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Мировой опыт
BALANCING RISKS AND BENEFITS OF GM CROPS
BRUCE M CHASSY
Иллинойский университет, США, г. Иллийнойс
Ключевые слова: трансгенные зерновые культуры, современная биотехнология.
Over the last decade, transgenic crops developed using modern biotechnology have been planted on more than 690 million hectares (1.7 billion acres) around the globe (James, 2008). In 2007, more than 12 million farmers, 10 million of them in developing countries, planted more than 114 million hectares (284 million acres) of biotech corn (maize), canola (rapeseed), cotton, and soybeans along with small amounts of bioengineered alfalfa, papaya, sugarbeets, sweetcorn, and squash (James, 2008). The area planted with GM crops is approximate^ 0% of the world's cultivated farmland.
In the same timeframe that transgenic crops were gaining a foothold in global agriculture, environmental and consumer groups across the globe were condemning transgenic crops and warning that they are not safe to eat, that they are dangerous for the environment, and that their use is not sustainable. These critics also claim that not enough research has been done on them to prove that they are safe, and that industry and government have rushed them to market without properly assessing the potential impact on consumers and the environment. These kinds of claims may have lead consumers to have doubts about the need for such crops and the safety and advisability of planting GM crops -a point to which we will return later in this paper (Paarlberg, 2008). Most national governments have put in place regulatory requirements that mandate a stringent premarket safety review for transgenic crops. It is argued that strict biosafety frameworks are required by the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB). The pre-market safety review of transgenic crops required by regulations has proven both expensive and time-consuming (Kalaitzandonakes et a!,.
2007). There can be little doubt that strict regulations, trade barriers, doubt and opposition have suppressed the adoption of transgenic crops.
The global community finds itself in a paradoxical situation with respect to agriculture. Demand for food and feed, and consequently prices for food and feed, have never been higher. This is a near crisis situation that is being addressed by then UN and FAO (http://www.fao.org/ fi lead min/user_upload/foodcli mate/ HLCdocs/declaration-E.pdf). Shrinking land and water resources, growing world population, and climate change will further drive up the demand for food. At the same time, however, there is significant global resistance to, and discrimination against, transgenic plant technologies that might improve both productivity and sustainability.
Lost in the controversy is that no change in technology can ever be proven to be absolutely safe or pose zero risk (Hathcock, 2000), Solutions are adopted when they offer benefits, remediate existing harms or short-comings, and don't pose unacceptable new risks. This paper briefly evaluates some of the benefits associated with the first 12 years of planting transgenic crops and balances these against any actual observed harms-if indeed any concommitant harms can be identified. It will analyze the assertion that underpins the CPB, namely that new or increased risks are associated with transgenic crop technology.
Benefits of Transgenic Crops
Some of the benefits of transgenic crops have already been mentioned in the introduction. For farmers the cost-benefit equation associated with GM crops is straightforward, but as with all decisions that farmers make, it involves a degree of chance. If a farmer pays more for transgenic seeds, reduces his input costs drammatically, and harvests a record yield, he has benefitted from the choice to plant transgenic seeds. If, however, it does not rain and the farmer's crop is lost, the farmer loses more because the seeds cost more. If the farmer buys transgenic insect-protected seeds and there are no insects in a particular growing season, the farmer has paid more but experienced no benefit. Since variations in weather, markets, and a host of other factors can operate differently in each specific place, it is necessary to evaluate the utility of transgenic seeds-or any other technology--for each crop and each place. In the final analysis, conclusions about the benefits of transgenic crops must be based on statisical performance data that allow probabilties to be calculated, and not on claims that in one particular field the crops produced a record harvest or a total failure.
Fortunately, data for the performance of transgenic crops has been collected for each crop in each country in which they have been planted, and the data have been extensively analyzed (Brookes and Barfoot, 2007). What the longterm averages show is that farmers that planted transgenic crops chose to pay more for seeds that produced higher yields, required less chemical inputs, reduced labor, and shrank the environmental footprint of agriculture (Sanvido et ai. 2006, Brooks and Barfoot, 2007, Chassy et al. 2005)- 10 million poor smallholders in developing countries were especially eager to realize greater yields at lower cost with less danger of exposure to toxic pesticides. WHO estimates that
pesticides poison more than 3 million people a year and kill 350,000 (http://www.who.int/ ipcs/poisons/en/ accessed April 15, 2008).
The transition to transgenic seeds is also associated with gains in soil structure and health, reduced soil erosion, reduced water usage, and decreases in run-off of agricultural chemicals in groundwater (Chassy et al., 2005). It has been estimated that this technology has brought farmers around the world $27 billion in additional profits, reduced pesticide application by 224 million kg, reduced the environmental impact associated with pesticide use by 14%, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture by the equivalent of removing 4 million cars from the road (Brookes and Barfoot, 2007). The clear benefits of transgenic crops are well-documented.
Damage Caused by Transgenic Crops
Transgenic crop technology has been adopted faster than any other technology in the history of agriculture, and this adoption has been without any significant adverse effect to agriculture, the environment, or food safety. There is a fairly overwhelming scientific literature that documents the positive benefits and absence of harm attributable to transgenic crops (see for example, James, 2008 and Brookes and Barfoot, 2007). As Harvard Professor Robert Paarlberg put it in an interview with Reason Online:
Reason: "Are there documented safety risks that merit caution?"
Paarlberg: "There aren't any. It's like the first ten years of aviation without a plane crash (Howley, 2008)"
Numerous claims of damages caused by transgenic crops can be found on internet webpages; the reader can easily access these with a search engine. None of these claimed harms of GMOs has been corroborated in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. When government regulators have examined such claims they have consistently found them to be inaccurate. The world finds itself in the paradoxical situation of having 12 years safe, profitable and productive experience with transgenic crops while continuing to regulate them as if they were hazardous chemicals or nuclear waste.
The Cost of Regulation and Labeling of Transgenic Crops
The USA gave regulatory approval to a few transgenic crops starting in 1994 and today plants more area with GM crops than any other country- accounting for about
Trancegenes com cultures, modem biotechnology.
half of the global planting. The EU put in place a workable regulatory system in the 1990s but bowed to activist pressure and public concern by suspending new approvals for more than 5 years. Although 6 or more EU nations plant small amounts of GM crops, they have not gained the foothold in the EU that they have in the USA (James, 2008). Recently, Czech scientists called for reopening debate on GM crops in Europe with intent of creating more favorable conditions for their adoption (http:/ /www.radio.cz/en/article/10460). One key difference between the US and EU is the requirement that GM foods be labeled in the EU while no mandatory labels are required in the US.
Opposition by activists, and consumer concerns it creates, has doubtless inhibited the introduction of new transgenic crops and restricted the number of countries in which they are grown. It has also limited the area of planted with GM crops in countries in which they are grown. . The cost of a regulatory approval for a new crop variety is $10s of millions (Kalaitzandonakes et al. 2007). Labeling and the consequent need for segregation and testing of GM and non-GM versions of the same crop have added cost and complexity to the food system. It has been estimated, for example, that the cost of segregating and testing transgenic soybeans will add 5-10% to the cost of production in Brazil (IPC 2006); it is estimated that it costs at least as much for food processors and retailers to maintain the strict separate identity of transgenic soybeans, and, as a result, EU consumers will pay 25-50% more for food products containing Brazilian soybeans.
Skeptical and risk sensitive food companies, supermarkets and consumers who question the need for GM crops can be found on 6 continents. Negative perceptions, and the restrictive and unjustifiable regultions they produce (see "Scientfiic Risk Assessment of Transgenic Crops") have led to excessive costs of segregation, labeling and global discrimination against transgenic crops. The global cost of regulating GM crops is difficult to assess since it is comprised not only of direct costs of regulation and labeling, but also contains an enormous opportunity cost comprised of losses to farmers, consumers, and the environment associated with not planting transgenic crops and not reducing harm done by non-transgenic agriculture.
Opponents of transgenic crops have sought to use the Precautionary Principle (PP) to block adoption by arguing that the PP instructs us to "first do no harm" and that "if in doubt, one should do nothing." They argue that no product should be placed on the market "before its safety is proven" which turns into a demand for absolute safety. A point that is beyond the scope of this chapter is the contrast between regulatory systems that are predicated on the risk-benefit analysis (which is said to be precautionary in nature)
versus those based on the more formal Precautionary Principle (PP). The PP seeks to avoid new risks and strives for a higher level of safety for consumers and the environment. Adherence to the PP is mandated by the EU charter, but it is a misinterpretation of the PP to read it as a demand for absolute safety (Hathcock 2000). Absolute safety is an impossible standard to set for any product (Hatchcock, 2000). The European Commission made it clear in their first publication of the new millenium that the the PP was not intended to be used as a barrier (EC, 2000):
"Where action is deemed necessary, measures based on the precautionary principle should be, inter alia:
■ proportional to the chosen level of protection,
■ non-discriminatory in their application,
■ consistent with similar measures already taken,
■ based on an examination of the potential benefits and costs of action or lack of action (including, where appropriate and feasible, an economic cost/benefit analysis),
■ subject to review, in the light of new scientific data, and capable of assigning responsibility for producing the scientific evidence necessary for a more comprehensive risk assessment.
