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BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND YIELD STRUCTURE OF CHICKPEAS IN SELECTION FOR RESISTANCE TO LOW POSITIVE TEMPERATURES.
Ochkala O.S.,
Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute -National Center for Seed and Cultivar investigation of NAAS Ukraine, 65036. 3. Ovidiopol road. Odessa
Lavrova G.D.,
Candidate of biological sciences, Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute - National Center for Seed and Cultivar investigation of NAAS Ukraine, 65036. 3. Ovidiopol road. Odessa.
Molodchenkova O.O.
Doctor of biological sciences, Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute -National Center for Seed and Cultivar investigation of NAAS Ukraine, 65036.3. Ovidiopol road. Odessa.
Abstract
This scientific work shows the results of research to assess the yield structure of promising source material for the selection of high-yielding varieties of chickpeas, determining the biochemical characteristics of the vegetative mass and roots, which indicate increased cold resistance. Determining the difference between biochemical parameters of chickpea plants at different growing technology. The results of these studies are covered in this article.
Keywords: chickpeas, breeding, influence of low positive temperatures, cold resistance, sugar level.
Introduction
The problem of moisture supply more and more often arises when growing crops. The impact of global climate change is inevitable and permanent. In Ukraine, droughts often occur in the steppe zone during the growing season and this process is intensifying and spreading territorially [1]. Chickpeas in drought resistance is one of the first places among legumes, but to obtain seedlings need 130-140% moisture by weight of seeds [2]. Therefore, in conditions of frequent soil and air droughts, early crops have their advantages for obtaining quality seedlings. After all, although it is a drought-resistant crop, the impact of prolonged droughts has a negative impact on the formation of a good and quality crop [3,4,5]. Therefore, our scientists continue to work on creating a highly productive source material of common chickpeas, resistant to low positive temperatures and capable of winter cultivation technol-
°gy.
Methodology.
The fields of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute - NCSC are located in the central part of Odessa
region. The soil cover of the experimental fields is homogeneous and is represented by the southern mediumhumus heavy loamy chernozems with a humus content in the arable layer of 3.5-4.1%. The reaction of the soil solution is neutral (pH = 6.1) hydrolytic acidity - 3.29 mg / eq. per 100 g of soil, the amount of absorbed bases - 37.8 mg / eq. per 100 g of soil.
The climate is moderately warm, formed mainly under the influence of Atlantic and Mediterranean air masses. The average annual air temperature is + 9.6oC, the sum of effective temperatures is 3300oC, the average long-term precipitation is 430 mm. Winter is mild and short. The coldest month is January, with an average long-term air temperature of -2oC. Early spring, the transition of temperature through + 5oC occurs in the second or third decade of March. Summers are hot and long, dry winds are often observed. Due to high temperatures and low relative humidity, the soil loses a lot of moisture in the summer. We studied 10 lines obtained as a result of targeted hybridization for resistance to low positive temperatures, namely: 5030, 5033, 5150, 5360, 5362, 5381, 5382, 5383, 5384, 5387 and parental forms from the collection of chickpeas, namely
Col.20 and Col. 229. Research methods include field, analytical and statistical analysis (according to Dospekhov), biochemical analysis. Main part.
In 2021, F5 lines were sown, which were obtained by selection for resistance to low positive temperatures. After harvesting, a structural analysis of these lines and
parental forms involved in the selection process was performed. The results of this experiment are presented in table №1.
As we can see from the results of this experiment, there is a very high difference in the characteristics of the vegetative mass of plants. All lines quite convincingly outweigh the parental forms in plant height.
Table №1
Structural analysis of F5, chickpea lines obtained as a result of selection for cold resistance
№ geno- Plant height, Height of the bot- Number of The number of seeds The mass of seeds
type cm tom beans, cm. beans, pcs. in the plant, pcs. in the plant, g.
Col.20 46,33±1,08 22,66±1,78 10,33±3,19 6,66±2,16 2,00±0,35
Col. 229 43,28±1,23 23,71±1,69 12,14±1,44 7,00±0,93 2,01±0,26
5030 74,30±2,84 43,81±1,35 10,20±1,63 5,20±0,91 2,20±0,22
5033 69,06±1,33 43,81±1,85 14,18±1,63 8,62±1,44 2,16±0,28
5150 68,65±2,47 46,05±1,59 15,95±3,34 8,50±2,75 3,19±0,82
5360 71,91±3,26 41,58±2,67 15,66±1,85 4,41±0,58 1,57±0,13
5362 63,77±3,68 34,00±2,40 14,77±1,53 6,77±0,55 2,78±0,27
5381 72,95±1,71 46,15±1,34 18,65±2,31 14,45±2,02 4,35±0,52
5382 72,87±3,20 37,12±2,01 25,50±4,05 12,00±3,45 4,55±1,16
5383 69,60±0,89 46,50±1,19 14,30±1,60 10,15±1,42 3,42±0,41
5384 70,00±1,87 43,85±2,18 21,42±2,36 10,42±2,24 3,36±0,56
5387 67,80±2,62 42,20±1,37 10,20±1,08 6,45±1,08 1,64±0,34
After analyzing the data from the structural analysis of F5 lines, we can note the increased productivity of almost all lines, except 5360 and 5387, which proved to be below the level of parental forms. Numbers 5150, 5381, 5382, 5383 and 5384 have a very convincing advantage in terms of yield over other lines and parent form, namely in seed weight (5150 - 3,195 ± 0,82 g per plant, 5381 - 4,35 ± 0,52 g, 5382 - 4.55 ± 1.16 g, 5383 - 3.42 ± 0.41 g, 5384 - 3.36 ± 0.56).
