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Irina Marshakova-Shaikevich
Professor
Institute of Philosophy RAS, Russia Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland e-mail: ishaikev@mail.ru
Bibliometric analysis of Russian and Chinese publications on modernization in DBs Web of Science
Bibliometric analysis of publications on modernization in leading countries of the world was carried on. The results, based on Web of science data (1945-2011), are given in tables and figures. Special attention is paid to the dynamics of modernization publications in Russia and China.
Keywords: Russia, China, publications on modernization, Web of Science, bibliometrics, research activity, period 1945-2011.
Introduction
‘Modernization'’ is one of the most frequent words in public discussions in Russia, China and other countries. Research group for China modernization strategies China Center for Modernization Research Chinese Academy of Science presented a report outlook for the period 2001-2010, which included annual reports on modernization in the world and China. The translation of this book in Russian was published in 2011 (1).
The aim of the present paper is to compare those two countries in DBs Web of Knowledge as far as modernization goes. The methods of bibliometrics will be used for this purpose.
Methods and material
Since the beginning of the 1960-ies, a new direction in the study of science has been gaining ground — the quantitative analysis of information flows (bibliometrics). (Some precedents of bibliometric studies go back to1917). Various bibliometric methods fall into two major approaches. The first is based on the analysis of the dynamics of individual features: “plain bibliometrics”. The second is associated with the study of the correlation between objects, their clustering and classification: “structural bibliometrics”. The development of both approaches in bibliometricstudies was greatly facilitated with the advent of the ISI|Thomson Reuters systems, which are a universal (world-wide and polythematic) information base. In this study, the methods of plain bibliometrics were used for the assessment of Russian and Chinese (and some leading countries) publications on modernization presented in world and national corpora in DBs Web of Science (2). Material for this study was drawn from DBs ISI Web of Knowledge: Web of Science Citation Databases:
Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EX) — 1945-present;
Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) — 1956-present;
Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) — 1975-present;
Conference Proceedings Citation Index — Science (CPCI-S) —1990-present;
Conference Proceedings Citation Index — Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH) 1990-present;
Book Citation Index- Science (BKCI-S) — 2005-present;
Book Citation Index- Social Sciences & Humanities (BKCI-SSH) — 2005-present.
World Research Activity countries in field of modernization
Results of search in all databases of Web of Science for all countries discovered 14529 publications by keyword (modernization or modernisation) for all years (1945-2012.05.23):
SCI-EX - 3584 CPCI-S - 1854 BKCI-S - 73
SSCI - 7811 CPCI-SSH - 922 BKCI-SSH - 296
A&HCI - 2626
For the period 1945-2011 there were 14,346 publications, for the most part of them applied to 1960-2011 period: 1945-1955 - 8, 1945-1959 - 51, 1960-2011 - 14,314 publications.
Distribution of 14,346 publications by Web of Science Categories with more than 100 publications it is shown below: Sociology (1,412), History (1,394), Political Science (1,322), Area Studies (913), Economics (834), Planning Development (596), International Relations (537), Anthropology (473), Environmental Studies (440), Social Sciences Interdisciplinary (423), History Philosophy of Science (137), History of Social Sciences (194), Law (155), Philosophy (122), Architecture (76) Language Linguistics (73), Literature (115).
Engineering Electrical Electronic (434), Metallurgy Metallurgical Engineering (401), Materials Science Multidisciplinary (132), Computer Science Software Engineering (75),
Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications (145), Operations Research Management Science (127).
The number of publications on modernization in ten leading counties is shown in table 1 and fig 1 for 2007-2011 period. This table demonstrates the contribution in publications on modernization of China (471) and Russia (134) among 10 countries (USA, Canada, Japan and EC leading countries) in 2007-2011. The place of China is third (471) and Russia is 6 (134). The majority of Russian publications (51.5) are included in DB SCI ex, while Chinese publications spread evenly between DB SCI and BD SSCI.