These EC directives on the PP will be reconsidered at the conclusion of this chapter.
One of the major problems with trying to use the PP as a barrier to the introduction of GM crops is that in doing so, real damages are ignored. As interpreted by the Commission, application of the PP cannot ignore the consequences of inaction or non-adoption of a technology. As noted by Sanvido et al.:
"When discussing the risks of GM crops, one has to recognize that the real choice for farmers and consumers is not between a GM technology that may have risks and a completely safe alternative. The real choice is between GM crops and current conventional pest and weed management practices, all possibly having positive and negative outcomes. To ensure that a policy is truly precautionary, one should therefore compare the risk of adopting a technology against the risk of not adopting it. We thus believe that both benefits and risks of GM crop systems should be compared with those of current agricultural practices" (Sanvido et al. 2006)
Scientific Risk Assessment of Transgenic Crops
Are GM crops really safe? Before attempting to answer this question, it is important to note that from a scientific perspective it is really not the right question to ask. Technologies are neither safe nor unsafe. How a technology is used determines the degree of risk to which we are exposed. Scientific assessment, therefore, avoids blanket statements that transgenic crops are safe or unsafe and instead insists that each product be evaluated on a case-by-case basis where
Мировой опыт
the degree of assessment should be proportional to the degree of risk associated with the product. Regulation should be conmensurate with real risk. The risks of adopting a new technology are weighed against both the benefits of adoption and the harm done by not adopting the new technology. This risk-benefit analysis recognizes that doing nothing (nonadoption) can do harm. The Precautionary Principle employed in the EU seeks to eliminate introduction of new harms and but does not set aside a consideration of benefits and risk reduction. Opponents of GM crops have insisted that benefits not be considered. The safety assessment paradigm used in the pre-market safety assessment in the US, and the data from more than 12 years of safe use (negligible risk), reduced environmental impact (harm reduction) and productive outcomes (large benefits) from deployment of transgenic crops has been extensively documented and reviewed (Bradford et al., 2005; Brookes and Barfoot, 2006; Cellini et al. 2004; Chassy et al., 2004; Chassy et al., 2005; Chassy, 2007; James, 2008; Kok et al., 2008).
The crops that farmers plant today are domesticated descendants of wild plants. Our ancestors learned to cultivate various plants and through the process of selection of seeds from plants with more desirable properties (for example: seed pods that don't break and scatter seed allowing better harvest) crop plants were extensively genetically modified to suit our needs (Parrott, 2005). The selected traits were never chosen by evolution because they do not convey greater fitness; in fact, many of the selected agricultural traits reduced the fitness of these once wild plants. Most crops planted today do not exist in nature and they can no longer survive without humans to propagate and nurture them. It is often also difficult if not impossible to recognize a modern crop variety when shown its wild ancestor. It matters little if these changes occurred naturally in crops, since this unnatural selection by ancient farmers would never have occurred in nature. More importantly, domesticated crops are different than their wild ancestors because they contain extensive -perhaps it would be better so say massive-undefined genetic modifications. All our crops are GMOs!
Not only is it an illusion to say that our crops are natural and the genetic changes encoded within them are natural, it is equally incorrect to say that only genetic modification in the laboratory could produce unintended changes that might be deleterious without recognizing the much greater potential for adverse unintended effects that is associated with conventional plant breeding (Parrott, 2005; Bradford et al. 2005; McHughen, 2007, McHughen, 2008). Two recent examples serve to illustrate this point: 1) it has now been demonstrated by microarray analysis that conventional mutation breeding produces more changes in gene expression than
does transgene insertion (Batista et al.
2008), and 2) that mutagenesis produces far more DNA mutations (ie. insertions, deletions, duplications, inversions, and transpositions) than transgene insertion (Schouten and Jacobsen, 2007). Both reports suggest that it is unreasonable to require special review for GM crops since conventional breeding produces greater unintended changes (that have not resulted in adverse outcomes). It is worth repeating that conventionally bred crops are as likely, or more likely, to pose food safety or environmental risks than crops produced in the laboratory using biotechnology.
Critics also assert that transfer of novel genes into plants could give rise to unsuspected and unintended outcomes since the genes did not evolve in the new host. This statement overlooks that far more novel genes are introduced in conventional crop breeding than in transgene insertion, and almost all are unknown genes of unknown function. How genes are transferred (eg. In a laboratory or in a field) is in fact of zero consequence to an understanding of their safety. It is the novel phenotype that confers a benefit, and which might present a risk, and this is independent of how the genes were introduced or evolved. With the recent introduction of genomic sequencing and mapping methods, researchers have been able to document the numerous genetic modifications that have occurred in many common crops (Parrott, 2005). The genetic modifications caused by mutagenesis, crossing, and selection, have been found to be far more numerous than the changes that are accompanied by the insertion in the laboratory of a single cassette of DNA containing one or two well-characterized genes.
Interestingly, it is also possible to do a more precise safety assessment of a GM crop than it is on a conventionally bred crop. The inserted genes are well defined. The same kind of assessment cannot be performed on conventionally bred crops because we do not know the nature of the molecular changes that have been introduced in the breeding process. Experiments can be done to demonstrate that the intended protein or proteins are produced in a form identical to the form that occurs in the donor organism. The level of expression and site of expression in the plant can be assayed. The potential for toxic effects, to cause food allergy, and the total composition and nutritional value can be measured. The safety evaluation paradigm used by regulatory agencies around the world is essentially the same: it is overkill with regard to proving the safety of a food (Bradford et al. 2005; McHughen, 2007; McHughen 2008). European scientists see the issue no differently than US scientists and they have noted that unintended effects are more likely to arise from conventional breeding methods and have therefore questioned the rationale for singling out GM crops for special treatment (Cellini et al. 2004, Kok et al. 2008). If we
are to draw any conclusion based on the evidence, it would be that we should be very careful about the risks of conventionally bred crops-but of course we have been breeding crops for thousands of years with very few adverse results.
There is, in summary, a broad interdisciplinary scientific consensus that GM crops are as safe as any other crop. It is of particular relevance to this discussion that EU safety scientists have published hundreds of cutting edge research articles that support conclusions about GM crops. EFSA has consistently approved GM crop applications after a science-based review that parallels the regulatory review process used in the US. In spite of propaganda to the contrary, there is no scientific disagreement about the safety of GM cops. That is not to say, however, that there are not a handful of outlier scientists who tell horror stories about GM crops that are promulgated by anti-GM organizations and broadcast to consumers in the media. It has been observed that even science journals can propagate myths about biotechnology (Miller et al. 2008). Miller et al. (2008) analyze several published papers that have become the basis for myths about harmful effects of GMOs and argue that they are so scientifically flawed that they should not have been accepted for publication.
Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Transgenic Crops
As we have seen in the foregoing sections, GM crops have produced real benefits while doing essentially no harm. Paradoxically, these crops are highly regulated, segregated and labeled so that consumers can avoid them if they chose. They are also feared by some consumers. Perhaps as a result, only a few countries have fully embraced the technology. All of this costs a great deal of money and also deprives the world of gains that would have been made had more kinds of transgenic crops been planted in more places. Nowhere is this lack of adoption more serious than in sub-Saharan Africa where agricutural insufficency and hunger have become the norm; anti-GMO groups have cynically denied starving people technologies with which they could grow sufficent food (Paarlberg, 2008). We have also seen that transgenic crops pose no new or unique risks from a scientific perspective. The risks should therefore more accurately be called perceived risks that are based in ideology and emotion. Fear of new technology is not new. It is in fact so common that it has found its way into popular novels. As the noted author Michael Crichton observed in his 2004 novel "State of Fear:"
Has it ever occurred to you how astonishing the culture of Western society really is? Industrialized nations provide their citizens with unprecedented safety, health and comfort. Average life spans increased fifty percent in the last century. Yet modern people live in abject fear. They are afraid
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of strangers, of disease, of crime, of the environment. They are afraid of the homes they live in, the food they eat, the technology that surrounds them. They are in particular panic of things they can't even see-germs, chemicals, additives, pollutants. They are timid, nervous, fretful, and depressed. And, even more amazingly, they are convinced that the environment of the entire planet is being destroyed around them...
Obviously, transgenic plants-called GM crops in the media-produced through the in vitro application of modern molecular biology are one of those feared entities to which author Crichton refers. Where there is fear and emotion, rational judgement is obscured.
