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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ELBLS-17-2-15-19
Velikanov Valerian Ivanovich, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Contributing author: Elizarova Elena Anatolievna, Candidate of Biological Science, Elizarova Anastasia Romanovna veterinary physician, Terentev Sergey Sergeevich, Postgraduate Student, Klyapnev Andrey Vladimirovich, Postgraduate Student, Federal State Educational Institution of Academic Degree "Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy», Russia,
Nizhny Novgorod, E-mail: anatomifarmitox@mail.ru
Biochemical and hematological parameters of blood of dogs in the acute form of parvoviral enteritis under the action of the drug "Azoxivet"
Abstract: This article considers the influence of "Azoksivet" on the biochemical and physiological indicators of blood of dogs suffering from parvoviral enteritis in its acute form. Detoxification and immuno-stimulatory effects of the drug are described in this article.
Keywords: "Azoksivet", parvovirus enteritis, dog, physiological blood parameters, biochemistry blood parameters.
Parvovirus enteritis of dogs is a dangerous, highly contagious disease characterized by the common toxic effects on the body in the acute form. One of the problems in the treatment of the disease of viral nature, is the selection of an effective immunomodulatory drug. The article presents the results on the study ofthe drug "Azoksivet" on the dogs infected by parvoviral enteritis in an acute form. The drug is a true immunomodulator that: increases reduced and reduces the increased immunological activity; effects on phagocytes and natural killer cells; stimulates the production of IL-ip, IL-6, TNF-a and ^-interferons; restores immune responses in secondary immunodeficiency states; increases the resistance of the body against local and generalized infections; is a detoxifier, an antioxidant and stabilizes cell membranes [6; 7].
Materials and methods
Investigations were carried out on the basis of a veterinary clinic located in Dzerzhinsk in Nizhny Novgorod region. For the investigations two groups of dogs were formed, the control and testing groups, 15 dogs in each. In the selection of the animals similar symptoms, breed (Mixed Breed), age (from 8 months to 1 year), the period of treatment in the clinic (from the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease of the animal) were taken into account. To determine the etiology of the disease expresstest diagnostics VetExpert (chromatographic immunoassay method) was used, it allows to diagnose causative agent of the disease very quickly [4]. Blood for hematological and biochemical analysis was taken from a vein safena at 8 o'clock in the morning before the first procedure in the amount of 2 ml. The first sample was taken at the admission of the animal, and then on the fifth and tenth days of the illness. Hematological research ofblood was analyzed by PCE-90Vet. Biochemical research ofblood was carried out by BioChem SA by 10 parameters: total protein, total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, glutamyl pyruvic transaminase, gamma glutamine transferase, a-amylase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea [1]. Statistical data processing was carried out by BioStat v5 program.
To the animals of the control group therapeutic regimen with the use of: Hartmann's solution (intravenously according to the formula for calculating the deficit and support the volume, taking into account the weight and condition of the dog), "Reamberin" intravenously 10 ml/kg; "Metrogil" intravenously 10 mg/kg, "Dyufa-layt" intravenously 50ml/kg 5; "Miksoferon" intravenously one commercial dose on a 2.5 kg ofanimal body weight; "Dimedrolum" intravenous 1 mg/kg, "Reglan" intravenously 0.5 ml/kg; "Enterodez" into 15 grams per 25 kg body weight, "laktobifadola" orally 0.2 g/kg; "Lauritin-S"
twice daily intravenously at a dose of 1 to 5 ml (depending on the animal's weight); aminokopronovaya acid was administered intravenously 10 mg/kg was applied.
To the animals of the experimental group therapeutic regimen with the use of: "Azoksivet" 3mg/10kg intravenously; Hartmann's solution (intravenously according to the formula for calculating the deficit and support the volume, taking into account the weight and condition of the dog), "Reamberin" intravenously 10 ml/kg; "Metrogil" intravenously 10 mg/kg, "Dyufalayt" intravenously 50ml/kg 5; "Dimedrolum" intravenous 1 mg/kg, "Reglan" intravenously 0.5 ml/kg; "Enterodez" into 15 grams per 25 kg body weight, "laktobifadola" orally 0.2 g/kg; "Lauritin-S" twice daily intravenously at a dose of 1 to 5 ml (depending on the animal's weight); aminokopronovaya acid was administered intravenously 10 mg/kg [2] was applied.