Table 1
Number of publications on modernization in 2007-2011 (Total publications = 4445)
Rank Country All DBs SCI ex SSCI A&HCI
Publ Publ % Publ % Publ %
1 USA 812 222 27.3 469 57.7 163 20.1
2 England 472 91 19.3 335 71.0 71 15.0
3 Peoples-R-China 471 73 15.5 73 15.5 29 6.2
4 Germany 272 88 32.3 127 46.7 43 15.8
5 Spain 135 40 29.6 64 47.4 37 27.4
6 Russia 134 69 51.5 37 27.6 13 9.7
7 Canada 119 28 23.5 65 54.6 27 22.7
8 Italy 94 23 24.5 43 45.7 21 22.3
9 France 88 29 33.0 45 51.1 18 20.4
10 Japan 58 15 25.7 26 44.8 10 17.2
Fig. 2. Distribution of the publications on modernization by countries
It is clear that publications on modernization are present in DB SSCI; the only exceptions are China and Russia. Their number for China is equal in two first DBs, while Russian publications in DB SCI (51 %) greatly exceed those in DB SSCI (28 %).
Distribution of the 4445 publications on modernization by Web of Science Categories with more than 200 publications shows 4 social science categories and one science category: History (379 publications), Political Science (309), Sociology (305) Economics (269), Engineering Electrical Electronic (218).
Those 4445 publications were done in Document type: Article (3,041), Proceedings Paper (963), Book Chapter (222), Book Review (220), Review (152).
The publications on modernization are very frequent in other countries as well:
USA (812), England (472), Peoples-R-China (462), Germany (272), Poland (143), Spain (135), Russia (134), Australia (130), Canada (119), Netherlands (110), Romania (109), Byelarus (5) (see fig. 2).
As might be expected the great majority of publications on modernization are written in English (3730). Other important languages are German (157), Spanish (151), Russian (85), French (59), Polish (59), Chinese (47), Portuguese (37), Italian (18) (see fig. 3).
The number of total publications in ten leading counties in Citation databases is shown in table 2 for 2007-2011 period. Per cent of total publications in DBs SCI, SSCI, A&HCI is shown in fig. 4.
Table 2
Total number of publication in Citation databases in 2007-2011
Rank Country All DBs SCI ex % SSCI % A&HCI %
1 USA 2,697,260 2,042,727 75.7 445,647 16.5 143,821 5.3
2 Peoples-R-China 951,168 657,839 69.2 22,988 2.4 3,083 0.3
3 Germany 635,605 519,566 81.7 50,905 8.0 13,401 2.1
4 England 633,200 463,810 73.2 115,403 18.22 46,815 7.4
5 Japan 530,114 447,426 84.4 14,607 2.7 1,789 0.3
6 France 429,509 360,472 83.9 24,260 5.6 11,253 2.6
7 Canada 393,522 302,593 76.9 62,023 15.8 18,542 4.7
8 Italy 368,797 310,799 84.3 21,859 5.9 6,518 1.8
9 Spain 299,170 244,801 81.8 30,247 10.1 9,197 3.1
10 Russia 163,719 145,691 89.0 4,043 2.4 1,732 1.1
The number of publications on modernization in DB SSCI for ten leading counties is shown in table 3 for 2007-2011 period. This table demonstrates that for the most leading countries it is significant a light share of publications on modernization in DB SSCI (0.1-0.3 %),
but for Russia this share comes 0.9 %. In social sciences modernization is treated in historic and economic context in contrast to science proper, where this concept is discussed in terms of technological innovations.
Table 3
% publications on modernizations in DB SSCI 2007—2011
Country SSCI Total publ SSCI publ on moderniz % publ on moderniz in SSCI
USA 445,647 469 0.1
England 115,403 335 0.3
Peoples-R-China 22,988 73 0.3
Germany 50,905 127 0.2
Spain 30,247 64 0.2
Russia 4,043 37 0.9
Canada 62,023 65 0.1
Italy 21,859 43 0.2
France 24,260 45 0.2
Japan 14,607 26 0.2
Comparative analysis of publications on modernization in Russia and China
The number of publications on modernization in China and Russia is shown in table 4 and fig. 5 for four cumulative periods. Material for this study was drawn from all DBs included in Web of Science. The first decade of the XXI century witnessed a spectacular rise in such publications both in Russia and China. In China the process is going on an accelerating pace.
