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Bibliometric Assessment of Research on Energy in the World, in the Eastern Europe and in the Republic of Moldova
Turcan Nelly1'2, Cujba Rodica1'3
1Information Society Development Institute 2Moldova State University 3Technical University of Moldova Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
Abstract. Society is becoming increasingly dependent on energy. It is a stimulating factor for economic growth and technological change, but also the most significant limiting factor. The analysis of research trends on energy is of great importance because it provides a picture of the development directions of the future. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the performance and tendencies of researches on energy in the World, Eastern Europe region and in the Republic of Moldova. This goal is achieved by using bibliometric methods. Bibliometrics has become standard method for measuring the impact of research, which is accepted as a valid way of ranking scientific performance and tendencies. The novelty of the work consists in the wider geographical and chronological coverage of the study in comparison with similar studies, as well as that the analysis was carried out based on data extracted from two international and one national databases: Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science Core Collection and National Bibliometric Instrument. It was revealed that on global, regional and national levels the number of papers on energy increases quicker than the total number of publications. There is also a growth of the share of publications on energy from total number of documents on global, regional and national levels. The contribution of the Eastern Europe in the global information flow on energy increases slowly but stable. Lower speed of increase of the contribution of the Republic of Moldova in the regional (EE) information flow on energy is detected.
Keywords: research on energy, energetical sector, energy research trends, energy research productivity, bibliometric assessment, information flow on energy. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2650736
Evaluarea bibliometrica a cercetarilor în domeniul energeticii în luiiie, în regiunea Europei de Est
si în Republica Moldova Turcan N.1'2' Cujba R.13
1Institutul de Dezvoltare a Societâtii Informational 2Universitatea de Stat din Moldova 3Universitatea Tehnicâ a Moldovei Chisinâu, Republica Moldova Rezumat. Societatea devine din ce în ce mai dependentâ de energie, deoarece energia este atât un factor de stimulare a cresterii economice si al schimbârilor tehnologice, cât si cel mai important factor limitator. Analiza tendintelor cercetârii în domeniul energeticii are o importantâ deosebitâ, deoarece oferâ o imagine a directiilor de dezvoltare pentru viitor. Scopul lucrârii constâ în evaluarea nivelului de dezvoltare si a tendintelor cercetârii în domeniul energeticii în lume, în regiunea Europei de Est si în Republica Moldova. Acest scop este atins prin utilizarea metodelor bibliometrice. Bibliometria a devenit metodâ standard pentru mâsurarea impactului cercetârii, care este acceptatâ ca o modalitate credibilâ de evaluare a performantei stiintifice. Noutatea lucrârii constâ în acoperirea mai largâ geograficâ si cronologicâ a cercetârii în comparatie cu alte lucrâri similare, precum si în faptul câ analiza a fost efectuatâ pe baza datelor extrase din douâ baze de date internationale si una nationalâ: Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science Core Collection si Instrumental Bibliometric National. S-a constatat câ, la nivel global, regional si national, numârul de lucrâri privind energetica creste mai rapid decât numârul total de publicatii. Se înregistreazâ deasemenea o crestere a ponderii publicatiilor în domeniul energeticii din numârul total de documente la nivel global, regional si national. Contributia Europei de Est în fluxul informational global în domeniul energeticii creste încet, dar stabil. S-a stabilit, câ viteza de crestere a contributiei Republicii Moldova în fluxul informational regional (EE) în domeniul energeticii este mai mica.
Cuvinte-cheie: cercetarea în energeticâ, sectorul energetic, tendintele cercetârii în energeticâ, productivitatea cercetârii în energeticâ, evaluarea bibliometricâ, fluxul informational în energeticâ.
© Turcan N., Cujba R. 2019
Библиометрический анализ исследований в области энергетики в мире, в Восточной Европе
и в Республике Молдова Цуркан Н.В.12, Кужба Р.В.13
Институт развития информационного общества 2Молдавский государственный университет 3Технический университет Молдовы Кишинев, Республика Молдова Аннотация. Общество становится все более зависимым от энергии. Энергия является не только стимулирующим фактором экономического роста и технологических изменений, но также и сильнейшим ограничивающим фактором. Анализ тенденций исследований в области энергетики имеет большое значение, поскольку он дает представление о направлениях развития данной отрасли в будущем. Целью работы является оценка продуктивности и тенденций исследований в области энергетики в мире, регионе Восточной Европы и в Республике Молдова. Эта цель достигается с помощью библиометрических методов. Библиометрия стала стандартным методом измерения воздействия исследований, который принят в качестве надежного способа ранжирования научных достижений и тенденций. Новизна работы заключается в более широком географическом и хронологическом охвате исследования по сравнению с аналогичными работами, а также в том, что анализ проводился на основе данных, извлеченных из двух международных и одной национальной баз данных: Scopus Elsevier, Core of Science Core Collection и Национальный Библиометрический Инструмент. Выявлено, что на глобальном, региональном и национальном уровнях количество статей по энергетике увеличивается быстрее, чем общее количество публикаций. Растет, также, и доля публикаций по энергетике в общем количестве документов на глобальном, региональном и национальном уровнях. Вклад Восточной Европы в глобальный информационный поток по энергетике увеличивается медленно, но стабильно. Обнаружена более низкая скорость роста вклада Республики Молдова в региональный информационный поток в области энергетики.
