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6Badiiy asar yaratishda tasviriy san'atning texnologiyalaridan
foydalanishning metodik asoslari
Mardona Shodlikovna Otajonova
ChDPU
Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqola tasviriy san'atga dastlabki qadam qo'yayotgan talabalarning badiiy asar kompozitsiyasini yaratishda uning texnologiyalaridan foydalanish metodikasi, atrofdagi shakllarni tasvirlashda chiziq, rang, nisbat, fazoviy tuzilish kabi qonuniyatlarni anglashi, ulardan amaliy mashqlar bajarishda to'g'ri foydalana olishi xaqida boradi.
Kalit so'zlar: badiiy asar, tasviriy san'at, texnologiya
Methodological foundations of using the technologies of visual
art in creating a work of art
Mardona Shodlikovna Otajonova
ChSPU
Abstract: This article is about the students who are taking the first steps in visual art, the methodology of using its technologies in creating the composition of an artistic work, understanding the rules such as line, color, proportion, spatial structure in describing the surrounding shapes, and being able to use them correctly in performing practical exercises. goes
Keywords: artwork, fine art, technology
Deyarli har bir inson rasm chizishni o'rganishi mumkin. Albatta, bu qo'liga qalam tutganlarning hammasi betakror musavvir bo'lib yetishadi, degani emas. Tug'ma iste'dod kurtaklarining borligi ham kelajakda u yoki bu shaxsdan buyuk ijodkor chiqishini kafolatlamaydi. Zero, sayqal berilmagan, tinimsiz mehnat bilan rivojlantirilmagan iqtidor kapalakka aylanolmay yarim yo'lda qotib qolgan g'umbakdan uncha farq qilmaydi: uning bu shaklidan na o'ziga manfaat bor, na elu-yurtga.
Badiiy iste'dodni ro'yobga chiqarish uchun esa idrok, tasavvur, tafakkur, xotira, kuzatuvchanlik kabi sifatlarni izchil tarbiyalab borish kerak. Tasviriy faoliyat voqea-hodisalari mohiyati, ularning zamiridagi aloqadorlikni kashf etish, reallikni badiiy vositalar yordamida ifodalashga imkon beradigan layoqat bo'lib, uni mehnatga mehr bermasdan takomillashtirib bo'lmaydi.
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Rasm chizish - bu o'rab turgan voqelik va o'zining o'ziga nisbatan bo'lgan munosabatlarni ifodalash usulidir. Uni tom ma'noda badiiy-ijodiy jarayon mahsuli sifatida ham, ko'ngilochar mashg'ulot yoki stressdan halos qiluvchi vosita maqomida ham qabul qilish mumkin.
Rasm - natura in'ikosi, qalam esa atrof-muhitni qog'oz yuzasida muhrlashga imkon beradigan ish qurolidir. Rasm chizishda grafit qalamlardan keng foydalaniladi. Albatta, tasviriy san'at olamida bu qalam turlaridan boshqa vositalar ham serob. Lekin rasm chizishni o'rganishda dastlabki saboqlarni qulay va odatiy ish quroli yordamida olgan ma'qul. Chunki bu sohada qo'yiladigan ilk qadamlar juda murakkab va qiyin tuyulishi mumkin.
Tasviriy san'atning maqsadlari:
• vizual olamni grafik vositalar bilan tasvirlashga o'rgatish;
• grafik vosita va materiallardan mohirlik bilan foydalanish ko'nikmasini shakllantirish;
• har bir talabaning ijodiy qobiliyati, shaxsiy sifatlarini rivojlantirish;
• fanlararo aloqalarni ta'minlash;
• talabalarning mustaqil ijodiy faolligi uchun shart-sharoit yaratish.
Mazkur maqolada materiallar muayyan tartibda va foydalanish uchun qulay shaklda joylashtirilgan bo'lib, bu darslarni oson o'zlashtirish, olgan bilim, ko'nikmalarni amaliy mashg'ulotlar bilan yanada mustahkamlash imkonini beradi.