If we return the the EC 2000 directive on the Precautionary Principle discusses earlier, it becomes clear that the PP is not being followed. The global regulatory response to GM crops is not proportional to the real risks. Transgenics are singled out in a discriminatory way from conventional crops that represent the same or greater risk. The regulation of GM crops is also totally inconsistent with all other regulation of crops, foods, and feeds. There is no consideration of the benefits nor the costs of inaction. There has been no review of the strict regulatory policy that takes into consideration 12 years of safe use and no statement has been made regarding what further data or testing would be required to relax the constraints on transgenic crops. The present day global and EU policy toward GM crops is a letter perfect violation of each specific requirement of the PP as annunciated by the EC (EC, 2000).
The CPB is perhaps the quintessential example of a violation of the PP. It assumes that GMOs (LMO, or living modified organism) will do harm and that the environment must be protected from them while it ignores: 1) the harm done by present practices, 2) the losses created and harm done by not adopting transgenic crops, 3) the lack of regulation of crops with equal or greater risk, and 4) most importantly it offers no remedy for the damages that could be done by either unmodified organisms or organisms modified by different means. No international agreement has ever, to this author's knowledge, been based on such incorrect assumptions nor offered such unnecedssary remedies for non-existant risks. It should be noted that although exotic species have at times caused damage when introduced into novel ecosystems, the vast majority of the crops that are grown in most countries are not native species. Why exotic species were not the subject of the CPB defies logic. It appears that anti-GM activists simply hijacked the Convention on Biodiversity process to wage their global war against transgenic crops.
When confronted with the fallacies and short-comings of the CPB, defenders of the CPB have countered that the protocol has had the beneficial effect of requiring signatory countries to adopt biosafety
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regulatory systems. One has to ask if surrendering the ability to grow transgenic crops by putting in place regulatory barriers makes it worth having a biosafety regulatory system in place. This author does not, however, advocate abolishng the CPB. There is a simple fix to the failures of the CPB. If the words Living Modified Organisms (LMO) were replaced with Living Organism (LO) and the agreement adjusted to require the same degree of scrutiny for all transboundry movement living organisms (LO), it would be both scientific and non-disriminatory at the same time. This would also address and real risks involved in the transboundary movement of exotic species.
It was noted earlier that mandatory labeling of GM crops is expensive and unfairly discriminatory. The practice also violates centuries of tradition in the food market place where it has been the practice to ask consumers to pay for their preferences. For example, purchasers of halal, kosher, and organic foods willingly
pay extra for food which complies with their preferences. There is no reason the same system wouldn't work for transgenic crops-in fact, in the US where mandatory labeling of GM crops is not required, supermarkets sell products that voluntarily label themselves as GM free. Thus mandatory labels are not about giving consumers choice, since consumers can have a right to know and a right to chose with both mandatory and voluntary labeling systems. The difference, however, is that mandatory labeling systems require that every batch and every shipment of every commodity and ingredient be repeatedly tested at great additional cost. This cost is bourn by all consumers whether they are concerned about GM foods or not. In a voluntary system only the consumers who care enough to buy GM free foods will pay. It is a much more efficient and equally fair system. The world will never be free to enjoy the benefits of GM crops until mandatory labels and mandatory testing are abolished. This will be difficult. The
processs of change begins with a scientific understanding that transgenic crops are no different than any other kind of crop and that they pose no new or different risks, but they do confer real benefits.
When policy is not based on science and is instead based on ideology, ignorance, emotion and fear, a phenomenon that has been called "Damage by Distraction" takes place (Ames and Gold, 2000). Damages occur when attention and precious resources are diverted from real risks which might do harm. Attention is instead paid to fears about hypothetical harms that have a miniscule chance of occurring or doing harm. When the risks and benefits of transgenic crops are rationally weighed, it is clear that the controversy about, and regulation of, transgenic crops is a massive and costly distraction that the world does not need. At this point, the only solution is to return to sane science-based non-political regulation of food and agricultural risks and benefits.
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АННОТАЦИИ
Милосердое В.В. БЕЛОРУССКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ.
После распада СССР разруха, охватившая постсоветское пространство, не обошла стороной и Белоруссию. Как и в большинстве бывших союзных республик, здесь начались преобразования, которые парализовали экономику.
Аглоткова С.В. ИТОГИ РАБОТЫ ЗА 9 МЕСЯЦЕВ 2008 ГОДА И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ.
Агропромышленный комплекс-один из важнейших секторов экономики. От его устойчивой работы зависит продовольственная безопасность области, состояние экономики в целом, уровеньжизни населения.
Агеева О.И. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ НА ИНДИКАТИВНОЙ ОСНОВЕ УЧЕБНО-ОПЫТНЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВ.
Система индикативного планирования позволяет принимать текущие и перспективные решения и давать оценку их выполнения. Учитывая необходимость и важность использования в современной экономике инструментария индикативного планирования, проблема заключается вобосновании принципов, методик выбора параметров (индикаторов).
Гернер И.В. ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ФИНАНСОВОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА.
Прогнозирование финансового состояния предприятий необходимо для эффективного управления их деятельностью в будущем. Перспективная оценка финансового положения необходима для установления слабых мест финансового механизма сельскохозяйственных предприятий.
Аксеничев А.В. КОНТРОЛЬ НАД ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬЮ КОММЕРЧЕСКИХ БАНКОВ В РОССИИ: ТЕО-РЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ.
В настоящей статье рассматривается современная практика использования ключевых понятий банковского контроля и надзора в России. По результатам анализа подходов в применении указанных понятий предложена авторская трактовка терминов «контроль над деятельностью банков» и «банковский надзор», выделены основные элементы банковского контроля и схемы обмена информацией между ними. Контроль над деятельностью банков рассматривается автором как непрерывное изучение информации о состоянии банковской системы. Данный подход позволяет оценить эффективность банковского контроля в России через уровень асимметрии информации о банковской системе, приведены результаты анализа проблем контроля над управлением кредитным риском.
Астратова Г.В.,Зенюков АА СОДЕРЖАНИЕ КАТЕГОРИИ «УСЛУГА ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬСКОГО КРЕДИТОВАНИЯ» В МАРКЕТИНГЕ.
В статье представлены основные моменты разработки теоретико-прикладных аспектов основных концептуальных и методологических положений исследования поведения потребителя услуг кредитования, а также-управления процессом принятия его решения о покупке, средствами маркетинга.
Сузан В.Г. ПРЕДПОСЕВНАЯ ОБРАБОТКА ВОЗДУШНЫХ ЛУКОВИЧЕК ОЗИМОГО ЧЕСНОКА.
Предпосевное намачивание воздушных луковичек в гуминовом препарате Росток способствует повышению всхожести, сохранности при перезимовке и повышению урожая луковиц озимого чеснока ±в среднем на 33% с содержанием большего числа крупных фракций по сравнению с посевом воздушных луковичек, намоченных в воде.
УДК 631.582:633.23
Запорожцев П.В. ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ РАСТЕНИЙ В СМЕШАННЫХ ПОСЕВАХ -ОСНОВА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ВЫСОКОПРОДУКТИВНЫХ АГРОФИТОЦЕНОВ ОДНОЛЕТНИХ КОРМОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР В СМЕШАННЫХ ПОСЕВАХ.
Разработка системы приёмов возделывания и использования смешанных посевов однолетних кормовых культур, обеспечивающих получение в кормовых севооборотах устойчивых урожаев зелёной массы в условиях орошения.
УДК619:618.0:636.22/28
БелобороденкоА.М., Белобороденко М.А., Бе-лобороденко ТА. МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И КОРРЕКЦИЯ ФУНКЦИЙ ОРГАНОВ РЕПРОДУКЦИИ КОРОВ ПРИ ГИПОДИНАМИИ.
Исследованиями установлено, что в условиях гиподинамии комплекс природных факторов, и каждый из них в отдельности ускоряет процесс инволюции половых органов коров, активизирует, сократительную деятельность матки и развитие фолликулов в яичниках, способствует более яркому проявлению признаков течки, полового возбуждения, половой охоты и овуляции, что в целом создает более благоприятные условия для оплодотворения в первый месяц после родов, позволяет уплотнить отелы и получитьдополнительно додесяти телят от каждых ста коров.
УДК 636.234 (571.12)
Бобкова Н.Г. СЕВЕРНЫЙ ОЛЕНЬ КАК ОБЪЕКТ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ.
В работе предложена разработка мер по улучше-ниюорганизациии повышениюэффективности работы ветеринарных специалистов основывается, прежде всего, на обеспечении оленеводства экологически чистыми кормами, соблюдении норм и правил содержания, разработки новых более современных методов, и средств профилактики, а также лечения заболеваний.
УДК619:616.98:579.843.94:636.4
Бокарев М.Д., Плешакова В.И., Лещева Н.А. КЛИНИКО-ЭПИЗООТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТЕЧЕНИЯ ГЕМОФИЛ ЕЗНОГО ПОЛИСЕРОЗИТА В УСЛОВИЯХ КРУПНОГО СВИНОВОДЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА.