Ключевые слова: исследования в энергетике, тенденции исследований в области энергетики, производительность исследований в области энергетики, библиометрическая оценка, информационный поток.
INTRODUCTION
Energy is fundamental to the economic progress and social development of any country. Human society is increasingly dependent on energy, which is a stimulating factor for economic growth and technological change. Energy use is also a key determinant in ensuring the needs of various fields or branches, populations' needs, as well as increasing the quality of life. Driven by expansion in developing countries, global energy demand is set to increase by 35% over the period 20152040 [1]. Primary energy consumption growth averaged 2.2% in 2017, up from 1.2% in 2016 and the fastest since 2013. This compares with the 10-year average of 1.7% per year, contributing significantly to economic growth, as well as of living standards [2]. A number of authors that have investigated the relation between a country energy use and its degree of development have found strong correlations between energy use and living standards [3-6]. However, in the current context of globalization, the energy used by a country is not anymore an adequate indicator for measuring the total energy requirements associated with its level of development; the significant variable is the
energy consumed worldwide to produce the goods and services required by that country [7].
There is a variety of interdisciplinary studies (i.e. chemistry, engineering, environmental science, materials science, economics etc.) that approach the issues of production, distribution and use of energy [8-9]. The analysis of energy research trends is of great importance because it provides a picture of the development directions of the future. At the same time, it is very important to analyse the energy situation in developing countries for sustainable development [10], as well as the contribution of the energy sector to achieve the sustainable development objectives (SDOs) [11]. Multidisciplinary research into economic, social, technical, behavioural, institutional, governance and policy aspects of energy market is of imminent importance, especially because policymakers need valid and reliable information to support evidence-based decisions in the process of developing policies on energy issues [12].
In the Republic of Moldova (RM), the energy sector is the basic branch for the country's economy, and other segments of the national economy largely depend on it. The evolutions in the global economy, the global financial crisis, the energy impasse in which are the energy-
dependent countries, and the significant dependence of the Republic of Moldova on the import of energy resources, require the development of strategic mechanisms and levers to deal with country's dependence on the energy resources [13]. The dependence on imported energy resources determines a great vulnerability of the country's macroeconomic stability.
In order to develop the energy sector of the Republic of Moldova, it is necessary to implement a series of solutions, such as: increasing energy efficiency, introducing modern and efficient systems for energy consumption management, developing incentive mechanisms for actions to increase energy efficiency and energy conservation, creation of the biofuel use infrastructure, as well as participation of academia in R&D on energy [14].
In this context, it is important to identify the regional and national contribution to researches on energy. Typically, various indicators are used to measure the impact, the visibility or the performance of science, for example, the number of scientific publications, the number of citations, the number of downloads etc. These indicators cannot have a full impact, but they are often viewed as powerful and unequivocal forms of evidence [15] and can be used for evaluation of the science evolution [16, 17].
Although, there is not yet an accepted framework within which to measure societal impact of the research, bibliometrics has become standard methods for measuring the impact of research in science [18] which is accepted as a valid way of ranking scientific performance. The bibliometric analytical technique offers an effective quantitative perspective to assessing the development and growth of research on strategic topics [19]. It is a statistical method of counting to evaluate the growth of literature for a particular subject, which has been widely employed in various disciplines to describe the distribution pattern of articles within a given topic, field, institution and country [20].
There are some advantages in implementing bibliometric analysis that makes it suitable for the assessment of research: (1) it provides an evaluation of the scientific production in a specific research areas over a period of time using indicators for evaluation of research performance [21]; (2) it analyses data, which concerns the essence of scientific work; (3) the bibliometric data can be easily found and assessed for a broad spectrum of disciplines using appropriate databases [22]; (4) it examines
science as a knowledge-generating system [23]; (5) the results of bibliometrics correlate well with other indicators of research quality [24]; (6) it is possible to summarize big amounts of information and establish key characteristics in the research landscape; (7) allows comparison among different scientific disciplines and different countries [25].