Unda grafika san'ati turlaridan biri hisoblangan rasm to'g'risida umumiy ma'lumotlar taqdim etilgan. Shuningdek, tasviriy savodxonlik asoslariga ta'rif berilgan, perspektiva tamoyillariga oydinlik kiritilgan va ulardan xilma-xil hajm, shaklga ega rasmlar chizishda foydalanish usullari tavsiflangan. O'quv natyurmorti va uni yaratish bosqichlari ketma-ketligi mavzusi ko'rib chiqilgan. O'simliklar, daraxtlar va tabiat manzaralarini tasvirlash bo'yicha uslubiy tavsiyalar berilgan.
Tasviriy san'at - bu grafik vositalar, masalan, kontur chiziqlar, shtrix, bo'yoq dog'lari (nur-soya) yordamida qo'l bilan tekis yuzada ifodalangan biron-bir tasvir. Bu vositalarni o'zaro uyg'unlashtirish (shtrixlar, bo'yoq dog'lari, chiziqlar va hokazolar kombinatsiyasi) orqali rasmning plastik modeli yaratiladi, uning tus va nur-soya munosabatlari shakllantiriladi. Rasm, odatda, bir yoki undan ko'proq ranglar birikmasidan tarkib topadi. Rasmdan foydalanish imkoniyatlari esa nihoyatda rang-barang bo'lib, u ilmiy-yordamchi vosita vazifasini bajarishdan tashqari, amaliy, texnik ahamiyat ham kasb etishi mumkin.
Badiiy rasm tasviriy san'atning eng muhim hamda keng rivojlangan sohalaridan biri hisoblanadi va tekis yuzada yaratiladigan barcha turdagi badiiy tasvirlar, xususan, rangtasvir, grafika, relef, gravyura, ofort asosi sifatida namoyon bo'ladi.
Rasm - grafika va san'atning eng qadimiy turi. U insonning voqelikni anglash, idrok etish, uni obrazlar orqali aks ettirish vositasidir. Inson salohiyati va mehnatining
ISSN 2181-0842 / IMPACT FACTOR 3.848 786 LME^^fi]
eng rivojlangan shakllaridan biri sifatida rasm tasviriy san'atning barcha turlari mohiyatini tashkil qiladi hamda badiiy ta'lim tizimidagi yetakchi fan sanaladi. Rasm -har qanday tasviriy san'at turi qurilmasining eng muhim tarkibiy qismi, yadrosidir.
Rasm shakli - bu tekis yuzaga tushirilgan tasvir, chizgilar. Lekin olam, bilamizki, uch o'ichamli hisoblanadi. Undagi barcha narsalar ham voqelikning o'zi singari muayyan hajm va uch o'lchamli shaklga ega. Shuning uchun rasmning asosiy maqsadini ikki o'lchamli makonda uch o'lchamli hajmni ifodalash deya ta'riflash mumkin. Rasm chizishga o'rgatish zamirida fazoviy hajmlar bilan tafakkur qilish va murakkab olamni oddiy ham sodda tushunchalar orqali ko'ra bilish qobiliyatini rivojlantirish yotadi.
