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BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEED SATISFACTION, CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PAKISTAN.
1DR. SAJID IQBAL ALYANA, 2DR. NIDA ANWAR,3DR. RABIA MUSHTAQ, 4RABIA SAEED
1Assistant Professor, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. 2Psychologist, Dow International Medical college, DUHS, Karachi, Pakistan. 3Assistant Professor, Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Pakistan. 4Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus.
ABSTRACT
Grounded on the basic Psychological need theory, we examined the predictive association between satisfaction of basic psychological needs (i.e., satisfaction of relatedness need) criminal (delinquent) behaviour and life satisfaction among adolescents. Pakistan is struggling to maintain social stability in the face of widespread societal problems. There is a greater need to address deviant behaviour because of its impact on the future of the country. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to such societal problems. The purpose of this research is to quantify the connection between juvenile delinquency and the degree to which basic human needs are met or unmet. There were 300 total adolescents involved, 150 boys and 150 females. The study employed the Delinquency Activities Scale (DAS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (LSQ), and the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS). Methods of random sampling were used to acquire the data. There was a total of 300 people that took part in the study. SPSS (26) was used to do the analysis on the data. Correlational analysis was used for the study's methodology.
Keywords: Need for relatedness, Life Satisfaction, Delinquent Behaviour, Adolescents.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, adolescent delinquent behaviour (DB) has become an urgent problem in Asian societies. Pakistan, particularly, is struggling to maintain social stability in the face of widespread societal problems. Poverty, crime, unemployment, drug use, child labour, lack of education, terrorism, inflation, unfairness, population growth, illnesses, prostitution, trafficking, and deviant behaviour are just some of them, as noted by Goode (2022). There is a greater need to address deviant behaviour because of its impact on the future of the country (Mulye et al., 2009; Chen et al.,
2022). Adolescents are particularly susceptible to this issue which can manifest in a variety of ways. Conflicts resulting from these differences have been documented (Bowlby, 2012; Umidjon & Dilyora,
2023). According to surveys conducted recently, the vast majority of people consider crime to be a major issue in today's society. The rising rate of violence among young people is especially worrisome. Criminal acts are just one example of adolescent problematic behaviours (DBs) that have been defined in a variety of ways, but all of them agree that they have negative effects on the well-being of both the adolescent and those around them (Kim et al., 2013; O'Brien, 2003; Chen et al., 2022). Various authors have varied definitions of what constitutes deviant behaviour. Deviant behaviour is defined as that which violates institutionalised (Goode, 2022), legitimate, shared, and recognised expectation within a social system. Blanton and Christie (2003), Longshore and his colleagues (2004), and Pizarro and associates (2003) are only a few of the works that provide psychological and sociological definitions, respectively. The term "deviance" encompasses a wide range of behaviours that considerably deviate from the norms established for persons in various social statuses in different societies (Irvine, 2003). As stated by Gardner et al. (2005), Jensen (2000) and Raab & Milward (2003). Violations can take the form of behaviour, thought processes, or personality traits (Cherlin & Andrew, 2010; Umidjon & Dilyora, 2023). According to the statistical definition, any out-of-the-ordinary behaviour is considered to be deviant. Reactivists see a deviant conduct as the formal or informal disobedience of a specific ban (Clinard, & Meier, 2011), while absolutists describe deviant behaviour as a violation of principles and values that are thought to be universal. A definition of deviance explains it as a violation of a norm, explicitly of a typical behaviour to which maximum people feel
they must obey. Accordingly, poor self-esteem is a factor in the emergence of deviance as a system of personality traits (Ferris et al., 2009), feeling alone and hopeless, dismal academic prospects. Cooperation with antisocial friends (Culotta, 2010; Ehrenreich et al., 2014; Lansford et al., 2014) and parents and peer models with problem behaviour contribute to a deviant perception of the environment. Lack of academic success (Chikwature etal., 2016) and disconnection from traditional institutions (Goode, 2022). Roots of Antisocial Conduct Biological, social, and psychological influences, as well as the possible impact of hormones on behaviour, are among the many elements cited as causes of aberrant behaviour. Some of the most influential elements include demographics, deviant peers, substance use, and family dynamics (Chikwature etal., 2016; Umidjon & Dilyora, 2023).