Many research areas, scientific disciplines and countries have tried to evaluate their evolution by this method and, nowadays, bibliometric techniques have become an important instrument for measuring scientific progress. The data provided by the bibliometric analyses on the productivity of scientific research help governments, decision-makers in the distribution of public money, in the elaboration of long-term strategic plans, to establish research perspectives directions, or decide to support certain research activities in accordance with the economic and political objectives of a country [26].
Related works
For the last years, the evaluation of the productivity of scientific research become common practice in energy field. Several bibliometric analyses were carried out to evaluate global scientific production on R&D in the energy sector [27, 28]. The results showed that the United States, Japan, China and India are the countries that published most papers on energy subjects. The USA is the country that has published most of papers in energy field, including both individual production and international collaboration. Studies on energy technology, environmental aspects and global climate changes are among the main topics. Among leading countries, China has demonstrated a stupendous growth rate, specialization in the field, and immense scientific output.
A significant body of research has focused on bibliometric review of various energy related fields of research, such as low-carbon power [29, 30], solar power [31, 32], energy efficiency [33, 34], green energy [35], alternative energy [36] etc. The purpose of those studies was to provide an overview of research activities at the global level on these topics, describing various aspects of research outputs.
Bibliometric indicators have generally been used to evaluate country-wide energy publishing. For the last decade the evaluation of the productivity of scientific research in energy
fields become common practice in various countries: Australia [37], Brazil [38], China [20, 39-41], Germany [42], India [43-45], Norway [46], South Africa [25], Spain [47] etc.
The study regarding visualizing Australia energy and environment research productivity, conducted over the period of 1991-2014, shows a steady increase in Australia's literature output in energy fuels (8.4%). The results show that many of research papers have identified in the field of energy fuels 174 (6.2%) as the scientists are interesting to do their research [37].
The analysis of Brazilian research on high energy physics, indexed by Web of Science from 1983 to 2013 [38], show the increase of the international collaboration in the field under study. Brazilian high energy physics articles accounted for 3% of the total investigated. Brazil occupies the fourteenth position in terms of participation in high energy physics. Also, the results show that the average publications growth in this period in Brazil. In terms of visibility, significant internationalization of research in the field seems to have contributed to the high rate of articles with at least one citation (87.65%).
Bibliometric analysis of Chinese energy research aims to summarize an overview of Chinese research in energy R&D, and trends in research on coal, microbial fuel cells, energy and fuels using comprehensive bibliometric analysis measures based on data extracted from Web of Science databases [20, 39-41]. Thus, China has cooperated with 75 countries in the field of energy and fuels. The USA and Japan have had the highest rates of co-publication with China, much higher than other countries. Also, China showed an exponential increase in its number of published articles. Energy fuels, engineering chemical, environmental sciences were the major subject categories and biomass and biodiesel research was the popular topic, as well as hydrogen and fuel cells, but solar energy was not still „hot".
Another country's scientometric study on trends in solar energy research has been conducted in Germany [42]. The results of the study have shown that there are increasing trends of papers during the study period 2011-2015.
Over the past 5 years, several studies on the bibliometric and scientometric analysis of literature in various fields of energy in India have been conducted [43-45]. The papers attempt to study the trends in renewable energy, solar energy, green energy and wind energy research in India. Results demonstrate that India
has shown increasing trend in the research output in these emerging areas of energy research. Thus, it is found that after the year 2000, PhD is produced in almost every renewable energy technology which is quite applauding. At the same time research output in solar energy in India almost doubled in 2005-2009 as compared to 2000-2004. Although, the research productivity of renewable energy reveals that a regular growth during the study period 20012013, India's contribution on renewable energy output during the study period is 652 only. This number is very low in comparison with other countries.
Social science studies actively contribute to public debate on reducing energy consumption and building effective and socially sustainable energy markets. The international and Norwegian study towards social science research on energy has identified key areas covered by this topic [46]. The energy subject area with the most publications is energy use, followed by carbon capture and storage and wind technology. The analysis indicates that energy, and environmentally friendly energy especially, has increased in importance within social science publishing and also in terms of Norwegian participation in national and international research projects. This heightened research interest reflects a hard focus on environmentally friendly energy, in an international and national context.
