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Section 1. Biology
Fig. 5. Total antibody titers in plasma of red-backed voles (White column — fast maturation (“summer”) and dark column — delayed maturation (“winter”))
This data is consistent with winter increase of humoral immunity described by Moshkin et al., 1998 in wild population of red-backed vole.
In general we can conclude that in constant laboratory conditions, rate of sexual maturation had not effect on physiological traits essential for the survival from the point of view of rate-of-living theory. Respectively animals of both groups had the similar rates of survival (U = -0.5;p = 0.6; n = 51; CoxMantel Test) (fig. 6).
Significant differences in metabolic rates and immunity were also revealed in an experiment with “reversed” protocol (animals with different time of born exposed by the same photoperiod) [6]. These results can be explained by the presence of transfer of information about the environment during the prenatal period and time raising.
Fig. 6. Cumulative proportion of survival animals (Solid line — rapid (“summer”), dashed line — slow maturation (“winter”), Plus — animals living still)
References:
1. De Magalhaes J. P., Costa J. A database of vertabrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits//Jevol Biol. - 2009. - 22 (8): 1770-1774.
2. Harman D. The aging process//Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. - 1981. - 78 (11): 7124-7128.
3. Moshkin M. P., Dobrotvorsky A. K., Mak V V., Panov V V., Dobrotvorskaya E. A. Variability of immune response to heterologous erythrocytes during population cycles of red (Clethrionomys rutilus Pallas) and bank (Cl. glareolus Schreber) voles//Oikos. - 1998. - 82 (3-4): 131-138.
4. Olenev G. V. Alternative types of ontogeny in cyclomorphic rodents and their role in population dynamics: An ecological analysis//Russian Journal of Ecology. - 2002. - 33 (5): 321-330.
5. Passos J. F., von Zglinicki T., Kirkwood T. B. Mitochondria and ageing: winning and losing in the number game//Bioes-says. - 2007. 29 (9): 908-917.
6. Rogovin K. A., Bushuev A. V., Khruschova A. M., Vasilieva N. Yu. Resting metabolic rate, stress, testosterine, and induced immune response in spring and fall born males of campbell’s dwarf hamsters: maintence in long day conditions//Biology bulletin reviews. - 2014. - 4 (3): 181-191.
Orlova Darya Genadievna, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Postgraduate Student, Department of Natural Sciences and Economics E-mail: DaryaOrlova24@rambler.ru
Bio-morphological characteristic of some wood and bush plants of maloideae web. subfamily of Orenburg with regard to the variability of fruit and seed parameters
Abstract: The article presents the research of changes of morphological characteristics of fruits of three genera of Maloideae Web. subfamily. Variability coefficient is used as variability measurement to compare the degree of variability of characteristics. Significant differences were revealed for linear sizes, which indicate the inhomogeneity of
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Bio-morphological characteristic of some wood and bush plants of maloideae web. subfamily of Orenburg...
the studied material. The method of correlation analysis established the medium interrelation between fruit mass and its length and width.
Keywords: Maloideae Web., morphology, variability, variability coefficient, fruits.
Lately, works on the use of natural plant resources have become more and more current. In this regard, special attention is paid to all-round study as well as further use of berry plants in business activity [3, 139-142]. Moreover, many plants have a decorative value due to diversified forms, sizes and colors of fruits, which is undoubtedly important when using them in landscape gardening in urban environment.
The Maloideae Web. subfamily includes fruit seed cultures. Apple, pear and quince trees are usually considered the most important cultures in this subfamily. But, nowadays, such genera as chokeberry, ash and hawthorn are becoming popular [1, 14-17].
The seeds that are grown and later used in the same natural zone are deemed to have the best sawing qualities [5, 3-4]. This is precisely why the conduct of researches on uncovering the loci of genetic fund of wood and bush genera of aborigines and introducents in a particular zone, evaluation of their biological and ecological properties, seed productivity and qualities of seed material is of certain scientific interest.
The goal of our work was to present bio-morphological characteristic of generative representatives of Aronia Medik. (chokeberry), Crataegus L. (hawthorn) and Sorbus L. (ash) genera in terms of the degree of variability of fruit parameters, yielding capacity and seed productivity.
9 species served as main objects in the work: Aronia mela-nocarpa (Michx.) Elliot. (black chokeberry), Crataegus altaica Lge. var insica C. K. Schneid. (Altai crataegus, the form with parted leaves), Crataegus Arnoldiana Sang. (Arnold hawthorn), Crataegus dahurica Koehne. (Dahurian hawthorn), Crataegus sanguineа Pall. (red hawthorn), Crataegus shlorosarca Maxim. (green hawthorn), Crataegus Maximowiczii C. K. Schneid. (Maximovich hawthorn), Sorbus aucuparia L. (mountain ash), Sorbus hybrida L. (hybrid ash).
Method of research
The main parameters of measurement were: fruit size (length, width), fruit mass, mass of 100 fruits, number of seed in a fruit, yield of seeds from 100 fruits, seed sizes (length, width), weight of 1000 seeds (GOST 13056.6 -97). Morphologically ripened fruits were selected from upper and medium decks and peripheral parts.