Juvenile delinquency is commonly understood to refer to wrongdoing by young people who are still minors. Popularly, Hirschi (1969) wrote that "delinquency is defined by acts, the detection of which is thought to result in punishment of the person committing them by agents of the larger society." Despite the widespread acceptance of the concept of juvenile and adolescent delinquency, little legal differences were established between juveniles and adults until the late nineteenth century. In contrast to the larger definition frequently used in Korea, which includes substance misuse, smoking, truancy, theft, physical aggression, bullying, and risky sexual behaviours, we classified DBs in this study as deviant and criminal behaviours that have a detrimental impact on adolescents and others. Many studies have looked into how DBs change over their teenage years. The Uniform Crime Report and other similar self-report studies provide valuable insight. Since 1982, the general juvenile arrest rate has climbed by 5.6% (Regoli & Hewitt 1994), but arrests for severe offences such aggravated assault, robbery, rape, and homicide have increased by 41.6%.
Adolescent delinquency is influenced by a wide range of elements, including the individual's genetic and biological makeup, their cognitive and personality traits, and their social, economic, and cultural milieu. Aggression, antisocial behaviour, and criminality have all been shown to have substantial heritable components (Steinberg & Morris, 2001; Umidjon & Dilyora, 2023). However, behaviour is a product of both hereditary and environmental influences. Aggression and other behavioural issues, for instance, may be influenced by a person's inherent temperament, their hormonal levels, or neurological abnormalities. Adolescents with a history of neurological disorders, beginning in the womb, have an increased chance of developing conduct disorders and criminal behaviour. Poor parental supervision is a major predictor of the degree to which adolescents identify with delinquent peers, even after controlling for factors like early misbehaviour and peer acceptance. Inconsistent discipline and supervision has been linked to defiant behaviour in youngsters. Aggressive behaviour in early childhood is one of the strongest risk factors for antisocial behaviour in adolescence because of its potential to snowball into school failure, impairments in socioemotional development, peer rejection, delinquency, and adult crime (Moffitt, 1993; Chen et al., 2022).
The gender factor is crucial. Males are arrested at a rate four times higher than females overall. Regoli and Hewitt (1994) found that young men are eight times more likely than young women to be arrested for violent offences. Because of the gravity of the problem, it is only normal and logical for policymakers, academics, and concerned citizens to wonder what factors contribute to juvenile delinquency. We would have a better notion of what could be done to avoid delinquency if we knew what causes the commencement, increase, or maintenance of delinquent activity. Chicago was the site of the first juvenile court, founded by reformers at the turn of the twentieth century as a departure from the norm of treating children as "miniature adults." The primary idea was that children required different therapy than that given to adults. When a kid or adolescent's own parents are unwilling or unable to care for them, the juvenile court steps in to "parent" them. Although most theories of delinquency focus on criminal rather than status infractions, adolescent misbehaviour is marked by its flexibility. The rates of drug abuse, criminality, and other undesirable behaviours among Latino youth are affected by their upbringing and the experiences of their families in their new communities. The term "acculturation" is used to characterise this alteration. The key notion that acculturation occurs simultaneously in a number of crucial areas is supported by the aforementioned contexts of leaving one's home country and arriving in the United States. The stresses
of integrating into a new culture can have a negative impact on family life, particularly on interpersonal connections. Individual and discontinuous best describe the process of acculturation. Within the aforementioned paradigm, the family serves as both a risk factor for and a buffer against adolescent criminal behaviour and substance misuse.
