technique of jumping among the athletes from Evenki Autonomous Area of the Krasnoyarsk region is not effective, as it demands high jump and great efforts. Most national teams of the subjects of Russia jump over the sledges doubling up legs, which, in

our opinion, is more optimal.

2. Kinematic indices study concerning the technique of jumping over the sledges shows considerable differences between the results of the master of sport and the athletes, who had the categories. It concerns asymmetry in the angles of legs flexion in knee joints and arms in elbow joints, gained speed in legs and arms. It was also stated that during the landing phase the athlete master of sport had a unidirectional chest movement and the place of GCG, as the athlete has good coordination of movements. It was defined that repulsion phase of the athlete master of sport is quicker, than among the athletes, who had categories, as a master of sport has good spring ability level. Though flight phase is longer. It provides an athlete's body relaxation and so an athlete can fulfill more jumps.

3. As a result of the held research we revealed optimal kinematic indices of the technique of jumping over the sledges during repulsion, flight and landing phases.

References

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Submitted: 18.05.2022 Author's information:

Margarita G. Kolodeznikova — Candidate of Pedagogics. Professor, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677007, Russia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Kulakovskogo str, House 42. e-mail: mgkolodeznikova@inbox.ru

Ralina A. Pichueva — Coach, A.G. Kizima National kinds of sport school for children and teen-agers, 647000, Russia, Krasnoyarsk region, Dudinka, Gorkogo str., House 35, e-mail: tesedo94@mail.ru Alena V. Timofeeva - Lecturer, S.F. Gogolev Yakut Pedagogical College, 677000, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Lenina ave., House 5, e-mail: koltov94@mail.ru