The degree of variability was determined through the calculation of variability coefficient [4, 99-101].
To compare the variability of morphological characteristics as variability measurement, variability coefficient (r) was used, the evaluation of which was performed according to the method proposed by Dospekhov B. A. If ta > teor, the correlation relationship is significant, and at ta < ttheor — it is insignificant [2, 268-297]. Furthermore, it is believed that at r < 0,3 the correlation dependence between characteristics is weak, medium at r = 0,3-0,7, and strong at r > 0,7 [2, 268-297].
Digital information was processed by generally accepted methods of mathematical statistics [2, 268-297; 4, 99-101].
Results of research
It is believed that the variability of a characteristic is insignificant, if variability coefficient (GV) does not exceed 10 %, of the average value, if CV is more than 10 %, but less than 20 %, and it is significant, if variability coefficient is over 20 % [2, 268-297]. Depending on the degree of variability, there are three main groups of characteristics with low, medium and very high degree of variability.
The evaluation of individual variability of morphological characteristics of fruits (Table 1) shows that for most studied species, insignificant variability (less than 10 %) is typical. The most stable characteristics may include the width of a fruit; fluctuation of this characteristic in all species is not high and maximal value is 8,9 % for hybrid ash. The number of seeds in 1 fruit was highly variable for all species (Cv changes from 1,4 to 43,7 %). The characteristic with medium degree of variability is the mass of 1 fruit (1,0-14 %) and the weight of 100 fruits respectively (1,4-13,5 %).
The medium mass of fruits varies from 0,5 to 0,8 g. The highest medium mass of fruits is of the representative of Crataegus L. — Crataegus Arnoldiana and accounted for 3,63 g (Fig. 1). Also, Arnold hawthorn has the maximal values for all other parameters.
According to the obtained values, all studied species can be divided into three groups:
1. Small fruit plants: Crataegus dahurica, Crataegus altaica var insica;
2. Medium fruit plants: Aronia melanocarpa, Crataegus shlorosarca, Crataegus sanguineа, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus hybridа;
3. Big fruit plants: Crataegus Arnoldiana, Crataegus Maximowiczii (Table 1, Fig. 1).
The seeds of the studied species were analyzed according to three indicators: length, width of a seed and mass of 1000 seeds. All indicators have different degree of variability in the studied seeds. The length of seeds is different for all nine species and changes within the limit from 0,3 cm. to 0,74 cm. The width of seeds varies less: the width of a seed was 0,2 cm. for four species — minimal value, 0,38 cm. for two species — maximal value. The weight of 1000 seeds was the most variable among all analyzed characteristics of seeds — the degree of variability changed from 0,5 to 7,6 % (mass changes from 1,42 to 58,6 cm.) (Table 2).
With the results obtained in the course of consistent measurements of length, width and mass of fruits, we managed to conduct a complete correlation analysis (Table 3).
The conducted correlation analysis revealed significant and insignificant correlation relationship between separate morphological parameters. There is a positive direct relation with medium degree between all studied characteristics.
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Table 1Data of linear parameters and mass of fruits of some representatives of Aronia Medik., Crataegus L, Sorbus L. genera
Name of a plant Fruit size Fruit mass Weight of 100 fruits Number of seeds in 1 fruit Number of seeds in 100 fruits
Length Width
cm cv, % cm cv, % g cv, % g cv, % Pcs. Cv, % Pcs. cv, %
Aronia melanocarpa 1,0 ± 0,02 2,6 1,0 ± 0,05 8,15 0,69 ± 0,02 5,7 65,9 ± 3,6 9,5 3,4 ± 0,4 18 323 ± 25 13,4
Crataegus shlorosarca 1,01 ± 0,03 6,7 1,07 ± 0,02 4,6 0,68±0,04 19,6 6,93±0,42 8,6 4,8 ±0,1 8,6 273,3±26,9 13,85
Crataegus sanguinea 1,03 ±0,16 27 1,12 ±0,005 0,8 1,0 ± 0,005 1,0 99,5 ± 2,36 2,0 3,7 ±0,01 3,5 360 ± 7,65 3,7
Crataegus dahurica 0,8 ±0,01 2,17 0,92 ± 0,005 1,0 0,5 ±0,14 4,78 50,8 ± 0,5 1,7 3,3 ±0,16 8,5 297 ± 34,5 20
Crataegus altaica var insica 0,78 ± 0,004 0,9 0,92 ± 0,009 1,67 0,45 ± 0,003 1,12 45,1 ± 1,2 4,5 3,7 ± 0,03 1,4 371 ± 1,2 0,6