У поросят предрасполагающим фактором в возникновении гемофилезного полисерозита служил технологический стресс.
УДК 599.325.1:591.433
Веремеева С.А., Сидорова К.А. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЖЕЛУДКА И ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЕГО СОДЕРЖИМОГО У КРОЛИКОВ.
Желудок кролика представляет собой однокамерный полостной орган, который на 50% заполнен химусом. Медь и цинк активно всасываются при использовании кормовой добавки. Следовательно, Био-Мос оказывает положительное влияние, на процессы желудочного пищеварения, повышая активность желудочного сока и увеличивая усвояемость кормов.
УДК 619:616-006+636.8
Волков С.В., Татарникова НА. КОМПЛЕКСНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ У КОШЕК.
В работе описаны различные способы лечения опухолей молочной железы у кошек: хирургический метод, химиотерапия и гормональная терапия.
УДК 619:616-091:636.22/.28:611.611.69
Гуляева О.Г.Дулакина Л.Г. ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ЛАКТАЦИОННОМ БАРЬЕРЕ БЕРЕМЕННЫХ МЫШЕЙ ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ЗАТРАВКЕ СОЛЯМИ КАДМИЯ.
Техногенное экологическое загрязнение, увеличивающее каждый год, отрицательно влияет на организм животного. В работе приведены исследования морфологии и ультраструктуры молочной железы мышей в течение беременности при экспериментальной затравке их солями кадмия.
УДК619:616-091:636.22/.28:611.611.69
Гуляева О.Г., Тулакина Л.Г. УЛЬТРАСТРУКТУРА ЛАКТАЦИОННОГО БАРЬЕРА МЫШЕЙ ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ЗАТРАВКЕ СОЛЯМИ СВИНЦА.
Постоянное увеличение экологического загрязнения оказывает влияние на организм человека и животного. Попадание в организм тяжелых металлов животных вызывает патологические изменения в различных органах и в молочной железе. В работе приведены данные влияния солей свинца при экспериментальной затравке на молочную железу лабораторных мышей и на их потомство.
УДК 591.8+599.323.43
Дроздова Л.И., Давыдова Ю.А., Кундрюкова У.И. МОРФОЛОГИЯ СЕЛЕЗЕНКИ МЫШЕВИДНЫХ ГРЫЗУНОВ В УСЛОВНО-ЧИСТОЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЕ.
Выполнены морфологические исследования селезенки мышевидных грызунов обитающих в зонах с различной степенью загрязнения. Выявили феномен спле-номегалии причины которого могутбыть разнообразными и отражать л ибо постинфекционный процесс, либо другие токсические воздействия окружающей среды и уровеньэтих воздействий.
УДК 619.636.2.616-089-011.4
Елесин А.В., Шурманова Е.И., Баркова А.С., Хонин Т.Г., Шадрина Е.В. ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ НОВОГО РЕГЕНЕРИРУЮЩЕГО ПРЕПАРАТА ПРИ ГИПЕРКЕРАТОЗЕ СОСКОВ ВЫМЕНИ ВЫСОКОПРОДУКТИВНЫХ КОРОВ.
В статье приведены результаты применения сила-тивита при гиперкератозе сосков вымени коровы.
УДК619:616.3:636.1.
Жаргалов Ц.Ж.,ЖанчиповаБ.Б. ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ КРОВИ ЗДОРОВЫХ И БОЛЬНЫХ ЛОШАДЕЙ ПРИ «КОЛИКАХ».
Приведены результаты морфологического исследования крови и некоторых ее биохимических параметров у клинически здоровых и у больных лошадей с признаками острого расширения живота.
УДК 633.88 (571.56)
ББК42.143
Журавская А.Н., Большакова КА., Кузьмина Н.В., СлепцоваЛ.В. ПРОТИВОВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ РОДОДЕНДРОНА ЗОЛОТИСТОГО, РОДИОЛЫ РОЗОВОЙ, тысячелистника обыкновенного.
Установлено, что изученные якутские виды растений, содержат повышенные количества биологически
активных веществ, по сравнению с аналогичными видами растений из других регионов, поэтому они обладают ярко выраженным противовоспалительным, антитоксическим, адаптационным, регенерационным, дегид рата-ционным и другими действиями.
УДК619:636.2.616-091
Забродин Е.А., Дроздова Л.И. ГИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТКАНЕЙ КОПЫТЕЦ У ТЕ-ЛЯТ-ПЛОДОВ РАЗЛИЧНОГО ВОЗРАСТА.
Гистологическое исследование тканей копыт плодов показывает микропатологические процессы: нарушение кровообращения, некроз и неоднородное формирование некоторых участков л источкового рога.
УДК 636.293.3:591
Замьянов И.Д., Хибхенов Л.В. МОРФОГЕНЕЗ СЕМЕННИКАУ ДОМАШНИХ ЯКОВ.
Литературные данные по морфогенезу семенников яков разрознены и не охватывают полной картины развития половых желез у яков.
УДК 619:616.981 -07:576.851:636 (571.13)
Каликина О.И., Плешакова В.И. ДИНАМИКА ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯ КАМПИЛОБАКТЕРИ-ОЗАУ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ В ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ.
Результаты проведенных исследований показали, что выделенных кампилобактерий от сельскохозяйственных животных неуклонно возрастает
Удк619:618.19-084:636.22/28.082
Колчина А.Ф. ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СНИЖЕНИЯ КОЛИЧЕСТВА СОМАТИЧЕСКИХ КЛЕТОК В МОЛОКЕ КОРОВ.
Для решения проблем снижения количества соматических клеток в молоке, во всех молочных хозяйствах, имеющих высокопродуктивные стада, требуется разработка и реализация комплексных программ оздоровления стада от мастита.
Кольберг НА., Бузанов АД ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРЕПАРАТА«эСИД-пАК4» В СИСТЕМЕ НЕСПЕЦИФИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ МОЛОДНЯКА НА ПТИЦЕФАБРИКЕ «СРЕДНЕУРАЛЬСКАЯ».
Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что цыплята получившие, препарат «Эсид-Пак4», имеют более высокие показатели неспецифической резистентности организма, лизоцимная и бактерицидная активность сыворотки крови свидетельствуют об активизации клеточных и гуморальных факторов защиты под действием данного препарата.
УДК 619.616.839.35+636.9
Коротовская О.А., Хонин Г.А. МАКРО- МИКРОМОРФОЛОГИЯ ГАНГЛИЕВ ТАЗОВОГО СПЛЕТЕНИЯ У ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ СЕМЕЙСТВА СОБАЧЬИХ.
Изучена структурная организация и источники формирования тазового сплетения у собаки домашней и лисицы серебристо-черной. Представлен материал о нейрональной популяции ганглиевтазового сплетения, их цито- и ангиоархитектоника.
УДК 619:616.98 + 619:618.3 + 636.2 + 636:611 (470.53)
Костяева Е.А., Кочетова О.В., Татарникова НА. СПЕЦИФИЧЕСКИЕ ПАТОЛОГО-МОРФОЛОГИЧЕС-КИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ВО ВНУТРЕННИХ ОРГАНАХ У КОРОВ И ТЕЛЯТ ПРИ ХЛАМИДИОЗЕ В ПЕРМСКОМ КРАЕ.
Анализ полученных результатов исследований подтверждает несостоятельность плацентарного барьера в отношении хламидий, несовместимость тяжелых морфологических изменений всистеме «мать-плацента-плод» с физиологическим течением стельности, атак-жехламидийную этиологию абортов у крупного рогатого скота.
УДК636:612.11
Котомцев В.В., Илларионова С.В. ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СОСТАВА КРОВИ У КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА ПОСЛЕ ЭПЕКТОРОНЕЙРОСТИМУЛЯЦИИ АППАРАТОМ «ЗООДЭНС».
ДЭНС-терапия вызывает в крови понижение концентрации общего белка, связанное с лучшей утилизацией метаболитов, с повышением уровня альбуминов, что характеризует усиление белковообразовательной функции печени. Вероятно, ДЕНС-терапия стимулирует гуморальное звено иммунной системы.
УДК619:615.2
Литусов Н.В., Семухина И.Н. СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АНТАГОНИСТИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ СПОРОВЫХ ПРОБИОТИКОВ.
Полученные результаты показали, что пробиотик бактисубтил не обладает антагонистической активностью по отношению к наиболее распространенным возбудителям кишечных инфекций, токсикоинфекций и интоксикаций. Наиболее выраженными антагонистическими свойствами обладают моноспорин и биоспорин, причем моноспорин - более выраженной, по сравнению с биоспорином в отношении исследованных тест-куль-тур. Эти результаты согласуются с выраженными ле-чебно-профилактическими свойствами моноспорина.