The objective of another investigation is to assess the field of energy research in the South Africa [25]. The Thomson Reuters databases were interrogated for the identification of South African authors publishing in the field of „Energy and Fuels" during the period 20032013. Analysis of the core energy literature identified that 752 articles with at least one South African address appeared in the database during this period. The South Africa's contribution to core energy literature is showing an increasing trend. However, the South African national research system is producing a relatively small number of research publications in the international energy core literature. Energy research literature constitutes approximately 1% of the national output. Analysis of the specialisation patterns of energy research shows that fossil (31.5%) and renewable energy (28.0%) related research are equally emphasised in the South Africa, albeit by a small number of articles, and topics related to energy efficiency appear to be an ascending trend.
In [47] it is presented the result of the bibliometric study regarding research on energy in Spain carried out using Scopus Elsevier database. The analysis shows the distribution of the 12,532 Spanish energy contributions in the period 1957-2012. Mainly, consisting of journal papers (70.66%) and conference papers (25.85%), other types of publications such as reviews and editorials have a less important weight. The increase in publications during this period has been exponential, especially in the Engineering, Material Science and Chemistry categories. As a result of the keywords analysis the authors have deduced that „Power Quality", „Hydrogen" and „Modelling" are the three terms most used by researchers. The studies show that the Spanish contribution is significant, that the energy topics produce a big amount of international publications in journals and outstanding conferences, also that Spain collaborates with a relevant number of international institutions.
Regarding the bibliometric and scientometric researches carried out in the Republic of Moldova, some analyses on scientific productivity [48, 49] and on the contribution of the Moldovan researchers in the information process [50, 51], as well as analysis of research outputs in some research areas [52] should be noted.
According to the analysis presented in these papers, there has been the unprecedented growth of contribution of Moldavian scientists on a world-wide information process after 2004. This process is related with new type of science administration due to enactment of „The Code on Science and Innovation" and intensification of international scientific cooperation. Also, articles present the data regarding the Moldovan scholars' collaboration in academic publishing in different scientific disciplines in the period from 2001 to 2010. In these papers is specified the contribution of researchers and scientific groups to the development of different directions of national science. It is demonstrated that Moldova is among the countries with the mid-level of both the scientific and socio-economic development.
The bibliometric studies carried out at the international level, as well as those in the Republic of Moldova, do not present analysis on
the research output and trends in energy research in Eastern Europe1 region (EE).
Against this background the objective assessment of scientific productivity on energy of the EE region in general and of the Republic of Moldova in particular acquires special importance. Thus, this study aims to provide an up-to-date bibliometric view and trends of energy R&D in EE region and in the Republic of Moldova.
Objectives of the study
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the trends in research performance in the field of energy research in the world, Eastern Europe region and, as a case study, in the Republic of Moldova, for the period of 15 years (2003-2017).
Specific objectives of the paper are:
- To perform bibliometric analysis of research papers on energy with authors from all over the world, from the Eastern Europe countries and from the Republic of Moldova;
- To find out and compare the growth rate of the number of publications on energy on global, regional and national level;
- To compare the share of papers on energy form total number of publications on global, regional and national level;
- To identify and compare regional contribution in the worldwide and national contribution in the regional information flow on energy;
- To detect main trends in R&D on energy in the world, in the region and in the Republic of Moldova;
- To identify top researchers, top research organizations and top countries in research on energy on global, regional and national levels.
METHODOLOGY, RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS
Methodology
This study was performed based on data from three databases: 1) Web of Science (WoS - Core collection), 2) Scopus, 3) National Bibliometric Instrument (IBN) [53], and covers the period of 15 years (2003-2017). Data were gathered in the period of 16-20 February 2019.
1 Eastern Europe countries according to Worldometers: Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, Hungary, Belarus, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Moldova
http://www.worldometers.info/population/europe/east ern-europe/.
It should be noted that IBN was used to extract data only on national level.
The following data were extracted:
- Total number of papers, and publications on energy registered in databases;
- Total number of papers, and publications on energy with authors from EE region;
- Total number of papers, and publications on energy with authors from RM;
- Authors with the most papers on energy on global, regional (EE) and national (RM) levels;
- Affiliated organizations to authors with the most papers on energy from all over the world, EE region and RM;
- Most productive countries in research on energy on global and regional level;
- Countries with which the Republic of Moldova in research on energy collaborates.
