CC BY
0УДК 33 Hajyyeva O., Owezov O., Gylychanov A.
Hajyyeva O.
Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Owezov O.
Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Gylychanov A.
Turkmen State Architecture and Construction Institute (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PRICING AND PRICING STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
Аннотация: article provides an overview of the basic principles of pricing and pricing strategy development. It also discusses the sum of factors that directly affect the market price of goods and the state of the financial system on the price of goods.
Ключевые слова: economics, management, business economics, purchase, sale cost, expense, organization, efficiency, analysis.
Price is an important economic category that represents the amount of money a seller is willing to sell and a buyer is willing to buy a commodity. This definition refers to two types of values. Asking price (asking price) - the amount of money the seller is willing to receive from the sale of the item. Buyer's price (ask price) is the amount of money a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good. Market price (sale price, transaction price) is the price agreed upon by the seller and the buyer, i.e. the price at which the item will actually be sold.
Thus, price is an important element of the market mechanism. It is formed by the influence of a large number of factors that determine the state of the relevant market. A market usually has many sellers and not just one buyer. In such circumstances, the bid price is determined not as the price of a specific seller, but as the price of a plurality of sellers. At the same time, the demand price is determined not as the price that a particular buyer is willing to pay, but as the result of collective demand. The government plays an important role in setting prices, for example by setting certain price limits for essential commodities. The process of formation of market prices depends on the level of costs of production and distribution of products, that is, directly on the activity of a specific producer. Manufacturing companies often do not sell the product directly to the final consumer, but to an intermediary, which means that he is also in the market and affects the market price of the product. Taking this into account, the market price formation scheme can be drawn up.
Enterprises producing products with similar or similar consumption characteristics have different organizational and technical levels of production, different professional levels of labor force, and use raw materials and materials from different sources. All these constitute separate production costs for each enterprise. At the same time, the company uses the average cost of production in the industry as well as the average profit in the industry when setting prices.
Commodity prices are directly affected by the state of the financial system, in particular the level and trends of the population's income, the purchasing power of the currency, the rate and pace of depreciation, and changes in the purchasing power parity (SUD) of the national currency with respect to the currencies of major trading partners.
In the conditions of a market economy, price competition is an important factor affecting prices, which is based on the reduction of prices during the competitive struggle. In exceptional cases, there may be a situation where goods are sold in the market at a price below their actual value, which is described as dumping and refers to restrictive business practices defined as methods of unfair competition.
Restrictive business practices are used by firms to control a competitor's actions in order to impair its position and squeeze it out of the market, to stop the competitor from doing business and to maintain a dominant position in the market.
Non-price competition depends on the quality of the product, the industry characteristics of the product (for example, capital-intensive and labor-intensive production), the life cycle of the product (what stage of the product life cycle it is in), the type of product (for example, staged or special ), the reputation of the firm, the amount of goods sent, the relationship between the seller and the buyer (the nature of the relationship can be defined in the contract), the terms of payment, prices are influenced by factors such as franking (specifying special transport conditions for paper shipments).
Prices can be regulated and free prices. Regulated prices are controlled by the government, and the government can influence them in various ways. The first is to set fixed prices, for example, some basic necessities are priced so. Governments can also regulate prices in other ways, including by setting an affordability threshold, which is calculated as a ratio of the cost of benefits. In developed countries, the share of government-regulated prices ranges from 20% to 40%.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Law of Turkmenistan "On State Support of Small and Medium Entrepreneurs". - Ashgabat, 2009;
2. Law of Turkmenistan "On Enterprises". - Ashgabat, 2000