The phenomenon of adolescent deviation has been the subject of numerous studies in the field of psychology. Multiple psychological factors function as precursors to antisocial behaviour in young people (Elov & Berdiyeva, 2022). The formation of a negative triad is one such example (Maasberg, Warren, & Beebe, 2015; Muris, Meesters, & Timmermans, 2013). This unfavourable triad is associated with deviant behaviour and, in some cases, criminal behaviour. An individual's personality is the underlying disposition that greatly influences their actions. The adolescent years are pivotal since they are when one's sense of self and outlook are shaped. During this time, we also learn that a lack of love and security is the root reason of deviant behaviour. When this is lacking, it can lead to hostile and aggressive behaviour, neurotic personality traits, and the use of any methods necessary to meet basic needs (Hopwood, 2011; Chen et al., 2022).
Gullone and Moore (2000) looked into how adolescents' personalities affect their propensity for taking risks. Younger boys are less likely to engage in risky activity overall than older males of the same age. The risk-taking behaviours included those motivated by curiosity, recklessness, defiance, and hostility. While risk perceptions, personality traits, age, and sex were all found to be important predictors of risky behaviour, the two were found to be negatively correlated. Antisocial and deviant behaviour in adolescents is linked to both parenting styles and individual personality traits. Many researchers have looked for connections between the two but have so far come up empty (Rizani et al, 2022). Family processes and measures of internalising and externalising behaviours were compared in native Swiss, second generation, and first-generation migrant adolescents (N=3,540). It was discovered that foreign-born individuals had a higher prevalence of internalising symptoms than Swiss nationals did. Adolescents' level of adjustment was also found to be linked to family dynamics. In their research with 641, Torrente and Vazsonyi (2008) found a connection between parental involvement and antisocial behaviour. Mothers who were encouraging had sons who were less rebellious. When moms exerted more authority over their daughters, those girls were more likely to engage in antisocial behaviours. Adolescent cigarette smoking has been linked to a variety of negative character traits, such as increased impulsivity and aggressiveness. Even in the absence of a diagnosable mental illness, regular smokers are more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviour (Umidjon & Dilyora, 2023). Torrente and Vazsonyi (2008) looked at the characteristics and relationships between parents and delinquent teens. People who scored higher on measures of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience were found to have a reduced risk of engaging in antisocial behaviour. Those who have supportive parents were also less likely to engage in antisocial behaviour (Elov & Berdiyeva, 2022; Rizani et al., 2022).
Reaserchers investigated the juveniles on trial to look for links between impulsivity and risky actions. Researchers have established a strong correlation between short-term focus and risky behaviours. Alcohol abuse, alcohol consumption, condom use, and cigarette smoking were all consistently predicted by impulsive levels. Based on the findings, researchers concluded that juvenile personality problems are an indicator of adult criminality. Psychopathy and its key manifestations, including antisocial behaviour, were studied. The results backed up the theory that psychopathic characteristics result in antisocial or disruptive behaviours. Horney (2013) firmly believed that a person's upbringing had a significant effect on whether or not they become neurotic as adults. She suggested that adolescent girls and boys would develop into confident, peaceful people if they were shown love, care, approval, and dignity by their elders. However, individuals who are brought up in an unloving and hostile environment develop anxiety and terror. Two groups of juvenile offenders and one group of law-abiding participants were studied by Alekseeva and Prokopeva (2015). The study's findings indicate that insecurities, poor buddy choices, and a lack of affection are primary contributors to the emergence of antisocial behaviour. The only things that deviants care about are their buddies and their freedom, while the only things that law-abiding citizens care about are their safety and their families. Differences in self-perception between deviant and non-deviant students
in Lahore, Pakistan, were investigated. There was a large gap between deviant and non-deviant pupils on measures of self-concept, family life, confidence, social standing, and acceptability (Butt & Khalid, 2015).