Table 4
Number of publications on modernization and average yearly (av.year) (All DBs)
Country 1945— 1959 Average yearly 1960— 1999 Average yearly 2000- 2006 Average yearly 2007- 2011 Average yearly
China 22 1.5 40 1.0 165 23.6 462 92
Russia 4 0.3 65 1.6 133 16.1 134 27
Table 5 and figs. 6-7 show distribution of Russian and Chinese publications in five DBs of Web of Science for 3-years periods: 2000-2002, 2003-2005, 2006-2008 and 20092011. This table and figures show that Russia and China differ markedly in their policy of participation in international conferences.
Fig. 6. Distribution of Russian publications on modernization in Web of Science
Table 6
Distribution of Russian and Chinese publications on modernization in Web of Science:
2000-2011
Years R U S S I A C H I N A
SCI SSCI A&H- CI CPCI- -S CPSI- -SSH SCI SSCI A&H- CI CPCI- -S CPSI- -SSH
2000-02 26 9 2 17 1 11 15 2 18 9
2003-05 13 8 3 17 3 13 17 1 40 22
2006-08 27 17 3 16 1 37 21 7 97 57
2009-11 42 23 10 9 2 44 56 26 147 110
Analysis of Russian publications on modernization
The database Web of Science includes 134 Russian publications on modernization in a total of4,445 records (documents) in 2007-2011 (see table 1). The papers on modernization are analyze by (1) categories, (2) institutions and (3) journals in which those papers was published.
(1) Web of Science Categories: Instruments Instrumentation (15), History (12), Sociology (12), Metallurgy Metallurgical Engineering (11), Engineering Multidisciplinary (10), Education & Educational Research (8), Physics Applied (8), Physics Particles Fields (7), Physics Particles Fields (7), Engineering Electrical Electronic (6), Engineering Electrical Electronic (6), Political Science (6), International Relations (3), Philosophy (3), History Philosophy Of Science (2), Anthropology (2);
(2) Institutions: Russian Acad Sci (13), All Russian State Inst Cinematog (1), Ctr Independent Social Res (1), Ctr Independent Social Res (1), Gr Derzhavin Tambov State Univ (1), Higher Sch Econ St Petersburg (1), Moscow Carnegie Ctr (1), Russian State Univ Humanities (1);
(3) Journals: 33 Russian publications on modernization (2007-2011 period) were spread over 16 journals indexed in the fields: History, Sociology, Political Science, Philosophy. The most number of them was published in the journal “Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya”:
Title of journal Number of papers
Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya 10
Otechestvennaya Istoriya 5
Voprosy Filosofii 3
Historical Social Research-Historische Sozialforschung 2
Osteuropa 2
Cahiers du Monde Russe Current History East European Jewish Affairs Environmental Politics European Review Of History-Revue Europeenne d Histoire European Societies Japanese Journal of Political Science Russian Politics and Law Sixteenth Century Journal Sociological Review Voprosy Istorii 1
Bibliographies of those 33 Russian papers on modernization are presented in Annex.
DB Journal Citation Reports: Social Science Edition in 2010 included 6 Chinese journals and 6 Russian journals. Tables 6 and 7 show the journals and bibliometric indicators (total Cites, Impact factor, Immediacy Index and number of articles in 2010) and Web categories in which those journals were indexed (3).