Obtained data on publications were processed in order to identify:
- Growth rate of the total number of publications and of papers on energy on global level;
- Growth rate of the total number of publications and of papers on energy with authors from Eastern Europe;
- Growth rate of the total number of publications and of papers on energy with authors from the Republic of Moldova;
- Share of research papers on energy with authors from all countries of total number of publications;
- Share of papers on energy on regional level of total number of publications with authors from EE;
- Share of papers on energy on national level of total number of publications with authors from RM;
- Contribution of EE authors to world information flow on energy research;
- Contribution of RM authors to regional information flow on energy research;
- Global, regional and national trends in energy research;
- Five top authors and authors' affiliations of papers on energy in the World, in EE region and in RM;
- Five top more productive countries in research on energy on global and regional level;
- Five top countries with which academia from the Republic of Moldova in research on energy collaborates.
Results
One of the main bibliometric indicators is the dynamics of the number of papers written by authors located in a given geographical area in a specific subject during a certain period. But this indicator cannot be used for comparison of dynamics on global, regional and national level. In this case the growth rate of the number of publications can be used, a certain year for all geographical areas being considered as 100% or 1.
According to data collected from Web of Science and Scopus the growth rate of research papers on energy is bigger than the growth rate of the total number of publications. Thus, on global level, in 15 years the number of papers on energy increased about 2 times, while the number of papers on energy in the same period has increased 4.7 times in WoS and 3.9 times in Scopus (tab. 1).
According to data presented in table 2, on EE level the total number of publications increased 2.9 times in WoS and 1.7 times in Scopus, while the number of papers on energy increased 6.5 times and 4 times correspondingly.
As about the Republic of Moldova, according to international sources the growth rate of the total number of publications is comparable with that of the world and global: 1.9 in WoS and 2.4 in Scopus. At the same time, the number of papers on energy with authors from the Republic of Moldova increased 12.3 times in WoS and 14 times in Scopus in 15 years (tab.3). Together, data obtained from national database (IBN) show that the growth rate of total number of publications with authors from RM (22.7) and papers on energy with Moldovan authors (21.0) increased considerably, but are very close.
The phenomenon of a bigger growth rate of papers on energy in comparison with the growth rate of the total number of papers can be related to the increasing interest in the world, region and especially in Moldova for solving the energy problem. Taking into consideration obtained data it can be concluded that although the growth rate increased so much, research on energy is a less priority on national level and more on international one.
The number of publications with at least one author from the Republic of Moldova reveals that there are about three times as many papers on a national level (according to IBN), as on international one (based on Web of Science and Scopus) (tab. 4).
Table 1.
Growth rate of total number of publications and papers on energy in 15 years on global level
5 90 o\ ® 1 fs 5
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs
Web of Science
Total on global level 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.1
On energy on global level 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.6 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.7
Scopus
Total on global level 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0
On energy on global level 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.6 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.9
Table 2.
Growth rate of total number of publications and papers on energy in 15 years with authors from EE
5 90 o\ ® 1 fs 5
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs
Web of Science
Total of EE 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.9
On energy of EE 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.7 6.5
Scopus
Total of EE 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.7
On energy of EE 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.6 3.1 4.0
Table 3.
Growth rate of total number of publications and papers on energy in 15 years with authors from RM
5 90 o\ ® 1 fS 5
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
fS fS fS fS fS fS fS fS fS fS fS fS fS fS fS
Web of Science
Total of RM 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.4 2.1 1.9
On energy of RM 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.3 1.0 4.0 3.3 1.5 1.0 1.3 4.3 2.8 8.5 14.0
Scopus
Total of RM 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.5 2.9 2.4
On energy of RM 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.3 1.5 0.5 1.8 6.3 6.5 12.3
IBN
Total of RM 1.0 1.3 2.2 4.3 8.2 9.5 12.1 13.1 14.7 16.5 15.5 16.6 16.0 17.6 22.7
On energy of RM 1.0 0.5 22.5 4.5 6.0 9.0 15.5 11.5 15.5 38.5 11.0 10.0 22.5 43.5 21.0
It is obvious, because international requirements to research papers are more drastic. According to figure 1, a moderate growth is observed during all period, with three distinguished peaks, in 2005, 2012 and 2016, when International Conference „Energy of Moldova. Regional Aspects of Development"
was organized by the Institute of Power Engineering. It should be emphasized, that in 2017 there are more papers on energy in the international databases than in the national one.
Another representative indicator that shows the performance of researchers in a specific field
is the share of papers in this area in the total number of publications.
Based on data from two international sources that are presented in table 5 and figure 2, the share of papers on energy on global level increased slightly during 15 years: from 1% to 2.1% in Web of Science and from 2.2% to 4.4% in Scopus.