Result
In the experimental and control groups of animals in the primary treatment similar syndrome was registered: frequent vomiting, more than 5 acts per day; prostrateing diarrhoea, more than 10 times a day, stool consistency was liquid, with a lot of blood; pronounced flatulence; expressed signs of dehydration (elongated capillary refill time (more than 2 seconds); dry mucous membranes; sunken eyes; gathered from sentinel tag remains in place; dry mucous membranes; unclear eye).; body temperature 38 °C; sthenic polycardia; strong labored breathing. The general condition critical: depression, ataxia, hypo-esthesia, myasthenia gravis.
On the 5th day of treatment in the control group the amelioration of dogs was observed: the number ofvom-iting acts triggered by intake of liquid food was reduced till 5 per day; acts of diarrhea were repeated several times a day; consistency of feces ranged from semi to watery, brown and black; depressed state of the animals continued; respiratory rate and heart rate per minute on the upper limit of the normal range; tachycardia and dyspnea were after walking; body temperature was 38,6 °C + 0,5 °C; a slight loss of skin elasticity in the range of 2-4%; appetite was greatly reduced.
The condition of the experimental group of animals on the 5 th day of therapy was much more different from that of the control group of dogs: vomiting was not observed; not more than three defecation acts per day; semi-liquid faeces; a slight pain on the abdomen palpation; moderate thirst; respiratory rate and heart rate per minute within or at the upper limit of the physiological norm; body temperature was 38,7 °C + 0,3 °C; the animals were moderately active; the appetite was reduced.
Table 1. - Hematologic parameters of blood animal control and experimental groups
^""\group number initial consultation 5th day of treatment 10th day of treatment
Values Control group Experimental group Control group Experimental group Control group Experimental group
Hematocrit (Ht),% 72,20 ± 6,8 70,13 ± 7,31* 43,55 ± 5,51 40,47 ± 3,90* 42,21 ± 3,51 45,47 ± 3,62*
Hemoglobin (Hb), g/L 98,0 ± 9,8 102,1 ± 10,1 68,8 ± 8.2 107,2 ± 11.8 89,7 ± 16.9 125 ± 15.2
Erythrocytes (RBC), 1012/l 7,89 ± 1.2 8,03 ± 1.4* 5,47 ± 1.6 7.18 ± 1,3* 6.82 ± 1.4 8.32 ± 1.4*
the average content of hemoglobin in the red blood cell 0,37 ± 0,02 0,38 ± 0,04 0,37 ± 0,02 0,44 ± 0,03 0,39 ± 0,02 0,45 ± 0,02
(MCH)
ESR, mm/h 8,2 ± 0,25 8,4 ± 0,22* 37,2 ± 2,4 23 ± 1,8* 28,5 ± 2,2 14,7 ± 2,2*
White blood cells (WBS), 109/l 4,48 ± 0,31 4,51 ± 0,49* 1.32 ± 0,1 2.08 ± 0,2* 2.61 ± 0,3 3.27 ± 0,3*
Eosinophils (EOS),% 8,80 ± 1,2 8,80 ± 0,15 3,4 ± 0,8 3,8 ± 0,4 5,9 ± 0,9 6,2 ± 1,2
Stab neutrophils,% 3,00 ± 0,25 3,00 ± 0,20 21,7 ± 2,4 14,6 ± 1,9 16 ± 2,2 9.5 ± 1,2
Segmented neutrophils,% 2,40 ± 0,19 2,40 ± 0,18 15 ± 2,4 11.7 ± 3,4 12.6 ± 1,2 8.4 ± 1,5
Lymphocytes (LYM),% 64,60 ± 16.2 64,60 ± 17.7 22.4 ± 2,6 38.1 ± 1,2 31.6 ± 4,2 47.4 ± 3,8
The monocytes (MONO),% 25,00 ± 2,10 25,00 ± 2,10 7.6 ± 1,2 9.2 ± 2,4 10.8 ± 3,2 13.7 ± 2,2
N = 15; p < 0.05
At the time of the initial inspection at dogs of both groups strong asiderotic anemia in a color index of0.37 was observed. That was two and a half times lower than the minimum allowable values. The level of hematocrit in the course of strong dehydration doubled (compared to the lower limit of normal). In the study of leukogram, we observed the critical segmented neutropenia in the course of double lymphocytosis and three-time monocytosis.