АННОТАЦИИ
УДК: 619:616.71-007.151 +636.082.35
Маслова Т. В. ВИТАМИН О ПРИ ЛЕЧЕНИИ РА-ХИТАУ ТЕЛЯТ.
Полученные результаты свидетельствуют; что витамин 03 в виде масляного и водного растворов в сочетании с 10%-ным раствором хлористого кальция оказывает на организм телят лечебное действие, активируя фосфорно-кальциевый обмен.
УДК: 619:616.988:636.4 (571.13)
Машнин Д.В., Плешакова В.И., Дроздова Л. И. ПРОЯВЛЕНИЕ РЕПРОДУКТИВНО-РЕСПИРАТОРНО-ГО СИНДРОМА СВИНЕЙ В СВИНОВОДЧЕСКИХ ХОЗЯЙСТВАХ ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ.
Установлено широкое распространение репродуктивного дыхательного синдрома свиней в Омской области. Зарегистрированы спорадические случаи абортов у свиноматок, рождение мертвых, нежизнеспособных поросят увеличение сервис- периода, а также увеличение числа респираторных болезней у молодняка. Серологические исследования показали положительные результаты: от основных свиноматок 116 (52,25%), отхряков-производителей 47 (64,4%) и отживотных на откорме 51 (32,23%). Репродуктивно-респираторный синдром свиней часто протекает в ассоциации с парвовирусной инфекцией свиней.
УДК619:616-006:636.2+577.4(571.13)
Морозова О.В. ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ЛЕЙКОЗА КРС В ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ.
Учитывая существенное влияние экологических особенностей среды обитания на организм животных можно предложить использование микроядерного анализа для выяснения качества окружающей среды и прогнозирования развития лейкозной инфекции, что позволит сделать более целенаправленным и эффективным проведение профилактических мероприятий и в дальнейшем снизить уровень заболеваемости.
УДК: 636.5.084:612.017.11/. 12.
Новикова М.В., Дроздова Л.И., Лебедева И.А., Бурун В.Г., Осипенко Р.Р. ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОБИОТИЧЕСКОГО ПРЕПАРАТА «МОНОСПОРИН» НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ИММУННЫХ ОРГАНОВ РЕМОНТНЫХ КУРОЧЕК.
Использование пробиотического препарата «Мо-носпорин», оказывает оздоровительное влияние на органы иммунной системы (фабрициеву бурсу). Отсутствие пробиотика с первого дня жизни приводит к негативным процессам в развитии органов иммунной системы.
УДК 636.5:611.341:611.1+611.8
Ноговицина Е А, Пономарева Т.А. МАКРОМИКРОМОРФО Л О ГИ Ч ЕС КАЯ ХАРАКТ Е Р ИСТ И КА ТО Л-СТОЙ КИШКИ И ЕЕ КРОВОСНАБЖЕНИЕ У УТОК И КУР.
В динамике роста массы и длины отделов кишечника у изученных видов птиц наблюдается асинхрон-ность.
УДК: 636.22/28.085.16:612
Паныш С.Г., Котомцев В.В. ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КРОВИ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА ПРИ СКАРМЛИВАНИИ МИНЕ-РАЛЬНО-ВИТАМИННОЙ ДОБАВКИ.
Введение в рацион минерально-витаминной добавки коровам приводит к усовершенствованию биохимических параметров крови.
УДК 638.15
Пашаян С А., Сидорова КА., Столбов Н.М., Калашникова М.В. ВЛИЯНИЕ ВАРРОАТОЗА НА ПЧЕЛ СРЕДНЕРУССКОЙ И КАРПАТСКОЙ ПОРОД В УСЛОВИЯХ ТЮМЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ.
Результаты проведенной работы показали, что увеличение интенсивности инвазии приводит к наруше-ниюхарактера обменных процессов в организме пчел, слабому развитию жирового тела пчел и сокращению продолжительности жизни особей. Соотношение между интенсивностью инвазии и развитием жирового тела пчел свидетельствуют о том, что при питании клеща гемолимфой хозяина происходит нарушение обменных процессов в организме пчел. Снижение развития жирового тела приводит к уменьшению продолжительности жизни пчел, к ослаблению семей.
Привалова С.Г. ПЕРЕХОД НА НОВУЮ СИСТЕМУ БЮДЖЕТНОГО ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ УСЛУГ.
В статье рассматривается действующий сметный порядок планирования государственных расходов: его сущность и недостатки. Предлагается новая методика расчета финансовых нормативов на оказание государственных ветеринарных услуг. Определяется экономическая эффективность государственных ветеринарных мероприятий.
УДК 636
Садовников Н.В., Женихова Н.И., Столбикова М.В. ПАТОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ И ТУЧНОКЛЕТОЧНАЯ РЕАКЦИЯ В ИММУННОКОМПЕТЕНТНЫХ ОРГАНАХ ЦЫПЛЯТ ПОСЛЕ ВАКЦИНАЦИИ.
Проведенные исследования показывают, что состояние иммунных у птиц органов уже к 27-дневному возрасту восстанавливается и приближается к норме. В более раннем возрасте деструктивные процессы, про-
исходящие в ней значительны, что не может не отразиться на становлении иммунитета и резистентности цыплят.
УДК 576.89:075
Сивкова Т.Н. КАРИОПАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ БЕЛКОВЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ НУОАТЮЕРА ТАЕЫ1АР<ЖМ15 НА СОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ И ПОЛОВЫЕ КЛЕТКИ ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ.
Соматические белковые продукты Н^аетайэгггпз обладают кариопатическим действием, вызывая акти-вациюделения клеток красного костного мозга и снижая активность мейоза в семенниках иммунизированных мышей.
УДК619:616.441-091:636.22./28:612.017.11 ./12:504
Сметанки на М.А., Дроздова Л.И. МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ТИМУСЕ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЕ ТЕЛЯТ МЕСЯЧНОГО ВОЗРАСТА, БОЛЬНЫХ ГНОЙНОКАТАРАЛЬНОЙ БРОНХОПНЕВМОНИЕЙ.
В работе представлены предварительные данные по развитию процесса в щитовидной и вилочковой железах у телят 1, 1,5-месячного возраста, которые характеризуются воспалительными, аллергическими (тимус) процессами и процессами развития коллоидного зоба (щитовидная железа).
УДК619:616.9:57.063.8
Таубаев У.Б. ИЗУЧЕНИЕ НЕКОТОРЫХ СВОЙСТВ ЭПИЗООТИЧ ЕСКИХ ШТАММОВ ПАСТЕ-РЕЛЛА МУЛЬТОЦИДА.
В статье приведены данные по изучению морфологических, культуральных, тинкториальных и биохимических свойств эпизоотических штаммов.
В результате исследований, каких либо свойств отличающих эпизоотических штаммов от эталонных не выявлены.
УДК 591.4.46
Тегза А.А. К ВОПРОСУ О СРОКАХ СТРУКТУР-НО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИИ ЯЙЦЕВОДА ИНДЕЕК.
Анализ результатов исследований структурно-фун-кциональной дифференциации половых органов индеек в постфетальный период онтогенеза, показал, что дифференцировка половых органов индеек и становление функциональной активности органов размножения продолжается до 10-месячного возраста.
УДК 636.4:636.084
Ткаченко И.В,. Палий Г.Ф ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЗЕРНА ТРИТИКАЛЕ В РАЦИОНАХ ОТКАРМЛИВАЕМЫХ СВИНЕЙ.
Тритикале является первой искусственно созданной зерновой культурой, полученной при скрещивании пшеницы (Тпйсит)с рожью (Зеса1е).
УДК 636.93(084): 591.1
Толстая В.М., Сидорова КА УГЛЕВОДНО-ПРО-ТЕИНОВЫЙ КОРМ В РАЦИОНАХ ПУШНЫХЗВЕРЕЙ.
Установлено, что скармливание углеводно-проте-инового корма, оказало свое положительное влияние на рост и развитие молодняка с/ч лисиц, согласно гематологических показателей на общее состояние организма, на формирование пушно-мехового качества шкурок.
УДК619:617
Чвала А.В., Дыдыкина Н.И. ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПОЛИФЕРМЕНТНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ В ПРОФИЛАКТИКЕ СПАЕЧНОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ.
Использование полиферментных препаратов приводит к повышению протеолитической активности сыворотки крови, способствуя физиологическому течению процесса воспаления и восстановления целостности брюшины.
УДК 591.149.1
Усевич В.М.,Усевич М.Н.«ДЭНС» ПРИ ЛЕЧЕНИИ КОНЪЮНКТИВИТАУ ПЛОТОЯДНЫХ.
При использовании влечении конъюнктивита ДЭНСтерапиейбыло исчезновение воспалительного процесса и значительное уменьшение размеров помутнения роговицы.
УДК619:616.98:579.843.95П-091:636.4
Чекасина Л.И, Дроздова Л.И. МОРФОЛОГИЯ ТОНКОГО КИШЕЧНИКА СВИНЕЙ ПРИ ПАСТЕРЕЛ-ЛЕЗЕ.