At regional level this share also increased slightly in 15 years: from 0.9% to 2.0% in WoS and from 2.8% to 4.7% in Scopus.
The share of papers on energy with authors from Moldova in two international sources increased significantly: from 1.6% to 8.1% in WoS and from 1.4% to 10.5% in Scopus. Significant growth can be seen after 2014. This phenomenon can be related to the increasing interest for research on energy of the Republic of Moldova on international level. Also, it can be a result of intensifying collaboration of researchers on energy from the Republic of Moldova with academia from other countries due to two facts: 1) visa-free regime for Moldova's citizens that
has entered into force in 2014 and thus the exclusion of many previous bureaucratic procedures related with participation in international conferences, 2) the association in 2014 of the Republic of Moldova to the Seventh Research Framework Programme.
At the same time, according to national database (IBN), the share of papers on energy with authors from the Republic of Moldova did not increased (tab.5, fig.2). Only in 2005 there is a share of 7.7%. This 2005th pick appears due to the fact that the total number of papers published in this year and registered in IBN is comparatively smaller.
Another important bibliometric indicator is the contribution in information flow of a specific geographical area. In this context, a key research question is the identification of the contribution of the EE region in the global information flow on energy and of the Republic of Moldova in the regional information flow on energy research. These data are presented in table 6, figure 3.
Table 4.
Research papers on power engineering with authors from the Republic of Moldova
iti i-- 90 o\ 0 fs m
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® o ® o o o
fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs
IBN 2 1 45 9 12 18 31 23 31 77 22 20 45 87 42 465
WoS 4 0 1 2 3 5 4 3 1 6 2 7 25 26 49 138
Scopus 4 1 2 2 5 4 16 13 6 4 5 17 11 34 56 180
90
2003 2004 2005 2005 2007 200S 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-IBN -WoS -Scopjs
Figure 1. Number of research papers on energy with at least one Moldovan author.
Table 5.
Share of papers on energy from total number of papers (%)
Year All countries EE RM
WoS Scopus WoS Scopus WoS Scopus IBN
2003 1.0 2.2 0.9 2.8 1.6 1.4 0.8
2004 0.9 2.2 0.7 2.2 0.0 0.4 0.3
2005 0.8 2.3 0.7 2.5 0.3 0.6 7.7
2006 0.9 2.2 0.6 2.2 0.7 0.7 0.8
2007 1.0 3.6 1.2 2.6 1.1 1.3 0.6
2008 1.1 3.4 1.1 2.6 1.5 0.9 0.7
2009 1.2 3.2 1.1 3.1 1.0 3.8 1.0
2010 1.2 2.7 1.1 2.8 0.9 2.7 0.7
2011 1.3 2.8 1.1 2.9 0.3 1.9 0.8
2012 1.5 2.6 1.2 2.9 1.5 1.1 1.8
2013 1.8 1.9 1.2 3.1 0.5 1.6 0.5
2014 1.9 3.3 1.4 3.0 1.6 5.8 0.5
2015 1.8 3.5 1.3 3.5 4.1 2.7 1.1
2016 1.9 3.9 1.5 3.8 3.6 5.7 1.9
2017 2.1 4.4 2.0 4.7 8.1 10.5 0.7
Figure 2. The share of i
Thus, the contribution of regional research on energy in the global one increased slightly in 15 years, with some ups and downs, from 4.2% to 5.9% in WoS and from 6.9% to 7.2% in Scopus.
The contribution of the Republic of Moldova in the regional information flow on energy increased in 15 years by only 0.6% in Web of Science and by only 0.4% in Scopus. So, the regional contribution in global information flow
arch papers on energy.
on energy research is higher than of the Republic of Moldova in the regional one.
One more bibliometric indicator is the identification of top authors, organizations and countries of papers in a certain domain. According to data obtained from databases and presented in table 7, on global level 5 top authors of papers on energy in Scopus is represented mostly by United States, while in WoS by China.
Table 6.
Contribution of the Eastern Europe and the Republic of Moldova in information flow on energy (%)
iti i-- 90 9 0 fs 5 i--
® ® ® ® ® ® ®
0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs 0 fs
of EE in the global (WoS) 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.4 5.5 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.4 3.8 4.3 4.9 5.9
of EE in the global (Scopus) 6.9 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.0 3.6 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.8 8.6 5.2 6.2 7.2
of RM in EE (WoS) 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.9 1.3
of RM in EE (Scopus) 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6
Figure 3. The contribution of EE region in the global and of the Republic of Moldova in the regional
information flow on energy research.