Positive youth development [PYD] has attracted more attention in recent years. Connection, character, caring, confidence, competence, and contribution are the 6Cs that make up PYD. Connection, also known as relatedness or connectedness, is the subject of this study. To feel connected to a group or community means to feel a sense of mutual support, acceptance, safety, respect, involvement, and inclusion (Resnick, 1997). Self, peer, family, school, and community are all sites for adolescent relatedness (Jose et al., 2012). The activities, people, and places a teenager engages with in his or her social environment have a significant impact on this. Adolescents who have strong social connections tend to flourish in many ways. As Bersamin et al. (2019) point out, students who feel like they belong at school are better able to acclimatise to school life, succeed academically, and have better psychological and physical health. According to studies (Brandseth et al., 2019), students' emotional and mental health were positively affected when they were accepted by their peers and had the backing of their teachers.
Researchers have found that close relationships between adolescents are associated with less unfavourable consequences overall. Adolescents who report higher degrees of connectedness or belonging have less emotional and behavioural problems, lower rates of sexual risk behaviour and substance use, and lower rates of suicidal thoughts. Abubakar and associates (2014) found that adolescents who felt a strong sense of school, ethnic, and religious community had better mental health outcomes. The urge for competence refers to the yearning for a sense of mastery over a given activity and the confidence that comes with knowing you can complete it successfully. Humans have an innate desire for social connection, which has been shown to positively impact both success and happiness (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Deci and Ryan (1980) defines autonomy as " the wish to arrange one's own life such that one's actions are in harmony with one's whole self," while Baumeister and Leary (1995) define "relatedness" as "the desire to feel connected to others, to love and care for them and to receive their love and care," thus forming high-quality, satisfying, and positive bonds with them. Optimal mental health is regarded to need a balance between these two requirements (Guisinger & Blatt, 1994).
Value from hedonic experience is tied to the awareness of pleasure and suffering, as opposed to value from need fulfilment, which arises from the motivation to address underlying physiological deficiencies. According to Mish Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1989), the word "hedonic" comes from the Greek word for "sweet" and denotes "relating to" or "characterised by" pleasure. Hedonic experiences have been related to the traditional motivational notion that humans seek pleasure and avoid suffering ever since the time of the ancient Greeks.
Satisfaction means "enough made" or "enough done" in its Latin origin. When a person is content with their life, they have either accepted their circumstances as they are or worked towards and attained their ideal state, when all of their wants and requirements have been met. One's level of life satisfaction might be thought of as one's subjective assessment of life's quality as a whole. Judgements of happiness involve a lot of thought because they are essentially evaluations. Recent empirical evidence (Gilman & Huebner, 2006; Suldo & Huebner, 2006) suggests that youth with extremely high levels of life satisfaction benefit from increased adaptive psychosocial functioning, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social relationships, academic success, and decreased behavioural problems.
Higher levels of life satisfaction are associated with positive school experiences, positive relationships with teachers, and positive assessments of academic achievement, competence, and self-efficacy. Moreover, studies show that one's level of life satisfaction is a significant predictor of positive outcomes for oneself, one's family, and one's community, rather than merely a by-product of one's unique personality and life events (Martin et al., 2008). Satisfaction with one's life appears to protect one from the detrimental effects of stress and the onset of mental illness, as suggested by research (Suldo & Huebner, 2004). Life satisfaction has been shown to act as a moderator for (i.e., a buffer against) externalising behaviour in adolescents (Suldo & Huebner, 2004). This means that
adolescents who report higher levels of life satisfaction are less likely to develop later externalising behaviours as a result of stressful life events.
