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14OECD+WoS: 1.06+RQ (Mycology) https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-2-14631
Short communication
BIODIVERSITY OF THE FUSARIUM FUNGI CAUSING ROOT ROT OF WINTER CEREALS IN BELARUS
N.A. Krupenko*, S.F. Buga, A.G. Zhukovskiy, I.N. Odintsova, A.A. Zhukovskaya, T.G. Pilat, V.G. Leshkevich
Institute of plant protection, Priluki, Minsk district, Belarus
*corresponding author, e-mail: krupenko_natalya@mail.ru
Fusarium fungi are the main causal agents of root rot of winter cereals in Belarus. As many as 12 different species were identified, with occurrence being dependent on the cereal host species and weather conditions during the growing season. Lack of precipitation from April to July led to decreasing fungal biodiversity. Fusarium pathogen complex on wheat roots was formed by F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, whereas F. equiseti and F. oxysporum prevailed on triticale and rye, and F. solani, F. avenaceum and F. equiseti dominated on barley root systems. The infestation of root with F. oxysporum increased under dry conditions. In contrast, F. culmorum was isolated from root system of wheat and triticale more frequently when rainfall was sufficient. For the first time, F. cerealis and F. tricinctum were isolated from triticale, and F. cerealis from rye only, in the Republic of Belarus.
Keywords: Fusarium root rot, species composition, pathogen complex, occurrence frequency, weather conditions
Submitted: 02.12.20 Accepted: 10.06.2021
Introduction
Root rot is one of the most widespread diseases of winter cereal crops in many regions of the world (Fernandez et al., 2007; Tunali et al., 2008; Grigoryev, 2012b; Moya-Elizondo et al., 2015; Kolomiets, 2016; Xu et al., 2018). Depending on disease aetiology, several kinds of the root rot are distinguished, with differing prevalence in different regions of cultivation (Paulitz et al., 2002; Cromley et al., 2006; Grigoryev, 2012b). Yield losses due to the root rot average 9 % , but in years of intensive disease development, they can be as high as to 35 %% (Paulitz et al., 2002; Poole et al., 2013).
The Fusarium root rot is the most widespread and harmful under conditions typical of Belarus (Buga et al., 2000; Sklimenok, 2015; Krupenko et al., 2016). The fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker in certain years also joins the pathogen complex of fungi causing the disease. Its prevalence may reach 30 %% at the period of earing, followed by a significant decrease due to antagonistic interactions among the fungi (Sklimenok, 2015).
The importance of studies of fungi in the genus Fusarium Link is acknowledged around the world because of their
presence in numerous agricultural crops, high harmfulness, and production of the mycotoxins which are dangerous to the health of humans and domestic animals (Zinedine et al., 2007; Marin et al., 2010; Pestka, 2010). In cereal crops, this problem is augmented by recent changes of species composition of the plant pathogenic fungi, which can be linked to climate change (Tunali et al., 2008; Moya-Elizondo et al., 2011).
Investigation of species composition of the fungi causing root rot in winter cereals is performed in Belarus since the end of the XX century (Buga et al., 2000). Most studies focused on the winter wheat, which is the most widely grown crop in the republic. Yet, during the last 20 years, there have been changes in species composition for the pathogens, with previously infrequent species becoming the prevailing ones (Sklimenok, 2015, Krupenko, Kryzhanovskaya, 2017).To forecast the harmfulness of the root rot fungi and to develop measures to protect crops from the disease, species composition of its causative agents needs to be thoroughly examined.
Materials and Methods
To analyze species composition of the root rot pathogens of winter cereal crops, surveys of wheat, triticale, rye, and barley stands were performed in 2018-19. The territory of Belarus extends for 650 km from west to east; therefore, each crop was sampled in western, central and eastern parts of the country to account for possible geographic variation. Both plants with and without root rot symptoms (10 plants per sample) were collected at the stage of the wax ripeness (Table 1).
The samples were dried and stored refrigerated. The fungi of the genus Fusarium were isolated as follows. The roots were rinsed with tap water for one hour, cut into pieces 1-1.5
cm long, disinfected by immersion into 1 % solution of sodium hypochlorite for 15-20 sec, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, and placed between layers of sterile blot paper. Then the samples were placed in Petri dishes onto potato sucrose agar (PSA) with addition of Triton X-100 and 5 %% streptomycin. The dishes were incubated for 10 days at 22 °C, then the grown colonies of the Fusarium fungi were transferred to PSA in glass tubes. Micro- and macromorphology were used for species identification according to Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982).
