CC BY
30
BECOMING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PARKS IN RUSSIA
N. A. Kutorgo,
E. I.Ogorodnikova
First scientifically - technological parks were created in the end of 80th - the beginning of 90 th of 20th century, basically, on the basis of leading universities in cities of Russia (Tomsk, St-Petersburg, Ufa, etc.). At first, they have been oriented by analogy with foreign on service support of small firms; secondly, they haven't had developed infrastructure, the real estate, prepared commands of managers and were often considered as one of subvision of university. In the majority, they didn't represent really operating structure, initiating, creating and supporting small innovative enterprises. As a matter of fact, it was only the application for creation of technopark.
In 1990 starts to be realized the Program of creation and development of technoparks. At the same time Association "Technopark" is created and begins to work, at the first stage mainsteam of activity were studying and adaptation to the Russian conditions of foreign experience creation technoparks, development the concept of creation technoparks in Russia , propagation and explanation essence of technopark as the most effective form of maintenance of development of small innovative business, a professional training manpower with attraction of leading foreign experts for technoparks and small innovation firms. Owing to efforts of Association "Technopark" in 90th years of the last century, active growth of number of the organizational and registered technoparks is observed: 1990 - 2, 1991-8, 1992 - 24, 1993 - 43.
According to regulations about the scientific park, which approved Ministry of science in Russia (26.03.93), the technopark is understood as the organization which is carrying out formation of the territorial innovative environment with the purpose of development of business in scientific and technical sphere by creation of material base for becoming, development, support and preparation for independent activity of the small innovative enterprises and firms, industrial development of scientific knowledge and high technologies.
In the middle of 90th natural process of stratification of technoparks occurs in Russia. There are technoparks on the basis of large centres of science in the academic small towns, наукоградах, in earlier closed settlements (Moscow's technoparks are "Technopark - Center", "Aerocon") and etc. The first regional technoparks are appeared.
In Russian Federation the first technopark - " Tomsk technological park" was created in 1990 as association with 100% state ownership. In 1995 it has
114
been reorganized in the open join-stock company, called "The Tomsk International business center - Technopark". Its founders were some organization, including regional and city Administrations, Universities the industrial and commercial enterprises, bank and also 145 scientists, teachers, production workers and businessmen from Tomsk. With participation of Tomsk "Technopark" it has been open more then 200 small firms of a various pattern of ownership, including 48 small companies worked in its structure. In financial sphere "Technopark" partricipated in establishment of some commercial banks («Томь», «Энергобанк») and the insurance company («Коместра-Томь»), Tomsk's centre of science coordination at Tomsk University, "The Siberian regional innovative fund" and other innovative structures were created with participation of technopark. In scientifically - educational sphere "Technopark" has founded joint-stock company "Северский scientifically - technological park", association of small firms of the Tomsk Academgorodok "Technocentre -A".
However such centralized approach to organization of activity of the high technology business hasn't brought essential results. It has been caused by two reasons: the first is that Russia haven't been created conditions for the high technology enterprise similar foreign. The state hasn't given to technoparks any privileges of floor spaces, crediting of project, etc. In these conditions creation of high technology production was completely financed due to own means of the enterprises of this system.
Secondly, this approach didn't consider regional specific. In 1997 there'was a withdrawal from the classical western centralize model of the organization of technopark. The decentralized distributed model has been accepted, at which function between the organizations by participants are distributed as follows:
Regional "technopark" provides in interests of small high technology enterprises the decision of the general problems (marketing, advertising, telecommunications, etc.) and coordinates activity branch specialized innovativelv - technological centers and business - incubators.
Branch business - incubators and innovative - technological centers provide the decision of problems in the organizations of manufacture competitive production.
Finally, the basic directions of activity of technopark were generated. They were: innovative, marketing, advertising, educational - consulting.
In 2005 the problem of formation an innovative infrastructure has arisen again: development the project of the federal law "About special economic zones in the Russian Federation" which provides creation of six (or more) industrially - production economic zones, one of which main moments will be technoparks.
115
Nowadays Russia is the 5th by quantity of technoparks (more than 60 technoparks nominally operate in 35 regions). Undoubtedly, for development of technoparks, the material and financial base, essential attention of the state and local authorities are necessary. It is necessary to emphasize, that on behalf of technoparks we have new forms and structures of integration of higher education, science, industry, business, sources of financing, regional and local controls that allows to realize effectively the technologies inherent in industrially developed country of 21 century.
Translated by authors
116