Various hints can be gleaned from theorists' proposed conceptualizations of happiness in this domain. According to the work of Angus Campbell (1976), for instance, life satisfaction is defined as the space between one's goals and one's possessions. Alex Michalos's Multiple-Discrepancy-Theory (1986) also follows a lady on her journey to fulfilment. Happiness, it is said, is a function of one's assessment of the disparity between "how things are" and "how they should be." How contented you are with your life depends on how it compares to your wants, your history, your expectations, the luck of others, and your sense of entitlement. The quality of life of an individual is considerably enhanced when there is even a moderate difference between these characteristics. When these gaps are large, people tend to feel less content with their lives. Michalos's theory was supported by data from a sample of about 700 college freshmen, of which 54% were female. It demonstrated that both the male and female members of his sample reported high levels of life satisfaction. In Joseph Sirgy's theory (1998), females similarly weigh a number of factors before making a determination about their level of happiness. According to his theory, one can evaluate how fulfilled they are with life by contrasting their current situation to their ideal situation, prior experiences, and goals what they feel they deserve, what they require to be content, and what they eventually anticipate will occur. The "bottom-up" vs. "top-down" methodology debate has been explored by other researchers interested in how people arrive at their own subjective assessments of happiness in life. Using a top-down approach, a woman can consider the worth of her life as a whole, check in with her gut to see if she's generally happy and fulfilled.
Throughout the entire span of the study's respondents, Development uncovered various risk factors of delinquent behaviour and the effects of such behaviour. Farrington's integrated cognitive antisocial potential (ICAP) theory was first developed in 1992 and later amended in 2005 in light of the study's extensive findings.
The following hypotheses were developed after reviewing the existing literature and considering the study's aims.
1.Need for Relatedness would be a significant predictor of life satisfaction among adolescents.
2.Need for Relatedness would be a significant predictor of delinquent behaviour among adolescents.
3.There would be a gender difference on the variables of need for relatedness, life satisfaction and delinquent behaviour among adolescents.
METHOD
Participants
Three hundred (N=300) high school students were drawn at random from various educational institutions in Faisalabad. The ages of the participants ranged from 12 to 18. Inclusion Criteria
• Adolescents made up the bulk of the sample.
• The ages of the participants ranged from 12 to 18.
• Participants were chosen based on their status as college students. Exclusion Criteria
• No teenagers with diagnosed mental disorders were included in this study. Measures
Informed Consent Form
All participants received explicit instructions on what was expected of them over the course of the study. If people decide to participate in the study, they may be assured that their information will be kept private, used solely for research, and won't affect them negatively in any way. After that, they were given the chance to make an educated decision. Demographic Sheet/Form
In the first step, we employed a demographics sheet to get to know our participants better (age, gender, religion, family dynamics, socioeconomic situation, education level, number of siblings, order of birth, etc.).
Need for Relatedness Scale
This tool is used to assess individuals' feelings of community. There are 10 items in all.; 5 each cover two characteristics of closeness and social acceptance. On a scale from 1 to 7, each item is graded. It's worth noting that this scale can be applied to a wide variety of situations and situations in general. The only change necessary is to swap out "work" with "school," "sport," etc. Affirmation and Closeness. Life Satisfaction Scale
Having a good outlook on life is what contributes most to happiness, not the intensity of any one emotion. From the work of (Diener et al., 1985), there are five questions measuring agreeableness to use as a gauge of life satisfaction. For each of these five questions, respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement using a "seven-point Likert scale" Delinquent Behaviour Scale
The DAS was created to study the effects of alcohol and marijuana on specific instances of criminal behaviour; it was partially modelled after the Self-Reported Delinquency Scale (SRD) (Elliott et al., 1983). It consists of 40 items that describe different forms of misbehaviour and ask the respondent to indicate whether or not they have engaged in that misbehaviour, how often it has occurred, and whether or not alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs were involved in the first time they engaged in that misbehaviour.
Procedure
The first was making it clear to participants that they can quit the study at any time without penalty and that their information will be kept confidential. Second, we got everyone's signature on a paper saying they're in. Finally, a demographic questionnaire, the Need for Relatedness, Life Satisfaction, and Delinquent Behaviour in Adolescents, was given to the participants. Examining how long it took respondents to complete the questionnaire and how the authority responded were also part of the research plan. Each patient received their injection in a single session. The subject had no serious complaints.