Table 6
Chinese Journals in DB JCR: 2010 SSE
Abbreviated Journal Title (language of publication) Category 2010 Total Cites Impact Factor Immediacy Index 2010 Articles
Ann Econ Financ (Eng) Economics 49 0.278 0.062 16
Asia Pac Law Rev (Eng) Law 9 0.059 0.000 17
China Rev (Eng) Area Studies 65 0.125 0.059 17
Chinese Law Gov (Eng) Law; Political Science 18 0.048 0.024 42
Chinese Soc Anthrop (Eng) Anthropology Sociology 10 0.053 0.000 9
Transportmetrica (Eng) Transformation 64 0.808 0.100 20
Table 7
Russian Journals in DB JCR: 2010 SSE
Abbreviated Journal Title (language of publication) Category 2010 Total Cites Impact Factor Immediacy Index 2010 Articles
Anthr Archeol Euras (Eng) Anthropology 12 0.031 0.000 15
Eurasian Geogr Econ (Eng) Area Studies Geography 339 1.472 1.077 39
Psikhol Zh (Ru) Psychology, multidis 111 0.115 0.052 58
Russ Polit Law (Eng) Political Science 10 0.027 0.030 33
Sotsiol Issled+ (Ru) Sociology 321 0.147 0.020 205
Vop Psikhol+ (Ru) Psychol., Educationl 189 0.157 0.036 84
Conclusion
1. Publications on modernization are concentrated in social sciences and are reflected in DBs Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and Conference Proceedings Citation IndexSocial Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH). In social sciences modernization is treated in historic and economic context in contrast to science proper, where this concept is discussed in terms of technological innovations.
2. XXI century witnessed a growth of modernization publications in Russia and China. In case of China this trend turned into a real boom in 2009-2011.
3. It should be specially mentioned that Russia and China differ markedly in their policy of participation in international conferences. While in 2000-2002 the two countries were on a par, in 2009-2011 the figure for China was twenty times greater than that for Russia.
References
China Modernization Report Outlook (2001-2010) / ed. Chuanqi He. Peking University Press, 2010. (Translation in Russian; ed. N. I. Lapin. Moscow. ”Ves’; Mir’, 2011.)
ISI Web of Knowledge: Web of Science.
ISI Web of Knowledge: Journal Citation Reports: Social Science Edition 2010.
Annex
33 Russian publication on modernization presented in DBs Web of Science: 2007-2001
Title: Modernization: the Burden of the Past
Author(s): Yanitsky Oleg N.
Source: SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW Volume: 59 Issue: 4 Pages: 741-757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2011.02039.x Published: Nov 2011 Title: Modernizing Russian Foreign Policy
Author(s): Trenin Dmitry
Source: RUSSIAN POLITICS AND LAW Volume: 49 Issue: 6 Pages: 8-37 DOI: 10.2753/ RUP1061-1940490601 Published: Nov-Dec 2011
Title: The Asian Values Thesis Revisited: Evidence from the World Values Surveys
Author(s): Welzel Christian
Source: JAPANESE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Volume: 12 Pages: 1-31 DOI:
10.1017/S1468109910000277 Part: Part 1 Published: Apr 2011
Title: Social Cultural Factors for Russian Stagnation and Modernization
Author(s): Lapin N. I.
Source: SOTSIOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIYA Issue: 9 Pages: 3-18 Published: 2011 Title: Education in Russia and Modernization of Economy
Author(s): Beliaeva L. A.
Source: SOTSIOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIYA Issue: 12 Pages: 13-24 Published: 2011 Title: Modernization of Pedagogical Education
Author(s): Zasypkin V. P.; Zborovsky G. Ye.
Source: SOTSIOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIYA Issue: 2 Pages: 87-93 Published: 2011 Title: On Modernization in RUSSIA: a Historical Sociological Analysis
Author(s): Andreev A. L.
Source: SOTSIOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIYA Issue: 9 Pages: 111-120 Published: 2011 Title: Modernization in Russia and around. Synopsis
Author(s): Yanitsky O. N.
Source: SOTSIOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIYA Issue: 5 Pages: 136-145 Published: 2011 Title: Private Property and Social Interest — the Dilemma of Russia
Author(s): Glinchikova A. G.
Source: VOPROSY FILOSOFII Issue: 3 Pages: 3-11 Published: 2011 Title: Prolegomena to the Idea of Technology
Author(s): Rakitov A. I.