Проведены морфологические исследования ткани кишечника свиньи, которые дают положительную реакцию на ра51еиге11е5е5, при рождают мертвых поросят Гистологические методы исследования определили патологические процессы, имеющие отношение к патологическим пролиферативно-деструктивными процессами в стенке сосудов и коллагенизациейстромальных элементов, которые указывают на развитие гиперчувствительности замедленного типа.
УДК 636.4.087.61
Чепуштанова О.В. ВЛИЯНИЕ СЫВОРОТКИ МОЛОЧНОЙ И ГИДРОЛИЗОВАННОЙ, ОБОГАЩЕННОЙ ЛАКТАТАМИ, НА МЯСНУЮ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ СВИНЕЙ НА ОТКОРМЕ.
Представленные данные эксперимента свидетельствуют о том, что применение сыворотки молочной
и сыворотки гидролизованной, обогащенной лактатами оказало положительное влияние на откормочные и мясные качества свиней, и качество мяса.
УДК 636.52/.58.087.72
Шацких Е.В, Рогозинникова И.В. ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ В ПРЕДСТАРТОВОМ РАЦИОНЕ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ФОРМ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ
Излагаются результаты научно-хозяйственных экспериментов по изучению эффективности использования различных форм селена, йода, цинка в предстартовом рационе цыплят-бройлеров. Полученные данные свидетельствуютотом, что включение органических источников микроэлементов в количестве 50-100% от нормы способствует увеличениюживой массы, сохранности птицы; повышению использования основных питательных веществ рациона; улучшению качества мяса.
УДК 574/5:64+577/356
Швецова Т. Р. БИОТЕСТИРОВАНИЕ ЗАГРЯЗНЕННЫХ ВОД.
Проведенные исследования показали, что при анализе экологического неблагополучия наряду с химическими методами необходимо уделять значительно большее внимание реакции живых организмов на загрязнения.
Шилова Е.Н., Садчикова С.В. ГЕМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ У ЦЫПЛЯТ РАЗНОГО ВОЗРАСТА.
Исследования подтверждают, что количественные иммуногематологические показатели птицы зависят от возраста. Низкие показатели иммунной системы были отмечены у цыплят в суточном возрасте. Это связано с иммунологической незрелостью организма.
УДК619:616
Штенцова И.В., Татарникова НА ПАТОМОРФО-ЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В РЕГИОНАРНЫХ ЛИМФАТИЧЕСКИХ УЗЛАХ В ОРГАНИЗМЕ СПОНТАННО ИНФИЦИРОВАННОГО ХЛАМИДИОЗОМ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА РАЗНЫХ ПОЛОВОЗ-РАСТНЫХ ГРУПП.
При морфологическом изучении лимфатических узлов разных половозрастных групп крупного рогатого скота реагирующих на хламид иоз положительно втитре 1:160 выявили отек органа стромальных элементов. Стенки сосудов мозгового вещества утолщены, с элементами разволокнения слоев, эндотелий гипертрофирован, вокруг сосудов отек соединительной ткани. Тельца хламидий выявили в клетках стромы, в стенке сосудов, в цитоплазме макрофагов и лимфоцитов, во внеклеточном пространстве, в клетках эндотелия капилляров мозгового вещества.
УДК 595.7:630*411
Барайщук Г.В., Гайвас А.А. ПРИРОДНАЯ РЕГУЛЯЦИЯ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ ФИТОФАГОВ ХВОЙНЫХ ПОРОД В УСЛОВИЯХ АНТРОПОГЕННОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НАЗЕЛ НЫЕ НАСАЖДЕНИЯ.
Городские зелёные насаждения очищают воздух, регулируютего температуру и влажность, снижают уровень шума, а также имеют огромное эстетическое значение и обеспечивают комфортность для проживания населения.
УДК: 634.0.2(574.51)
СарсековаД.Н. АНАЛИЗ ХОДА РОСТА ХВОЙНЫХ ПОРОД В АРБОРЕТУМЕ АКЦИОНЕРНОГО ОБЩЕСТВА «ЛЕСНОЙ ПИТОМНИК» АЛМАТИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ.
На основании 48-летних исследований выбраны наиболее перспективные для плантационного выращивания на юге Казахстана виды хвойных пород. Экспериментально доказана высокая лесоводственная эффективность выращивания этих интродуцентов при условии орошения.
УДК 87.35.68.31.27. 36.23.39
Варламов А.А., Кпюшин П.В., Цыганков А.С. Н ЕГАТИВНЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ ПОДТОПЛЕНИЯ И ЗАСОЛЕНИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ КАВКАЗСКИХ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ ВОД.
Прежде всего, были разработаны методические подходы по выполнению программы мониторинга зе-мельсельскохозяйственного назначения, подверженных подтоплению, проанализированы условия формирования грунтовых вод в исследуемом сельхозпредприятии и дана частичная характеристика земельного фонда, подверженного подтоплению.
Ющук Е. КОНКУРЕНТНАЯ РАЗВЕДКА НА СТРАЖЕ ИНТЕРЕСОВ АПК: БОЕВОЙ БЛОГГИНГ КАК СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ИНСТРУМЕНТ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РЕПУТАЦИЕЙ КОМПАНИИ.
Компаниям, работающим в сфере АПК, а также отдельным фермерским хозяйствам все чаще приходится выходить в реальный рынок. Там производителям сельхозпродукции противостоят подчас очень серьезные бизнес-структуры.
Bruce М. Chassy BALANCING RISKS AND BENEFITS OF GM CROPS.
За прошлое десятилетие трансгенные зерновые культуры оказались более развитыми благодаря использованию современной биотехнологии. Области, выра-щиваеющие геномодифицированные зерновые культуры, составляют 10% всемирных культурных сельхозугодий.
Miloserdov В. BELORUSSIAN MODEL of the DEVELOPMENT of the ECONOMY.
After disinteration USSR ruin, covered postsoviet space, did not pass the side and Belorussia. Either as in majority of the former union republics, here began the transformations, which have paralysed the economy.
Aglotkova S. THE TOTALS OF THE WORK AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURE SVERDLOVSK AREA.
Agronomic industrial complex - one of the the most most important sector of the economy. From his(its) firm work depends food safety of the area, condition of the economy as a whole, level of living populations.
Ageeva O. PARTICULARITIES of the PLANNING ON INDIKATIV BASE SCHOLASTIC-EXPERIENCED FACILITIES.
The system of indicative planning allows to make current and perspective decisions and to state an estimation of their performance. Considering necessity and importance of use for modern economy of toolkit of indicative planning, the problematics consists in a substantiation of principles, techniques of a choice of parameters (indicators).
Gerner I. FORECASTING of the FINANCIAL CONDITION ENTERPRISE AGRICULTURE.
The Forecasting of the financial condition enterprise required for efficient management their activity in the future. The Perspective estimation of the financial standing required for determination of the weak places of the financial mechanism agricultural enterprise.
Aksenichev A. CHECKING ON ACTIVITY OF THE COMMERCIAL BANK IN RUSSIA: THEORIST-METHDOLOGICAL ASPECTS.
In the given article the modern practice of using key terms of bank control and supervision in Russia is observed. According to the results of approaches analyses into usage the given terms the author’s interpretation such as “the control over business over bank” and “bank supervision” is offered, the most important elements of bank control and scheme of information exchange between them are single out. The control over the bank business is considering the author as continuous researching of the information about bank system. The given approach let us evaluate the effectiveness of bank control in Russia through the asymmetry level of information about bank system, results of analyses of credit risk-management problems.
Astratova G., Zenyukov A. CONTENTS to CATEGORIES “SERVICE of the CONSUMER LENDING” In MARKETING.
In article are presented main moments of the development theoretical - an applied aspect main conceptual and methodological positions of the research of the behavior of the consumer of the services of the lending, as well as -management process acceptance of its decision on buying, marketing facility.
Suzan V. PREDPOSEVNAYA PROCESSING AIR ONION WINTER GARLIC.
Preseeding намачивание air bulbs a preparation Rostock promotes increase, safeties at rewintering and to increase of a crop of bulbs of winter garlic ±b an average on 33 % with the maintenance numbers of large fractions in comparison with crops air bulbs, wetted in water.
Zaporozhcev P. PHOTO SYNTETIC ACTIVITY PLANTS In MIXED SOWING - a BASE of the SHAPING HIGHCO PRODUCTIVE AGROFITOCENOV ONE-YEAR FORAGE CROPS In MIXED SOWING.
System Development acceptance возделывания and use mixed sowing one-year forage cropses, providing reception in stern crop rotation firm harvest green mass in condition of the irrigation.