Ethical Consideration
The researcher abided by the following codes of conduct. Participants were assured of their anonymity, and the study's goals were made clear. Before any data was collected, participants gave their informed, written consent. At any moment and for any reason, participants could terminate their participation in the study. Before giving out the scale, it was made sure everyone involved knew what the study was about and why they're helping out. RESULTS
The results were recorded in a "Microsoft Excel sheet" once the scoring was finished. Specifically, (SPSS), Version 26" was used to examine the information. As a statistical method for assessing proximity between two continuous variables in numerical measurements, Pearson correlation analysis was used. Then, "one way, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)" was used to quantify the range of teenage mental health and character traits. In addition, "Linear Regression analysis" was used to determine the connection between Adolescents' Need for Relatedness, Life Satisfaction, and Delinquent Behaviour.
Table 4.1: Cronbach's Alpha and Descriptive Reliability Analysis of Scales (N=290)
Variables k M SD Range Potential a
Need for Relatedness 10 25.29 5.14 0-70 .58
Life Satisfaction 5 12.61 2.67 0-35 .02
Delinquent Behaviour 10 47.41 9.46 0-70 .99
The reliability of Need for Relatedness instruments improved to a satisfactory level. In addition, the research shows that Delinquent Behaviour has high levels of reliability. The confidence interval is calculated using a significance level called alpha. However, the level of certainty at 99% is provided by criminal behaviour in the current study. However, the importance of interdependence ensures that the present study may be trusted to a sufficient degree.
Table 4.2: Demographics Characteristics (N=290)
Characteristics Frequency Percentage
%
Gender
Male 160 53.3%
Female 130 46.6%
Total 290 100%
Age
15-16 68 22.7%
16-17 75 28.3%
17-18 147 49%
Total 290 100%
Qualification
Inter 100 60%
B.A. 75 25%
M.A. 15 15%
Total 290 100%
In Table 4.2, we can see that males accounted for 53.3% of all respondents while females made up 46.6% of the sample. Many of the respondents in the above table are male because of the prevalence of males in secondary schools. Whereas there are 290 male respondents and 140 female respondents. The table displays the total frequency of all 2900 participants. Different groups of respondents' ages are represented.
HYPOTHESIS 1: Need for Relatedness would be a significant predictor of life satisfaction among adolescents.
Table 4.3a: Summary of Linear Regression analysis with need for relatedness as a predictor of Life
Satisfaction among adolescents. (N=290).
Predictor R2 AR2 F Sig
Need for Relatedness .659 .658 556.080 .000b
*p<.05,**p<.01
Table 4.4b: Coefficient for linear regression analysis with need for relatedness as a predictor of
Life Satisfaction among adolescents.
Model B SE В t Sig
(Constant) 1.941 .462 4.204 .000
Need for Relatedness .422 .018 .812 23.581 .000
*p<.05,**p<.01
It was hypothesised that adolescents' need for social connection would serve as a strong indicator of their level of life happiness. Tables 4.3 and 4.4 demonstrate the correlation between adolescents' need for relatedness and their reported level of life satisfaction. An R-value of.65 indicates that the predictor variable explains 65% of the variance in the outcome variable at the.001 level of significance (F (1, 556.080) =.000). The results indicate that a person's demand for relatedness is positively correlated with their expected level of enjoyment in life, and that this correlation strengthens as the demand for relatedness increases.
HYPOTHESIS 2: Need for Relatedness would be a significant predictor of Delinquent Behaviour among adolescents.
Table 4.5a: Summary of Linear Regression analysis with need for relatedness as a predictor of Delinquent Behaviour among adolescents. (N=290).
Predictor R2 AR2 F Sig
Need for Relatedness .001 -.003 .253 .615
*p<.05,**p<.01
Table 4.6b: Coefficient for linear regression analysis with need for relatedness as a predictor of Delinquent Behaviour among adolescents.