Source: VOPROSY FILOSOFII Issue: 1 Pages: 3-14 Published: 2011 Title: Medvedev’s Potemkin Modernization
Author(s): Shevtsova Lilia
Source: CURRENT HISTORY Volume: 109 Issue: 729 Pages: 275-280 Published: OCT 2010 Title: Anti-Jewish Violence in Russia and the American Omission for Freedom at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Author(s): Zhuravleva Victoria
Source: EAST EUROPEAN JEWISH AFFAIRS Volume: 40 Issue: 1 Pages: 43-60 Article Number: PII 921575815 DOI: 10.1080/13501671003593642 Published: 2010
Title: Russian Society and Elites in 1989—2009: Transformation Results and Future Perspectives
Author(s): Gaman-Golutvina Oxana
Conference: Conference on Transition Transformations — Trajectories of Social, Economic and
Political Change after Communism Location: Jena, GERMANY Date: 2009
Source: HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
Volume: 35 Issue: 2 Special Issue: SI Pages: 41-53 Published: 2010
Title: Computer Modeling of Historical Processes by Means of Fractal Geometry
Author(s): Zhukov Dmitry; Lyamin Sergey
Source: HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG Volume: 35 Issue: 3 Pages: 323-350 Published: 2010 Title: Dead End Authoritarian Modernisation in Russia
Author(s): Gel'man Vladimir
Source: OSTEUROPA Volume: 60 Issue: 1 Pages: 3-+ Published: Jan 2010 Title: Social limitations for Russia’s modernization
Author(s): Yanitskiy O. N.
Source: SOTSIOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIYA Issue: 7 Pages: 17-27 Published: 2010 Title: On Modernisation of Russia in the Book by B. N. Mironov
Author(s): Ostrovsky A. V.
Source: VOPROSY ISTORII Issue: 10 Pages: 119-140 Published: 2010
Title: Evolution of Russia’s military command during the first quarter of the eighteenth century: The role of European influence in the implementation of Peter's reforms
Author(s): Cernikov Sergej
Source: CAHIERS DU MONDE RUSSE Volume: 50 Issue: 4 Pages: 699-+ Published: Oct-Dec 2009 Title: Backwardness and Modernization: Poland and Eastern Europe in the 16th-20th Centuries
Author(s): Ivonin Yuri
Source: SIXTEENTH CENTURY JOURNAL Volume: 40 Issue: 2 Pages: 457-458 Published: Sum 2009
Title: The Processes of Modernization on Russia’s European North in the 1920s-1930s: Social and Economic Aspects
Author(s): Filimonchik S. N.
Source: OTECHESTVENNAYA ISTORIYA Issue: 3 Pages: 185-194 Published: May-Jun 2009 Title: Ethnic and Cultural processes in the context of economic modernization on European Northeast from the 1930s till 2000
Author(s): Maksimova L. A.
Source: OTECHESTVENNAYA ISTORIYA Issue: 3 Pages: 247-251 Published: May-Jun 2009 Title: The Modernisation of Imperial Russia and the wealth of its population
Author(s): Mironov B. N.
Source: OTECHESTVENNAYA ISTORIYA Issue: 2 Pages: 137-155 Published: Mar-Apr 2009 Title: Concentration of working-age male mortality among manual workers in urban Latvia and Russia, 1970-1989
Author(s): Andreev Evgueni; Hoffmann Rasmus; Carlson Elwood; et al.
Source: EUROPEAN SOCIETIES Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Pages: 161-185 DOI: 10.1080/14616690802054358 Published: 2009 Title: Experts on Kazakhstan society modernization Author(s): Ermakhanova S. A.; Korel’ L. V.
Source: SOTSIOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIYA Issue: 5 Pages: 81-86 Published: 2009 Title: The Russian History in the Mirror of Modernization
Author(s): Fedorova V. G.
Source: VOPROSY FILOSOFII Issue: 12 Pages: 3-18 Published: 2009