Incidence level of each species was estimated as a percentage of its isolates among the total number of the
© Krupenko N.A., Buga S.F., Zhukovskiy A.G., Odintsova I.N., Zhukovskaya A.A., Pilat T.G., Leshkevich V.G., published by All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (St. Petersburg). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Table 1. Information on the origin of the samples of winter cereals and number of Fusarium fungi included in present study
Geographic zone of Belarus Region District Crop Number of Fu. 2018 barium isolates 2019
Eastern Mogilev Gorki wheat triticale rye barley 117 40 23 3 13 3 10
Central Minsk Minsk wheat triticale rye 198 11 16 1 7 17
Western Grodno Schuchin wheat triticale 45 35 2 7
Brest Kobrin rye 29 10
Fusarium fungi colonies in each sample and averaged [lw = -XP/ * |n(P/)-
estimates were calculated. Species diversity was evaluated where p. is the frequency of the given phenotype in the
using the Shannon's index according to the formula population (Kolmer et al., 2003).
Results
In April-July of 2018, the air temperature and precipitation levels were elevated. In 2019, the air temperature at the whole Belarus territory exceeded the average perennial values while the precipitation was below normal, especially in the western part of the country (Grodno region), with a total precipitation during four months of 167.9 mm (vs normal 264.0 mm). As a result, in 2018 the conditions favored increased diversity of the Fusarium fungi, as can be seen from rather high Shannon's index values: 2.83 (rye), 2.92 (triticale), and 4.19 (wheat). In 2019, deficiency of precipitation resulted in lower fungal diversity: 0.22 (wheat), 0.81 (barley), 1.91 (triticale), and 2.02 (rye).
The core group of the root rot pathogen complex was made
up by F. culmorum and F. avenaceum, as well as by F. equiseti
and F. oxysporum in winter wheat; F. equiseti and F. oxysporum in triticale and rye; and F. solani, F. avenaceum, and F. equiseti in barley (Table 2).
Incidence levels of F. avenaceum reached 33.3 %, 20.0 %, 9.5 % and 4.7 % of the total fungal complex in wheat, barley, rye and triticale stands, respectively. The highest level of F. culmorum was in wheat (up to 30.9 %) and triticale (up to 16.9 %) under the conditions of sufficient humidity.
Besides the aforementioned species, F. cerealis, F. graminearum, F. poae (Peck) Wollenw., F. sambucinum Fuckel, F. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel, F. sporotrichioides Sherb. and F. tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. were also found in root system, with incidence levels depending upon the crop.
Table 2. Species composition of the Fusarium fungi on the root system of winter cereals
Incidence level, %
Species of Fusarium wheat triticale rye barley
2018 r. 2019 r. 2018 r. 2019 r. 2018 r. 2019 r. 2019 r.
F. avenaceum 18.5±5.9 33.3±33.3 6.1±6.1 9.5±9.5 4.7±0.9 2.0±2.0 20.0
F. cerealis 4.2±4.2 0.0 0.9±0.9 0.0 2.1±2.1 2.0±2.0 0.0
F. culmorum 30.9±11.4 0.0 16.9±14.3 9.5±9.5 5.3±2.7 10.0±10.0 0.0
F. equiseti 5.8±3.2 33.3±33.3 30.2±18.3 34.4±10.1 32.1±16.1 18.6±15.8 20.0
F. graminearum 0.2±0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4±1.4 0.0 0.0
F. oxysporum 6.9±3.0 16.7±16.7 36.0±15.8 28.9±21.7 28.6±5.9 49.8±25.2 0.0
F. poae 0.0 0.0 1.7±1.7 0.0 2.6±1.3 0.0 0.0
F. sambucinum 0.0 0.0 1.7±1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
F. semitectum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1±2.1 2.0 0.0
F. solani 2.3±1.3 16.7±16.7 0.8±0.8 0.0 4.7±0.9 0.0 50.0
F. sporotrichioides 6.0±3.9 0.0 4.0±2.7 7.7±7.7 14.4±8.5 13.7±13.7 0.0
F. tricinctum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1±2.1 2.0±2.0 0.0
Fusarium spp.* 25.3±1.9 0.0 1.8±0.9 9.9±9.9 0.0 0.0 10.0
* unidentified species from different sections
Discussion
Results of this research indicate that formation of Fusarium root rot pathogens' complex is largely influenced by weather conditions during the vegetation period. Higher precipitation level, resulted in higher species diversity of the Fusarium fungi. The weather may also promote certain species over other species. Our study has confirmed that dry and hot years
are beneficial for F. oxysporum, while cold and humid years favor to F. culmorum (Grigoryev, 2012a; Poole et al., 2013).