Beloborodenko A., Beloborodenko М., Beloborodenko T. MORFOFUNCTIONAL CONDITION AND CORRECTION OF FUNCTIONS OF BODIES OF A REPRODUCTION OF COWS AT THE LOWERED IMPELLENT ACTIVITY
By researches it is established, that in conditions of decrease in impellent activity the complex of natural factors, and each of them
separately accelerates process of cows, makes active, activity of a uterus and development of follicles, promotes brighter display of attributes течки, sexual excitation, sexual hunting, that as a whole creates more favorable conditions for fertilisation in the first month after sorts, allows to condense роды and to receive in addition up to ten cow from each hundred cows.
Bobkova N. REINDEER AS OBJECT OF AN ENVIRONMENT.
It is offered to develop measures on improvement of the organization and increase of an overall performance of veterinary experts for maintenance of reindeer breeding with ecologically pure forages, observance of norms and rules of the maintenance, development of new more modern methods, and means of preventive maintenance, and also treatment of diseases.
Bocarev М., Pleshakova V., Leshcheva N. CLINIC-EPLZOOTOLGICAL FEATURES OF CURRENT HAEMOPHI-LUS PARASIUS IN CONDITIONS OF A LARGE PIG-BREEDING COMPLEX.
Polyserositis appeares as a result of stress and injury during the growing periot of piglets.
Veremeeva S., Sidorova K. FEATURES OF A STOMACH AND PARAMETERS OF ITS CONTENTS AT RABBITS.
On the basis of the lead researches it is established, that the stomach of the rabbit represents single-chamber body and always on 50% is filled. Copper and zinc are more actively soaked up at use of the fodder additive. Hence, Bio-Moc renders positive influence, on processes of gastric digestion, raising activity of gastric juice and increasing comprehensibility of forages.
Volkov S.,Tatarnikova N. COMPLEX METHODS OF TREATMENT OF TUMOURS OF THE MAMMARY GLAND AT CATS.
In work data on various methods of treatment of a cancer of a mammary gland at cats are cited. The surgical method of treatment, chemotherapy and hormonal treatment are described.
Gulyaeva O., Tulakina L. CHANGES IN LACTATION THE BARRIER OF PREGNANT MICE AT THE EXPERIMENTAL PRIMING SALTS OF CADMIUM.
A technogenic environmental contamination increasing every year negatively influences an organism of an animal. In work data on research of morphology and ultrastructure of a mammary gland of mice during pregnancy are cited at an experimental priming by their salts of cadmium.
Gulyaeva O., Tulakina L. ULTRASTRUCTURE LACTATION A BARRIER OF MICE AT AN EXPERIMENTAL PRIMING SALTS OF LEAD.
Constantly increasing technogenic environmental contamination is influence on organism of the person and an animal. Getting in an organism of an animal heavy metals cause pathological changes in various bodies and in a mammary gland. In work cites data on influence on the of a mammary gland of laboratory mice in experimental priming by acetic lead and on their posterity.
Drozdova L., Davydova Y., Kundryukova U. MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPLEEN OF MICE IN THE IS CONDITIONAL-PURE ECOLOGICAL ZONE.
Carried out morphological researches of spleens of mice. The revealed changes have shown presence of increase in a spleen at mice living in zones with a various degree of pollution.
Elesin A., Shurmanova E., Barcova A., Honina Т., Shadrina E. EFFICIENCY OF THE NEW RECYCLING PREPARATION AT HYPERKERATOSIS PAPILLAES THE UDDER OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE COWS.
In clause results of application «silativita» are resulted at huperkeratosis papillaes a udder of the cow.
Zhargalov Т., Zhanchipova B. ARAMETERS OF MORPHOLOGICAL RESEARCHES of BLOOD of HEALTHY AND SICK HORSES AT «KOLIKAH».
Results morphological research of blood and some biochemical parameters at clinically healthy and at sick horses with attributes of
SUMMARIES
sharp expansion of a stomach are resulted.
Zhuravskaya A., Bolshakova K., Kuzmina N., Sleptsova L. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION OF HERBS OF A RHODODENDRON GOLDEN, RODIOLA PINK, A YARROW ORDINARY.
It is established, that the studied Yakut kinds of plants, as a rule, contains the raised quantities of biologically active substances, in comparison with similar kinds of plants from other regions. Therefore they possess strongly pronounced anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, adaptable, reclaiming and other actions.
Zabrodin E., Drozdova L. HISTO-LOGICAL RESEARCH OF FABRICS OF HOOVES AT CALVES-FRUITS OF VARIOUS AGE.
Histological research of fabrics of hooves at calves-fruits reveals micro pathological processes: blood circulation infringement, necrosis and non-uniform formation of some sites of leaflets of a horn.
Zamyanov I., Khibkhenov L. MOR-PHOGENEZ TESTIS AT HOUSE YAKS.
Literary given on morphogenez seed plant of the yaks disembodied and do not cover total picture of the development sexual ferries beside yaks.
Kalikina O., Pleshakov V. DYNAMICS of ALLOCATION of ACTIVATOR
KAMPILOBAKTERIOZA At AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS In OMSK AREA.
The complex research improved the great providing of Campylobacteriosis of domestic animals.
Kolchina A. VETERINARY ASPECTS OF LOWERING A QUANTITY OF BODY CELLS IN COW’S MILK.
This work acquaints us with factors which have an influence on concentration of body cells in cow’s milk. Moreover, it tells us about a relation between a quantity of body cells and a condition of a cow’s mammary gland. In the article you can also see the algorithm of exposure of the main source of infection of the mammary glands in a herd.
Kolberg N., Buzanov A. PREPARA-TION APPLICATION “ASID-PUCK 4” IN SYSTEM OF NONSPECIFIC PROPHY-LAXIS OF CHICKENS INFECTIOUS DISEASES ON A POULTRY FACTORY “SREDNEURALSKAYA”.
Research of influence on nonspecific resistance of an organism, growth rate and development, safety of chickens-broilers by preparation “Asid-Puck 4” is carried out. Application of the preparation had good results and it is alternative of prophylaxis of infectious diseases by antibiotics.
Korotovskaya O., Khonin G. MACROMICROMORPHOLOGY GANGLIONS PELVIC PLEXUSUS TEXTURES AT REPRESENTATIVES OF FAMILY DOG.
The structural organization and sources of formation pelvic plexusus of a dog house and a silver-black fox is studied. The material about neuronic populiations of ganglions of pelvic plexusus, them cyto-and angioarchytectonic.
Kostyaeva E., Kochetova O., Tatarnikova N. SPECIFIC PATO-MORP HO LOGICAL
CHANGES IN INTERNAL BODIES AT COWS AND COW AT THE CHLAMYDEOSIS IN THE PERM EDGE.
In work are cited given on studying solvencies of a placentary barrier and definition of a role chlamydemia in infringement of balance of system of a placentary barrier.
Kotomtsev V., Illarionova S. CHANGE OF STRUCTURE OF BLOOD AT LARGE HORNED LIVESTOCK AFTER ELECTRO-
NEIROSTIMULATION BY DEVICE ZOODENS.
ZooDeNs-therapy with chronic forms of illnesses of a liver causes positive dynamics in cows in a metabolism and in cellular structure of blood, that, in our opinion, is connected with regenerative processes in a liver and increase of the general resistency of an organism.
Litusov N., Semukhina I. COMPA-RATIVE STUDYING OF ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF SPOROUS PROBIOTICS.
The probiotic bactisubtil does not possess antagonistic activity in relation to the most
widespread activators of intestinal infections and intoxications. The most expressed antagonistic properties possess monosporin and biosporin, and monosporin the test-cultures possesses more expressed antagonistic activity in comparison with biosporinom concerning investigated. These results will be coordinated with the expressed treatment-and-prophylactic properties monosporina.
Maslova T. VITAMIN D FOR CURING CALV RICKETS.
An important function of vitamin D is the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Rickets develops in calves in case of lack of vitamin D. Water solution of vitamin D (Aquadetrim) is very effective in curing calf rickets.
Mashnin D., Pleshakov V., Drozdova L. DISPLAY OF A REPRODUCTIVE -RESPIRATORY SYNDROME OF PIGS IN PIG-BREEDING FACILITIES OF OMSK AREA.
The wide spread of reproductive respiratory syndrome of pigs in Omsk region is established. Sporadic cases of abortions, dead birth, miscarriages, prolongation of a service period, increase in respiratory infections are registered. Serological investigations showed positive results: 116 specimen in main sows (52.25%), 47 in male pigs (64.4%) and 51 in feeder pigs (32.23%). It is stated that the reproductive respiratory syndrome of pigs is often associated with hog parvovirus infection.
Morozova O. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS of DISTRIBUTION LEUKOSIS of LARGE HORNED LIVESTOCK in OMSK AREA.
In facilities with the greatest pollution high enough level of disease leukosis large horned livestock is revealed. Negative influence of complex influence of factors of an environment contributes to occurrence of disease, promotes acceleration of current leukosis process and to its further distribution.