At the same time, the number of publications of the 5 top authors in WoS is 3 times greater than in Scopus. Snow N. from United States is in the 5 top authors of papers on energy in both international databases.
On regional level, in five top authors Russian contribution is more visible: about 300
publications in Scopus and about 250 in WoS. Five top authors is also represented by Czech authors, with almost 250 publications in Scopus and almost 90 in WoS. It should be mentioned Khadziev S.N. from Russia, which is in top of both international databases (tab. 8).
Table 7.
Five top authors of papers on energy on global level, regional and national level
Top Scopus No of papers WoS No of papers
1 Jackson, K.M., USA 738 Snow N, USA 2568
2 Thinnes, B., USA 707 Wang Y, China 2312
3 Snow, N, USA 694 Zhang Y, China 1924
4 Dincer, I, Canada 601 Li Y, China 1832
5 Blaabjerg, F, Denmark 568 Li J, China 1636
Table 8.
Five top authors of papers on energy on regional level
Top Scopus No of papers WoS No of papers
1 Makrlik, E., Czech Rep. 125 Khadzhiev SN, Russia 103
2 Vanura, P., Czech Rep. 124 Misak S, Czech Rep. 87
3 Khisamov, R.S., Russia 119 Korobeinichev OP, Russia 79
4 Khadzhiev, S.N., Lapidus, A.L., Russia 106 Fedorov AV, Russia 73
5 Strizhak, P.A., Russia 93 Badescu V, Romania 69
Table 9.
Five top authors of papers on national level
To p Scopus No of papers WoS No of papers IBN No of papers
1 Oleschuk, V. 27 Berzan V 16 Postolati Vitali 31
2 Penin, A. 15 Oleschuk V 15 Bîcova Elena 29
3 Ermuratskii, V. 10 Postolaty V 11 Berzan Vladimir 25
4 Palii, A. 9 Suslov V, Sit ML 8 Tîrçu Mihai 24
5 Arushanov, E., Berzan, V., Klokishner, S. 8 Ermuratskii V, Tirsu M. 7 Popescu Victor 21
The 5 top Moldovan authors of papers on energy, show that Berzan V. appears in the top of all 3 databases. Other 4 authors appear in two databases: Ermuratsky V., Oleschuk, V. Postolati V. and Tirsu M. (tab. 9).
The five top authors' affiliations of papers on energy on global level are represented exclusively by Chinese institutions in Scopus and by two of them (Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University) in WoS. It is surprising to see an Indian organisation in this top (tab. 10).
On regional level, the 5 top authors' affiliations of papers on energy in both international databases are represented mostly by Russia (tab. 11). Accordingly, the first place in
both databases is occupied by the Russian Academy of Sciences, but also the top is represented by one Ukrainian and one Romanian institutions in Scopus and by two Czech and one Romanian organization in WoS. In both cases Romanian organisation is represented by Polytechnic University of Bucharest.
The 5 top Moldovan institutions in research on energy is presented in table 12. These data denote that 4 organizations appear both in national and international databases: Institute of Power Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, Institute of Applied Physics, Moldova State University. State Agrarian University of Moldova.
Table 10.
Top Scopus No WoS No
1 Chinese Academy of Sciences 22015 Chinese Academy of Sciences 12753
2 Ministry of Education of China 15497 United States Department of Energy 11077
3 Tsinghua University, China 13098 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, France 6231
4 Xi'an Jiaotong University 8001 Indian Institute of Technology System IIT System 6122
5 China University of Petroleum - Beijing 7664 Tsinghua University, China 5231
Table 11.
Five top authors' affiliations of publications on energy on EE level__
Top Scopus No WoS No
1 Russian Academy of Sciences 4308 Russian Academy of Sciences 3469
2 Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences 2081 VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Rep. 777
3 National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russia 1251 Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania 653
4 National Science Center Kharkov, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ukraine 1237 Brno University of Technology, Czech Rep. 605
5 Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania 1143 Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia 603
Table 12.
Top Scopus No WoS No IBN No
1 Institute of Power Engineering 50 Institute of Power Engineering 69 Institute of Power Engineering 129
2 Technical University of Moldova 32 Technical University of Moldova 22 Technical University of Moldova 92
3 Institute of Applied Physics 23 Institute of Applied Physics; Moldova State University 9 State Agrarian University of Moldova 52
4 Institute of Electronic Engineering and Nanotechnologies 14 Informinstrument S.A.; State Agrarian University of Moldova 3 Moldova State University 42
5 Moldova State University 9 National Agency on Energy Regulation 2 Institute of Applied Physics; Free International University of Moldova 19
As about contribution of countries in research on energy, on global level the same 5 countries entered the top in both international databases: China, USA, Japan, Germany, India (tab. 13). Even though, the number of publications on energy by five top countries in Scopus is about 2.5-3 times greater than in Web of Science.