In October 2020, the lines obtained because of selection for resistance to low positive temperatures dur-
ing germination were sown to test this material for winter cultivation technology. In February 2021, samples of vegetative mass of chickpea were taken for biochemical analysis to detect biochemical markers of resistance to low temperatures in winter, the samples were taken in the phase of 3-4 true leaves. According to the literature, this phase is critical for plants [6], which is due to reduced resistance of plants to low temperatures. Indicators that were taken for testing are sugar levels, chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, proteases, protease inhibitors. The results of this analysis are presented in table №2.
Table № 2
Biochemical parameters of chickpea plants for winter sowing 2020-2021
Plot number Variety name Sugar level % Chlorophyll, mg% Carotenoids mg% Flavonoids g/100g Proteases H cat / kg Protease inhibitors
a b g/kg Pete. Act.
2 5033 (vegeta. mass) 15,05 167,16 58,94 70,26 0,204 1,868 0,124 1,82
2 5033 (root. mass) 5,61 — — — 0,056 1,514 0,036 1,56
3 5150 (vegeta. mass) 13,36 149,53 50,51 61,82 0,182 1,734 0,075 1,27
3 5150 (root. mass) 8,04 — — — 0,054 1,474 0 -
5 5362 (vegeta. mass) 11,75 162,61 52,16 69,58 0,211 1,674 0,152 2,45
5 5362 (root. mass) 7,63 — — — 0,054 1,160 0 —
6 5381 (vegeta. mass) 16,24 158,09 52,53 71,16 0,185 0,811 0,249 3,72
6 5381 (root. mass) 6,13 — — — 0,052 1,602 0 —
7 5382 (vegeta. mass) 13,06 178,43 56,7 76,91 0,245 1,120 0,177 2,77
7 5382 (root. mass) 7,11 — — — 0,057 1,516 0 —
Based on the results of biochemical analysis, we can conclude that the stability of chickpeas is due to such indirect indicators of stability as sugar levels and protease inhibitors. In contrast to the results of biochemical analysis in 2019-2020 when the winter was warm and snowless, and the level of sugars was higher in the root mass, in 2020-2021, this figure was higher in the vegetative mass, because the winter of 20202021 was quite cold and had a snow cover. This suggests that chickpea plants thus protect themselves from
damage by low temperatures. In addition, in contrast to the data presented in the table [7], we have a much larger amount of sugars, in the vegetative mass; this figure was not less than 10%. In the spring of 2021, we also selected samples of spring crops of the same genotypes that were taken from winter crops for biochemical analysis on the same indicators. The data are presented in table № 3.
Table № 3
Biochemical parameters of spring chickpea plants 2020-2021
Plot number Variety name Sugar level % Chlorophyll, mg% Carote-noids mg% Flavonoids g / 100g Proteases H cat / kg Protease inhibitors
a b g / kg Pete. Act.
2 5033 (vegeta. mass) 6,42 312,46 106,19 94,83 0,295 1,602 0 —
2 5033 (root. mass) 9,29 — — — 0,055 1,408 0 —
3 5150 (vegeta. mass) 6,17 309,33 106,63 87,79 0,318 1,922 0 —
3 5150 (root. mass) 5,13 — — — 0,040 1,465 0,017 0,44
5 5362 (vegeta. mass) 6,82 296,31 103,91 78,88 0,273 1,091 0 —
5 5362 (root. mass) 5,15 — — — 0,043 1,448 0 —
6 5381 (vegeta. mass) 6,49 301,59 103,5 83,67 0,300 1,871 0 —
6 5381 (root. mass) 5,89 — — — 0,043 1,422 0 —
7 5382 (vegeta. mass) 6,33 293,4 104,77 77,90 0,315 1,514 0 —
7 5382 (root. mass) 7,08 — — — 0,045 1,297 0,068 1,74
Comparing the results of biochemical analyzes we can conclude that: 1. the level of sugars is radically different in the technology of cultivation. In winter sowing this indicator is increased and more than 10%, in spring sowing this indicator is less than 10%, which means that the sugar level is an indirect indicator of resistance to low temperatures. 2. The level of chlorophyll is also quite radically different; in spring sowing this figure is 2 times higher than in winter sowing. 3. The main difference is the presence of protease inhibitors. As we can say, spring sowing does not have these substances in contrast to winter sowing. This suggests that these substances suspend the plant's metabolism by putting it in a state of stasis to survive under the negative factor.
Findings.
Numbers 5150, 5381, 5382, 5383 and 5384 have a very convincing advantage in productivity over other lines and parent forms, namely in seed weight (5150 -3,195 ± 0,82 g per plant, 5381 - 4,35 ± 0,52 g, 5382 -4.55 ± 1.16 g, 5383 - 3.42 ± 0.41 g, 5384 - 3.36 ± 0.56 g). Chickpea plants have mechanisms to slow down the metabolism to reduce the risk of stress damage as evidenced by increased levels of sugars and protease inhibitors.
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