Novikova M., Drozdova L., Lebedeva I., Burun V., Osipenko R. INFLUENCE PROBIOTIC of the PREPARATION «MONOSPORIN» ON FORMATION of IMMUNE BODIES of REPAIR CHICKENS.
Now these industries must focus more attention on how animal agriculture affects the environment and food safety. The objective of this paper is to review the use of probiotics to maintain production efficiency and produce safe meat and egg products and discuss the potential of the immune system.
Nogovitsina E.A., Ponomareva T.A. THE MACROMICRO-MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A THICK GUT AND ITS BLOOD SUPPLY AT DUCKS AND HENS.
Weight and linear growth of sites of a thick gut is subordinated laws - asynchronous decrease in intensity of growth with the years birds.
Panysh S., Kotomtsev V. CHANGE OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BLOOD OF LARGE HORNED LIVESTOCK AT FEEDING BY THE MINERAL-VITAMIN ADDITIVE.
Introduction in a diet of the mineral-vitamin additive to cows leads to improvement of biochemical parameters of blood.
Pashayan S., Sidorova K., Stolbov N., Kalashnikova M. INFLUENCE VARROATOZA ON BEES CENTRAL RUSSIAN AND CARPATHIANS BREEDS IN CONDITIONS OF THE TYUMEN AREA.
Results of the lead work have shown, that the increase in intensity invasion leads to infringement of character of exchange processes in an organism of bees, to weak development of a fatty body of bees and reduction of life expectancy of individuals. Decrease in development of a fatty body leads to reduction of life expectancy of bees, to easing families.
Privalova S. TRANSITION TO NEW SYSTEM of BUDGETARY FINANCING of the STATE VETERINARY SERVICES.
This article is devoted to existing estimative order of state expenses planning: its essence and lacks. The author offers new methodics of calculation of finance standards for state veterinary services. It is defined economical effectiveness of state veterinary measures.
Sadovnicov N., Zhenikhova N., Stolbikova M. PATOMORPHOLO-GICAL CHANGES AND CORPULENT-CELLULAR REACTION IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT BODIES OF CHICKENS AFTER VACCINATION.
Carried out researches show, in spite of the fact that the condition of bodies already to 27 day time age is restored and comes nearer to norm. At earlier age destructive processes occuring in it are significant, that should be reflected in becoming of immunity and resistency of chickens.
Sivkova T. NUCLEAR ACTION OF ALBUMINOUS PRODUCTS HYDATIGERA TAENIAFORMIS ON SOMATIC AND SEXUAL CELLS OF LABORATORY ANIMALS.
The most widespread cestodozom among a city population of cats is hydaterios, caused Hydatigera taeniaformis. In work results studying of influence of albuminous products on cell fission of a red bone brain and testis an organism of an animal are resulted.
Smetankina М., Drozdova L. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THYMUS AND THYROID GLAND OF MONTH’S CALFS WITH PURULENT-CATARRALIS BRONCHIAL
PNEUMONIA.
Our research is about the calfs breeded in the zone of iodine deficiency. There are the preliminary facts of the pathology development in thymus and thyroid gland, that characterize by the inflammatory and allergic phenomenon and also by the process of the development of a colloid goiter.
Taubaev U. THE STUDY OF SOME PROPERTIES OF pASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA EPIZOOTIC CULTURES.
The data about study of morphological, cultural, tinctorial and biochemical properties of epizootic cultures 97-A, 96-B and 97-Д is given in the article.
As the result of researches, any properties that differ it from etalon cultures were not found.
Tegza A. TO THE QUESTION ON TERMS OF STRUCTURALLY FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION ЯЙЦЕВОДА OF TURKEYS.
Tritikale is first artificially created by corn culture, got when crossbreeding the wheat (Triticum) with rye (Secale).
Tolstaya V., Sidorova K. SUGAR-PROTEIN FORAGE IN DIETS OF FUR ANIMALS.
During work it is established, that the sugar-protein forage renders positive influence on growth and development of young growth from foxes, on the general condition of an organism, on formation of fur quality of skins.
Chvala A. USE of POLYFERMENTAL PREPARATIONS In PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE of ADHESIVE ILLNESS.
Use of polyfermental preparations leads to increase of activity of whey of blood, promoting physiological current of process of an inflammation and restoration of integrity peritoneum.
Usevich V., Usevich M. DENS AT TREATMENT OF THE CONJUNCTIVITIS BESIDE DOGS AND CATS.
Under DENS is noted improvement of the general condition and reconstruction to visual ability. Good transplantability of the procedures is noted. DENS high efficient, available and light in using.
Chekasina L., Drozdova L. MORPHOLOGY OF THE INTESTINE OF PIGS WITH PASTEURELLESIS DISEASE.
There have been conducted morphological analyses of the tissue of intestine of swine which give positive reaction to pasteurelleses when give birth to dead piglets. Complex analyses determined pathological processes pertaining to the category of inflammatory, dystrophic and necrotic. The most significant have appeared disorders of homodynamic.
Chepushtanova O. INFLUENCE WHEY MILK AND WHEY ENRICHMENT LACTATES OF MEAT EFFICIENCY PIGS IN FEED.
Application of milk whey and whey hydrolisment enrichment lactates exert positive influence on fat and meat index of pigs and guality of meat.
SUMMARIES
Shatskikh E., Rogozinnikova I. EFFICIENCY OF CHICKENS-BROILERS AT USE IN A PRESTARTING DIET OF ORGANIC FORMS OF MICROCELLS.
Results of scientific - economic experiments with studying efficiency of use of various forms of selenium, iodine, zinc in a prestarting diet of chickens - broilers are stated. The received data testify that inclusion of organic sources of microcells in quantity(amount) of 50-100 % from norm promotes increase of alive weight, safety of a bird; to increase of use of the basic nutrients of a diet; to improvement of quality of meat.
Shvetsova T. BIOTESTING of the POLLUTED WATERS.
Called on studies have shown that at analysis ecological alongside with chemical methods necessary to spare vastly greater attention to reactions alive organism on contamination
Shilova E., Sadchikova S. HEMTOLOGY And IMMUNOLOGY PARAMETERS At CHICKENS of DIFFERENT AGE.
Researches carried out by us confirm, that quantitative immunology parameters of a bird depend on age. Becoming of immune system proceeds within a month, at 30-day’s age at birds the maintenance of parameters of blood is normalized and the optimum quantitative maintenance immunocompetent cells is marked.
Shtentsova I., Tatarnikova N. PATO MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES IN AN ORGANISM OF LARGE HORNED LIVESTOCK OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS SPONTANEOUSLY INFECTED BY A CHLAMYDEOSIS.
Are carried out researches on morphological changes lymph nodes in an organism of large horned livestock spontaneously infected by a clamidiosis, different age groups. As a result of work clamidii have revealed in cells stromi, in a wall of vessels, in cytoplasm of macrophages and lymphocyte, in extracellular space, in cells of blood vessels of brain substance.
Barayschuk G. NATURAL REGULYACIYA NUMBER FITO-FAGOV CONIFEROUS SORTS In CONDITION ANTROPOGEN-NOGO
INFLUENCES ON GREEN PLANTING.
Town green plantings clean the air, adjust his(its) temperature and moisture, reduce the level of the noise, as well as have enormous aesthetic importance and provide the comfort for residence of the population.
Sarsekova D. ANALYSIS OF CONIFEROUS SPECIES STAND DEVELOPMENT IN
ARBORETUM OF THE JOINT-STOCK
COMPANY “LESNOY PITOMNIK IN “ALMATINSKAYA OBLAST".
On the basis of 48-year researches the most promising for plantation cultivating in the south of Kazakhstan types of coniferous species have been chosen. High silviculture efficiency of these introducents’ cultivating on condition of irrigation has been proven experimentally.
Varlamov A., Klyushin P., Gypsy A. N EGATIVNYE PROCESSES PODTOPLENIYA And ZASOLENIYA TERRITORY of CAUCASIAN MINERAL WATER.
First of all, were designed methodical approaches on performing the program of the monitoring the lands agriculture purposes, subject to flood, is analysed condition of the shaping soil water in under investigation agriculture enterprise and is given partial feature land fund, subject to flood.
Yuschuk E. COMPETITIVE EXPLORING ON GUARD INTEREST AGRO INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX: COMBAT BLOGGING AS MODERN INSTRUMENT of MANAGEMENT REPUTATION TO COMPANIES.
The Companies, working in sphere agro industrial complex, as well as separate farming facilities all more often happen to to leave in real market. There producer agriculture to product withstand sometimes very serious business-structures.
Bruce M. Chassy BALANCING RISKS AND BENEFITS OF GM CROPS.
Over the last decade, transgenic crops developed using modern biotechnology. The area planted with GM crops is approximately 10% of the world’s cultivated farmland.