Crataegus Arnoldiana 1,93 ± 0,02 1,55 1,76 ± 0,01 1,13 3,63 ± 0,07 3,4 300 ± 2,5 1,4 4,3 ± 0,05 2,0 417 ±2,6 1,0
Crataegus Maximowiczii 1,50±0,02 4,0 1,54±0,03 4,6 2,20±0,1 11,4 191,83±4,2 3,1 4,6±0,06 3,2 463,3±8,2 2,5
Sorbus aucuparia 1,0 ± 0,03 5,0 1,0 ± 0,02 3,8 0,77 ± 0,06 14 71,2 ±5,5 13,5 3,0 ± 0,3 19,2 369 ± 46 21,5
Sorbus hybrida 1,03 ± 0,02 5,0 1,03 ± 0,03 8,9 - - - - 1,35 ±0,14 43,7 - -
Table 2. - Data of linear parameters and mass of seeds of some representatives of Aronia Medik., Crataegus L, Sorbus L. genera
Name of a plant Seed size Weight of 1000 seeds
Length Width
cm cv,% cm cv,% cm Cv,%
Aronia melanocarpa 0,3 ± 0,003 1,9 0,2 ± 0,006 4,5 1,42 ± 0,02 2,8
Crataegus shlorosarca 0,5 ± 0,005 3,3 0,34 ± 0,009 8,9 - -
Crataegus sanguinea 0,55 ± 0,005 0,02 0,3 ± 0,005 3,3 30,5 ± 2,8 7,2
Crataegus dahurica 0,46 ± 0,004 1,54 0,2 ± 0,007 6,0 21,0 ±0,9 7,6
Crataegus altaica var insica 0,39 ± 0,004 1,8 0,2 ± 0,004 3,5 14,4 ± 0,04 0,5
Crataegus Arnoldiana 0,72 ± 0,009 2,2 0,38 ± 0,003 1,5 58,6 ± 1,25 3,7
Crataegus Maximowiczii 0,74±0,02 5,8 0,38±0,01 8,2 54,1±0,3 0,7
Sorbus aucuparia 0,39 ±0,001 0,65 0,2 ± 0,006 4,5 3,6 ± 0,06 2,8
Sorbus hybrida 0,47 ± 0,007 5,4 0,26 ± 0,01 17,0 - -
Section 1. Biology
Bio-morphological characteristic of some wood and bush plants of maloideae web. subfamily of Orenburg...
Fig. 1. Hawthorn fruits: А. Crataegus sanguineа (red hawthorn); B. Crataegus Arnoldiana (Arnold hawthorn)
Table 3. - Correlation analysis according to linear parameters and mass of fruits
Species Pair correlation coefficient
Length-mass Width-mass Length-width
r t a ttheor r t a ttheor r t a ttheor
Crataegus sanguinea 0,56 2,18 2,16 0,69 2,90 2,16 0,55 2,13 2,16
Crataegus dahuruca 0,74 3,40 2,16 0,64 2,70 2,16 0,67 2,80 2,16
Crataegus altaica var insica 0,08 0,29 2,16 0,65 2,04 2,30 0,08 0,28 2,16
Crataegus arnoldiana 0,74 3,28 2,16 0,05 0,17 2,16 0,40 1,38 2,16
Crataegus Maximowiczii 0,76 4,74 2,0 0,8 5,23 2,0 0,56 0,30 2,0
Aronia melanocarpa 0,55 2,13 2,16 0,28 0,99 2,16 0,01 0,034 2,16
Sorbus aucuparia 0,23 0,80 2,1 0,55 1,89 1,2 0,11 0,38 2,2
The most significant interrelation was discovered between the parameters length-mass and length-width, i. e. the length of fruits correlates positively with the mass of fruits (r = 0,3 - 0,7), also, it is in close interrelation with the width of fruits in most studied species.
Weak correlation relationships were reveled in Crataegus altaica var insica between the length and width of fruits (r = 0,08), and also between the length and mass of fruits (r = 0,08). For these parameters, the dependence was not discovered in Sorbus aucuparia: r = 0,23 and 0,11 respectively.
Conclusions
The evaluation of individual variability of morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds of some spieces of Maloi-
deae Web. subfamily growing in the conditions of Orenburg’s extreme continental climate was presented.
It was established that for each of studied genera, individual variability varies within different limits.
Materials on evaluation of individual variability of fruits of the studied species give grounds to distinguish several groups among them. Crataegus Arnoldiana and Crataegus Maximow-iczii had the highest quantitative parameters of fruits. According to combination of these characteristics, the fruits of this species should be recognized as big fruit. Crataegus dahurica, Crataegus altaica var insica. have relatively low sizes, which is characterized by small fruit against the background of other species.
References:
1. Vitkovsky V L. Fruit plants of the world. - SPb.: Published by «Lan», - 2003. - P. 14-17.
2. Dospekhov B. A. Method of field experience (with the basis of statistical processing of research results). - M.: Agropromiz-dat, - 1985. - Р. 268-297.
3. Evtukhova O. M., Teplyuk N. Yu., Shemberg M. A. Individual variability of morphological and chemical characteristics of fruits of cranberry tree in the southern part of the central Siberia//Chemistry of natural raw material, - № 2. - Р. 139-142.
4. Zaitsev G. N. Method of biometrical calculations. Mathematical statistics in experimental botanics. - M.: «Nauka», -1973. - Р. 1-256.
5. Panina T. A. Morpho-biological ground of seed productivity of bush species (aborigines and introducents) in the steppe zone of the South Ural. Author’s summary. Dissertation of a Candidate of biology. - Orenburg, - 2010. - Р. 3-4.
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