Species diversity of fungi is known to vary greatly even within a limited area (Xu, Nicholson, 2009; Khemir et al., 2020), leading to considerable changes in the prevailing species range, which determine harmfulness of plant diseases. This explains why monitoring of the composition of root rot
fungi species complexes and identifying dominant species are essential for improving plant protection. In Belarus, the species composition of causative agents of Fusarium root rot is changing. In the beginning of the first decade of XXI century, main root rot pathogens of winter wheat, rye and triticale were F. oxysporum, F. culmorum and F. sporotrichiella (Buga et al., 2000). Ten years after, F. oxysporum was still prevailing but importance of F. avenaceum and F. equiseti has also increased (Sklimenok, 2015) and in certain years, F. culmorum and F. solani were frequent (Sklimenok, 2015; Krupenko, Kryzhanovskaya, 2017). In the present study conducted in
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Two pathogen species have been isolated for the first time in Belarus from the root system of winter triticale (F. cerealis and F. tricinctum) and rye (F. cerealis), which were previously reported in winter wheat only (Sklimenok, 2015).
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Вестник защиты растений, 2021, 104(2), с. 124-127
OECD+WoS: 1.06+RQ (Mycology) https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-2-14631
Краткое сообщение
ВИДОВОЕ РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ ГРИБОВ РОДА FUSARIUM,, ВЫЗЫВАЮЩИХ КОРНЕВУЮ ГНИЛЬ
ОЗИМЫХ ЗЕРНОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР В БЕЛАРУСИ Н.А. Крупенько*, С.Ф. Буга, А.Г. Жуковский, И.Н. Одинцова, А.А. Жуковская, Т.Г. Пилат, В.Г. Лешкевич
Институт защиты растений, аг. Прилуки, Минский р-н, Беларусь
* ответственный за переписку, e-mail: krupenko_natalya@mail.ru
Представлены результаты изучения видового состава грибов рода Fusarium, являющихся основными возбудителями корневой гнили озимых зерновых культур (пшеница, рожь, тритикале, ячмень). Выявлено не менее 12 разных видов, частота встречаемости которых варьировала в зависимости от вида зерновой культуры и погодных условий в период сезона вегетации. Основу комплекса патогенов грибов-возбудителей корневой гнили на озимой пшенице (в порядке уменьшения частоты встречаемости) составили виды F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum. На тритикале и ржи превалировали грибы F. equiseti and F. oxysporum, на ячмене - F. solani, F. avenaceum and F. equiseti. Установлено, что в условиях дефицита осадков видовое разнообразие снижалось. Частота встречаемости гриба F. culmorum на пшенице и тритикале была выше в год с избыточным увлажнением, тогда как F. equiseti and F. oxysporum на озимых тритикале и ржи она была высокой независимо от года, при этом доля последнего увеличивалась в условиях недостатка осадков. Впервые в Беларуси из корневой системы озимых тритикале и ржи выделен F. cerealis, а также F. tricinctum - из озимой ржи.
Ключевые слова: фузариозная корневая гниль, видовой состав, комплекс патогенов, частота встречаемости, гидротермические условия
Поступила в редакцию: 02.12.20 Принята к печати: 10.06.2021
© Крупенько Н.А., Буга С.Ф., Жуковский А.Г., Одинцова И.Н., Жуковская А.А., Пилат Т.Г., Лешкевич В.Г. Статья открытого доступа, публикуемая Всероссийским институтом защиты растений (Санкт-Петербург) и распространяемая на условиях Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.Org/licenses/by/4.0/).