Model B SE ß t Sig
(Constant) 48.789 2.796 17.449 .000
Need for -.055 .108 -.030 -.503 .615
Relatedness
*p<.05,**p<.01
It was postulated that teenagers' desire for social connection would serve as a strong indicator of their propensity towards antisocial behaviour. Delinquent behaviour among adolescents is affected by their need for social connection, as seen in Tables 4.5 and 4.6. With an R-value of.001, the predictor variable did not account for any of the variation in the response variable (F (1 ,.253) =.000, p .001). The linear regression analysis found that teenagers' need for relatedness did not significantly predict their criminal behaviour. Therefore, this study contradicts the notion. HYPOTHESIS 3: There would be a gender difference on the variables of relatedness, life satisfaction and delinquent behaviour among adolescents.
Table 4.7: Independent Sample T-Test Comparing Men and Women (N=290).
Men (n =290)
Women (n = 290)
95% of Cl
Variables M SD M SD t
P LL
UL Cohen's d
RS
6.50 .19 4.10 .82 4.08 .000 1.24 .56 0.46
LS
3.18 .56
2.04
.66
3.68
.000 .52
.73
0.43
DB
5.46 2.29
9.32
.69
-3.54
.000 -6.00
1.71
0.41
Note: P<.05=*, P<.01=**, P<.001=***, Cl= Confidence Interval, LL= Lower Limit, UL= Upper Limit, M=Mean, SD= Standard Deviation, t= Degree of Freedom (N-2), p=Significant Value, RS= Need for relatedness, LS= Life Satisfaction, DB= Delinquent Behaviour.
It was postulated that there would be a gender gap in adolescents' need for relatedness, life satisfaction, and antisocial behaviour. According to a t-test of samples, males are more concerned than women about finding fulfilment in their personal relationships and careers. The study does demonstrate, however, that female teenagers are more likely to participate in criminal behaviour than their male counterparts. The significance of the study's premise was thus established. Male and female adolescents are different in their propensity for misbehaviour, desire for close connections, and level of life satisfaction. Discussion
Adolescent delinquency, happiness, and the need for interpersonal relationships were studied. To what extent do adolescent's demand for relatedness, life happiness, and delinquent behaviour all have a reciprocal relationship with one another? The purpose of this research is to establish a connection between the satisfaction (or lack thereof) of certain demands and antisocial behaviour among adolescents. This study was driven by the presumption that modern adolescents have unique requirements. The purpose of this research was to determine if antisocial behaviour was linked to lower levels of happiness. After a need has been met, there is no longer any driving force to continue looking for a solution.
The current study's hypothesis was to examine the connection between adolescent's demand for relatedness, life satisfaction, and antisocial behaviour. Adolescents' life happiness was found to be significantly correlated with their need for relatedness. Therefore, the hypothesis was supported by the data. Satisfying one's desire for relatedness involves making and maintaining social connections with other people (Wang et al., 2022). Need for competence refers to the yearning to experience mastery and success in one's efforts to complete a task (Blatt & Blass, 1996). Those who have strong social ties to their community report higher levels of life satisfaction than those who feel isolated from friends and family and the larger world (Rizani et al., 2022).
The results of the study also failed to show any association between the need for relatedness and antisocial behaviour, which was another hypothesis tested in the study. Satisfying basic human psychological needs such as autonomy, relatedness, and competence is crucial in a wide variety of settings, from the classroom to the workplace to the sporting arena (Deci & Ryan, 1980; Milyavskaya & Koester, 2011; Tu et al., 2022). Successfully building a sense of autonomy and relatedness across social context was positively correlated with social adjustment (Gavazzi et al., 1993; Wang et al., 2022). Many different attachment styles can coexist within adolescent insecurity. It was also anticipated that there would be differences in connectivity, enjoyment, and antisocial behaviour between boys and girls. Age and gender were also found to have a substantial effect on
the relationships between demand for relatedness, life satisfaction, and antisocial behaviour. However, there is no statistically significant correlation between socioeconomic position and the other characteristics. Furthermore, there is a link between social connectedness with one's peers and both individual and academic success. Adolescents rely more and more on their peers for emotional support (Arnett, 2006; Tu et al., 2022).