Described above the blood condition, was named as "progressive malignant neutropenia mature" and indicates the hardest depletion of reserves of bone marrow and the destruction of multiple cells as a result of the toxic process, supported by high titers of virus or severe bacterial infection.
Hematological analysis of samples (shown in Table 1) selected on the 5th day of treatment showed that in spite of the intensive treatment rendered, the rate of ESR continues to increase in both groups of dogs, exceeding the norm almost six times. By the 10th day of treatment, ESR slowly begins to decrease, this decrease in the control group reaches only 4.5% compared with the peak value is in the experimental group decreases by 55%, twice the upper limit physiological.
A similar pattern is observed in the blood are often secondary not purulent stage cardiomyopathies and cardiac myocyte degeneration without inflammatory infiltration [3]. On the 5th day of therapy observed drop in the number of leukocytes in both groups (in control of 70%. In the experimental of 53%). By the 10 th day of treatment the number of leukocytes in the blood of dogs in both groups growing gradually, but in the treated group, this rise is faster and 20% ahead of the control group.
Biochemical indicators ofblood are shown in Table 2. Because of the strong overall dehydration total protein content in the first day the survey was overstated to the fifth day of treatment twice as compared with the average protein content in the blood.
Infusion therapy partially removes signs of dehydration (on the 5th day of treatment), however, to the upper limits of physiological norms this value approaches only on the 10th day of intensive therapy and only in dogs of the experimental group. At this time we see a strong globulinemia, its value is less by 43% below the physiological norm. In the experimental group, the content of globulins is reduced by
10% on the 5 th day of therapy. And sharply increase which is 2 times higher than the values of the control by 25% (compared with the 5th day) on the 10th day, group.
Table 2. - Biochemical parameters of blood dogs experimental and control groups
number initial consultation 5th day of treatment 10th day of treatment
Control Experimental Control Experimental Control Experimental
Values group group group group group group
total protein g/l 148,7 ± 37,2 146,3 ± 41,2 132,3 ± 39,7 124,7 ± 29,8 148,5 ± 34,1 109,3± 16,2
globulin g/dl 17,7 ± 1,62 18,2 ± 1,84* 11,3 ± 2,13 16,2 ± 2,34* 11,8 ± 1,95 21,7 ± 3,94*
ALT 364 ± 50 380 ± 62* 445 ± 91 402 ± 75* 422 ± 62 389 ± 51*
AST 686 ± 62 656 ± 48* 808±106 576 ±168* 796 ± 95 502 ± 79*
index De Reytisa 1,8 ± 0,2 1,8 ± 0,2 1,8 ± 0,2 1,4 ± 0,1 1,8 ± 0,1 1,3 ± 0,1
Total bilirubin 44,2 ± 11,0 46,6 ± 9,8 69,2 ± 19,3 41,8 ± 11,4 52,3 ± 18,1 35,1 ± 11,9
alkaline phosphatase 184,6 ± 38,2 179,0 ± 42,1 204,6 ± 96,8 162,0 ± 64,1 132,9 ± 34,3 99,0 ± 12,1
A-amylase 184 ± 65 201±57* 306 ± 85 441± 98* 399 ± 36 701±57*
GGT 27 ± 3 26± 3* 21 ± 6 21 ± 2* 18 ± 2 16± 2*
creatinine 300,3 ± 52,1 295,2 ± 49,8 268,8 ± 34,6 246,2 ± 98,5 182,5 ± 44,8 154,6 ± 31,6
Urea 29,7 ± 8,44 27,9 ± 9,11 28,6 ± 12,12 26,9 ± 12,70 18,9 ± 5,12 16,5 ± 2,31
N = 15; p < 0.05
In studying hepatic transaminases hyperfermente-mia was observed, ALT is high in the primary inspection eight times compared with the norm, by the fifth day of treatment ALT the activity increases by 12.5% in the control group, exceeding the norm of more than 10 times. In the work of several authors, the process is considered to be complications of viral or bacterial infections [5]. De Rytis coefficient take a value physiologically normal in the animals of the experimental group on the 10th day of treatment. De Rietz coefficient stick with throughout of the treatment period in animals of the control group, which indicates hard toxic liver damage with the destruction of a large number of hepatic cells.