Chiziqlar chizish usullarining soddaligi va shakl yaratish tamoiyillarining universalligi rasmni grafika va san'atning boshqa turlari o'zagiga aylantirdi. Rasmni, aytaylik, chizmakashlik namunalari bilan taqqoslash, uning yaqqol afzalliklari va xususiyatlarini aniqlashda yordam beradi. Birinchidan, rasm qo'lda chiziladi. Bu tasvirlash jarayonini tezlashtirib, kundalik hayotdagi turli hodisalarga nisbatan zudlik bilan munosabat bildirish imkonini beradi. Ikkinchidan, rasm chizishda ko'z bilan o'lchash muhim o'rin tutadi va aynan shu qobiliyat predmetni aynan emas, balki qanday tasavvur qilinsa, shunday tasvirlashda ko'maklashadi. Ob'ektiv anglash va ijodiy tafakkur qorishib ketadigan bunday obraz hamma uchun tushunarli va ruhan yaqin shartlilik, ramziylik kasb etadi. Uchinchidan, rasm mohiyatan ko'rimli bo'lib, u narsaning asosiy tashqi belgilari, moddiyligi, hajmi, makonda joylashuvi, predmetga tushayotgan yorug'lik xususiyatlari va boshqalarni xayoliy tafakkur orqali yetkazib beradi. To'rtinchidan, rasm narsa va muhitning rang-barang tashqi belgilarini tasvirlash bilan cheklanib qolmay, ular o'rtasidagi munosabatlar orqali ob'ekt hamda uni o'rab turgan voqelikning ichki mazmunini ham ifodalaydi va shu orqali tomoshabinda muayyan hislar, o'y-xayollar uyg'otadi.
O'ziga xos xususiyatlarini yanada chuqurroq va atroflicha o'rganish maqsadida rasm ifodalash, moddiy-texnik vositalari va maqsadidan kelib chiqib bir necha turlarga ajratilgan. Ifodalash vositalariga ko'ra rasmlar tusli hamda chiziqli turlarga taqsimlanadi.
Chiziqli rasm, odatda, yorqin, yengil, umumiylashtirilgan bo'ladi. Badiiy obraz chiziqlar yordamida yaratiladi, shuningdek, sinf doskasiga jadvallar, sxemalar, rasmlar chiziladi.
Tusli rasmlar predmet va muhit to'g'risida hajm, yorug'lik, moddiylik va fazoviy munosabatlar orqali batafsilroq ma'lumot beradi. Bu kabi ijodiy ishlar nur-soyali va tusli yoki tonal rasmlar deb ataladi. Jismlar to'plami va konturi orasida boshqalarining tabiati, harakat va xususiyatlari yaqqol namoyon bo'ladi. Shuning uchun ularni tasvirlashda ba'zan tonal rasmlarning eng oddiy turi - siluet - kontur rasmdan foydalaniladi va u bir maromdagi tus bilan to'ldiriladi.
Maqsadiga ko'ra rasmlar akademik va ijodiy turlarga bo'linadi.
Akademik rasm - bu chizishni o'rganish, ifodalash usullari, turli shakl va belgilarni o'zlashtirish uchun bajariladigan va uzoq muddat talab qiladigan rasm. U tasvirlanayotgan predmet tashqi qiyofasining barcha muhim jihatlarini qayd etishi bilan ajralib turadi.
Ijodiy rasm - bu rassomning o'y-fikrlari, hissiyotlari va dunyoqarashini obrazlar orqali aks ettiruvchi tasviriy san'at asari.
O'quv va ijodiy ishlarda chizgi, qoralama, etyudlardan keng foydalaniladi. Qisqa muddatli rasm qoralama deb ataladi. Qoralamalarda chiziqlar asosiy vosita sifatida qo'llaniladi va shtrixlashga nisbatan kam murojaat qilinadi yoki ular surtma harakatlar bilan bir tusga kiritish orqali boyitiladi.
Xulosa o'rnida shularni aytish mumkinki, tasvirlanayotgan predmet va uning tarkibiy qismlari etyud yordamida batafsil o'rganiladi. Etyud yaratishga sarflanayotgan uzoq vaqt mobaynida predmetning ichki va tashqi tomoni xususiyatlari, ob'ekt belgilari kuzatiladi va qayd etiladi. Etyudlar va qoralamalar orqali idrok etilgan voqelikdan ijodiy rasm yoki kartinalar yaratishda foydalaniladi. Rasm chizish dastlabki xomaki chizgilar - eskizdan boshlanadi, kelgusida bu qoralamalar mustaqil asar darajasigacha ko'tarilishi mumkin.
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