Table 13.
Five top countries with papers on ^ energy on global level
Top Scopus Docs WoS Docs
1 China 250153 China 110128
2 USA 204755 USA 77516
3 Japan 57954 India 22970
4 Germany 51954 Germany 22442
5 India 50383 Japan 20303
On regional level again, the same 5 states represent the top countries in both databases: Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic and Romania, and, again, the number of publications on energy per country is greater in Scopus than in Web of Science (tab. 14).
Table 14.
Five top countries with papers on energy on EE level
Top Scopus Docs WoS Docs
1 Russia 30847 Russia 8029
2 Poland 10187 Poland 4974
3 Ukraine 6258 Czech Rep. 3176
4 Czech Republic 6106 Romania 2528
5 Romania 4894 Slovakia; Ukraine 963
In the era of science globalization, international co-authoring represents an important indicator. Thus, data on international co-authoring of papers on energy registered in Scopus and Web of Science reveal that Moldovan researchers collaborate more actively with their colleagues from Romania,
Discussions
The results of the study presented in this work show that according to international databases on global, regional and national levels the number of publications on energy increases quicker than the total number of publications. This is due to the growing interest in the issue of energy. Based on national source, the growth rate of the total number of publications and papers on energy with authors from Moldova is almost the same. Hence, research on energy on national level is not a priority.
The analysis of the number of papers on energy with authors from Moldova obtained from international databases shows that Moldovan research on energy is at its initial stage of development, but the growth in the last years of the number of papers on energy inspire an optimism.
The dynamics of the share of papers on energy from total number of documents based on international sources denote that there is a slight but sure growth of this share on global and regional level.
At the same time, the dynamics of the share of papers on energy from total number of
United States, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, France, Estonia. Unfortunately, there is weaker international collaboration within national publishing. As a rule, papers in national repository are co-authored internationally by researchers from Moldova's neighbours: Romania, Ukraine, Russia (tab. 15).
documents with authors from Moldova indicates that after 2014 this share have begun to grow more rapidly.
The contribution of the Eastern Europe in the global information flow on energy shows that it increases slowly but stable. Lower speed of increase of the contribution of the Republic of Moldova in the regional (EE) information flow on energy is detected.
The five top authors on global level show that research on energy in Scopus is more represented by USA researchers, while in WOS Chinese scholars are more visible.
On regional level most visible in research on energy are Russian and Czech scholars.
As for the Republic of Moldova, a pleasant surprise is that 5 top authors in research on energy are present in two or even in all databases.
On global institutional level Chinese organizations are the most visible in research on energy, while on regional level Russian affiliations are the most representative in Scopus but share the top in WoS with Czech organizations.
On national level more competitive in research on energy are Institute of Power Engineering, Technical University of
Table 15.
Five top countries with which collaborate academia from the Republic of Moldova
Top Scopus Docs WoS Docs IBN Docs
1 Germany 19 Romania 16 Romania 7
2 Romania; USA 16 USA 13 Ukraine; Russia 4
3 Italy 13 Italy 9 United Kingdom 2
4 Spain 12 Germany 6 France; Israel 1
5 France; Russia 9 Estonia; Russia 4
Moldova, Institute of Applied Physics and Moldova State University that are present in five top institutions of all three databases.
The contribution of countries in research on energy denote that on global level the same five states represent the top of two international sources: China, USA, Japan, Germany and India.
On regional level again, the same 5 states represent the top countries in both international databases: Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic and Romania.
In international co-authoring Moldovan researchers collaborate actively with their colleagues from Romania, United States, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, France, and Estonia. There is weaker international collaboration within national publishing. Papers in national repository are oftener co-authored internationally by researchers from References
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Acknowlegments
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About authors
Turcan Nelly. Doctor habilitat in Sociology, Senior Researcher at the Information Society Development Institute and University Professor at Moldova State University. Research interests: scholarly communication, open access, open science, bilbiometrics, scientometrics. tsurcannelly@gmail.com
Cujba Rodica. Information Society Development Institute, Laboratory of Information and Communication Technologies; Technical University of Moldova, Scientific Investigation Division. Research interests: science of science, scientometrics, bibliometrics, research information systems. r.cuiba@gmail.com