The content of GGT is high more than 3-fold compared with the norm in animals of both groups. This indicator was high level on the 5th day of therapy and decreases on the 10th day of treatment (by 23% in the experimental group, by 14% in the control group). Activity of a-amylase lower and the values of creatinine and urea are increased in animals of both groups. These values indicate a deep lesion of liver and neph-ros tissues due to infectious toxicosis. These indicators
were values of the limits of the norm to the 10th day of therapy in the animals of the experimental group, which is due to the neutralization of body toxicity. The duration of the course of the disease was 18±4 days in the animals of the control group. The duration of the course of the disease was 12 ± 3 days in the experimental group animals. Sequels of the disease appeared in 30% animals of the control group. Sequels of the disease appeared in 26.6% animals of the experimental group. Mortality in the control group was 60%, and in the experimental group 20%.
Discussion
Based on the results ofhematological and biochemical analays ofblood, inference should be drawn that drug "Azoxiveth" reduces the intoxication of the body. This is evident from the rapid recovery of a-amylase activity and the increase in De Ritis index (compared to the control group).
In such a manner, use the drug "Azoxiveth" in the treatment of acute course of parvovirus enteritis of dogs, greatly charm away the course of the disease, reduces the duration of the disease by an average of 6 days.
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The impact of nanoparticles on the embrional and postembrional development in molluscs Lymnaea Auricularia
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ELBLS-17-2-19-22
Ismat S. Ahmadov, Department of Chemical Physics of Nanomaterials, Faculty Physics, Nargiz J. Agayeva, Narmina A. Sadigova, Department of Bioecology, Faculty of Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan E-mail: matlabm@yandex.ru
The impact of nanoparticles on the embrional and postembrional development in molluscs Lymnaea Auricularia
Abstract: In this article has been studied toxic effects of some nanoparticles on the embrional and postembrional development of mollusks. Experiments were carried out on Lymnaea auricularia mollusks. It was concluded, the embryonic and postembryonic stages of development of mollusks are very sensitive against nanoparticles.
Keywords: Food chain, mollusks, hatchability, egg clusters, embryo, nanoparticles, nanotoxicology.
1. Introduction. Using as model organisms, the mol- by this way. The adopting effect was 83% and absorption lusks living both in marine and fresh waters, the toxic influences of nanoparticles are comparatively investigated in them and the main aim in these studies is to determine the risk of nanomaterials. Based on reviews of scientific articles, there are no standart experimental approaches to determine the toxicity of nanoparticles and it needs a lot of experimental results in their organization. Generally it is known that, the main organs accumulated in water organisms of nanoparticles are glands of digestive system and their cells. The main targets of nanoparticles are the endosomal-lizosomal system and mitochondrias. Nanoparticles both directly and by the products are separated from them, create immunetoxicity, oxadizing stress and damage cell proteins, biologycal membranes and DNA [1]. Maria Noyel and her colleagues (2014) studied the bioaccumulation of copper oxide nanoparticles ( 65CuO) which were modified with isotope, by keeping in water and feeding its mollusk Lymnaea stag-nalis living in freshwater basin. They identified that, the mollusks effectively adopt CuO nanoparticles included
speed 0.61 g g1 d1 at concentration of CuO nanoparticles (< 100 nmol g). At higher values of concentration the effectiveness decreased to 50%. It is interesting that, in a day CuO nanoparticles were cleaned up from snail's body. It has been identified that, TiO nanoparticles at > 1.0 mg/kg concentrations stimulate the immune system in Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) snail. In 4 hours after nanoparticle injection the increase of circulating hemosit number, lizosome activity, the concentration of nitrogen oxide were observed. Return to these parameters norm happened in 24 hours [2]. In order to identify the influences of biotransformation of nanoparticles in marine ecosystems Milca O. Montes and his colleagues (2012) fed the median concentrations of Mytilus galloprovincialis with two various nanometals — CeO2 and ZnO being in 1 mg L1 to 10 mg L1 interval in laboratory condition. At 10 mg L1 concentrations medians adopted 62 ^g L1 Ce and 880 ^g L1 Zn-calculated in dry weight of tissue. By Electron Scan Microscope it was determined that CeO2 nanoparticles remained in median