Adolescents' social lives revolve mostly around their interactions with their peers. Differentiating them from other types of social connections is the finding that "peer relationships are more equal, less controlling, and less judging than relationships with parents and other adults," according to one study. Positive developmental consequences (Berndt, 2002) are associated with their facilitation of increased autonomy and identity formation. Furthermore, they are quite complicated and advanced (Mathews et al., 2015). Adolescents' need for relatedness, life satisfaction, and delinquent behaviour were hypothesised to differ between sexes. The findings demonstrated that men, in contrast to women, prioritise feelings of belonging and personal fulfilment. Teenagers, at a time when they are trying to forge their own identities and establish their independence from their parents, may benefit from participating in peer groups since it provides them with a setting in which they can learn, clarify, and sustain social behaviour standards and put these standards into practise. Companionship, closeness, support, and conflict are all considered integral parts of friendship in the majority of research (Parker & Asher, 1993; Pires & Almeida, 2023).
However, the data also shows that More female adolescents than males are involved in criminal behaviour. As a result, the theory was validated. According to the statistics, males are more prone to commit crimes than females (Steffensmeier & Schwartz, 2009). Evidence of gender variations in criminal behaviour can be found in a variety of criminological databases, including official statistics, victim data, and offender data (Tu et al., 2022).
This study's premise was that adolescent life satisfaction would be significantly predicted by relatedness and need satisfaction. A person's demand for relatedness is fulfilled when they seek out and establish genuine connections with other individuals. As defined by research (Ryan & Deci, 1980), the demand for competence refers to the desire to feel competent of meeting challenges head-on and achieving desired outcomes. Human beings' social needs contribute to their overall happiness and success. Higher levels of happiness have been linked to students' views on their own academic performance, competence, and self-efficacy, as well as to their relationships with teachers and peers. There are many similarities between this theory and the work of Joseph Sirgy (1998), who proposes that an individual's level of contentment can be evaluated by contrasting their actual circumstances with their ideal circumstances. Assessment of psychological, educational, and medical services for people with and without disabilities should take into account quality of life. The importance of disability support services makes quality of life an important outcome variable for people with impairments (Walters, 2022).
Need satisfaction for social connection among adolescents was also hypothesised to be a significant predictor of offending behaviour. The researchers found that a person's need for friendship reduced his or her risk of illegal behaviour. This proved that the hypothesis was false. The commission of criminal activities by minors is a common definition of delinquency. Recent polling indicates that most people view crime as a serious issue in today's society.
CONCLUSION
The study's objective is to link teenage delinquent behaviour to the satisfaction (or lack thereof) of specific needs. The present research aimed to provide light on the significance of the link between antisocial behaviour and happiness. The study employed the Delinquency Activities Scale (DAS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (LSQ), and the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS). Methods of random sampling were used to acquire the data. There was a total of 300 people that took part in the study. SPSS (26) was used to do the analysis on the data. Correlational analysis was used for the study's methodology. Adolescents' life happiness was found to be significantly correlated with their need for relatedness. The study's findings showed no connection between the need for close relationships and criminal behaviours. The demand for social connection, happiness, and antisocial behaviour were all
significantly influenced by age and gender. In addition, men are more concerned with finding a sense
of belonging and fulfilment in life than women are.
Limitations
A smaller-than-usual sample size and a more geographically dispersed collection of samples were employed to increase generalizability.
The study's reliance on a single data collection technique is a major weakness that undermines the reliability of the results. Furthermore, the study offers no hard evidence to support its claims. Recommendations
More research is needed to investigate the potential of differential construct validity of life satisfaction in children and adolescents across cultures and countries, and more cross-cultural studies are needed in this field of research. Implications
Research has shown a correlation between criminal behaviour in adolescents, the desire for social connection, and contentment with one's own life. To a large extent, our actions are governed by how satisfied we are with our lives.
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