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AUTONOMOUS ENERGY TECHOLOGICAL COMPLEX WITH HYDROGEN AS THE SECONDARY ENERGY CARRIER
M. Muminov*, A. V. Basteev, V. V. Solovey
* Institute for Nuclear Physics of Republic Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences Ulugbeck, Tashkent, 702132, Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected] Zhukovsky National Aerospace University «Kharkov Aviation Institute» 17, Chkalov Str., Kharkov, 61070, Ukraine E-mail: [email protected]
Date of birth: August 13, 1952. Place of birth: Kharkov, Ukraine. Martial status: Divorced.
Academic degrees: Ph.D. (Energy Conversion Processes and Devices): Direct Energy Conversion. Theme of thesis: «Radiation Effects in Crystal Lattices and Propellants» — 1980. Dr. of Sc. (Physics and Mathematics): Plasma Physics and Chemistry, Solid State Physics. Theme of thesis: «Activation Effects in Energy-Carrier Substances» — 1994.
Academic appointments: Professor, department of Power Unite for Flying Vehicles of National Aerospace University «KhAI».
Teaching experience: General term — 15 years, 1985-1994 — Assistant Professor and Associate Professor at the above chair. 1994-till now — Professor. I have experience as a lecture in the following courses:
Андрей Владимирович ■ Direct Energy Conversion;
■ Combustion and Flame Processes;
■ Heat and Mass Transfer Physical in the Combustion Chambers;
■ Thermodynamics.
Languages: Russian — read and translate — perfect, English — write-correct, speak — quite good. Research Activity: General term — 28 years. 1975-1978 — post-graduated courses in the Mechanical — Engineering Problems Institute of National Academy of Scienses. 1978-1996 — Research Fellowships in the Academic Institute. 1996-till now — teaching and research work in University. Areas of research: Plasma and Solid State Physics; Combustion and Flames. Participation in International Actions:
■ Every International Conferences for Hydrogen Energy (10 items);
■ International Conferences for Solid State Physics and Energetic (8 items).
Books: «Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Containing Energy Carriers Substances Activation», 1993, «Naukova Dumka», Kiev, 179 p. Post-graduated students formation:
1. A. Rudas, Dr. Ph. - 1993 «Defending Pannels Design for Airbuses».
2. V. Popov Dr. Ph. - 1996 «Metal-hydrides activation effect and its application».
3. O. Tatarinov Dr. Ph. - 1997 «Low-gas acceleration processes and Apparatus».
4. Vusalam Alaa (Palestine), Dr. Ph. - 2003 «Activation of para-flame processes for slurry fuels».
The energy-technological complex (ETC) destination is the transforming of primary sun/wind energy into electric one as well the sub-products fabrication. The ETC consists of the following constituent elements that are to be characterized by the harmonized parameters: wind power station, photo-voltaic transformer, distiller, fuel cell (produced by ASTRIS EHERGI INC), hydrogen and oxygen generator like the electrolyzer and compressed gases storing and supply system (SSS). The hydrogen and oxygen
are generated in the electrolyzer and stored in the SSS and then used in fuel cell for convention electric energy generation. The desalination of seawater and sea salt yielding is the ETC output as well. The base ETC configuration with power 2 x 3 = 6 kW are considered. The operational peculiarities of ETC constituent element are considered as well. The alternative possibility of hydrogen accumulation by the carbone nanostructures (produced by CARBOLEX, and ALPHA AESAR) was considered.
The creation and operational demonstration of the autonomous ETC are supported by STCU (project #UZB-23j) and with collaboration with Nano-Technology Institute at Texas University and HONEYWELL.
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| The purposes of the presented work are the | investigation, manufacturing and operational a demonstration of ETC and its constituent elements § for transforming of the renewable kinds of «dirty» £ energy (solar and/or wind) into conditional (qual-I ity) electrical energy with obtaining of following 0 sub-products:
■ Ecological pure secondary energy carrier (hydrogen);
■ Demineralized water;
■ Compressed gases (hydrogen and oxygen);
■ The educed from seawater salt (for cosmetic industry).
In connection with depleting of traditional non-renewed sources of energy (coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.) the researches work on seeking the renewed sources of energy all over the world are actively carried out [1].
For the first time the described below ETC configuration has been considered in [2, 3] although the similar schemes were well known. Nevertheless the attempts to compiling of the solar energy transformers, the wind turbine, the electrolizer, the fuel cell and the distiller in to whole complex did not undertake till now. The work is directed on to following: elaboration and optimization of the ETC configuration; manufac-
turing and mounting of constituent elements; creation of the specialized control system and its providing of responsible SOFTWARE for adaptation and optimal operation of the ETC in the geo-climate conditions of places of possible application. Thus the novelty of ETC consists in the combination and advisable functional interaction of the constituent elements.
The ETC consists of the following constituent elements that are characterized by the harmonized parameters: wind power station (WPS), photovoltaic transformer (both are like the primary energy receivers), distiller, hydrogen and oxygen generator (electrolyzer) and compressed gases SSS, fuel cell. The general ETC scheme is shown on Fig.1. The problem of irregular energy supply is solved in the following way. Obtained from WPS or solar energy transformer (SET) irregular primary energy flow is delivered to the electrolyzer that is non-sensitive to the quality of received energy. So the proposed technical decision for compensation of the energy supply irregularity from primary energy sources allows avoiding of the necessity of commutation of separate power plants into network and opens wide perspectives for creation of autonomous power plants with small and moderate power output for individuals.
Fig. 1. Energy-Technological Complex for Producing Ecologically Pure Energy Carriers and Subproducts schematic diagram
The numerous firms investigate the constituent elements with wide spectrum of parameters that could be introduced into the proposed ETC configuration. The ETC consists of different constituent elements connected by means of pipelines, information control system, and sensors and mass flows systems (see the diagram).
The designed WPS can be applied in the regions with moderate year wind velocity > 3 m/s. The kinetic energy of the moving air including the energy of short duration wind gusts with maximum efficiency is transformed into electric energy. The previously tested WPS's turbine blades are providing by special mechanical system for the airflow distribution that allows taking off the limitations for upper wind velocity value. The other kind of primary energy receiver that can be used in the calm conditions namely the factory made photovoltaic converter with power 0.5 kW are involved in ETC scheme (produced by SOLAR kW).
The received non-stable «dirty» energy is delivered to the electrolizer to decay the water on to hydrogen and oxygen [4-7]. The electrolyzer with active elements and original scheme and consumed power 3 kW are used in the project. The operating pressure about 15MPa provides the hydrogen and oxygen generation directly in compressed state. The electrolysis cycle operational mode is based on the shared in time hydrogen and oxygen emanation. This is achieved due to use of electro-active electrodes that can store hydrogen or oxygen in accordance with their capacity and further hydrogen and oxygen emanation in the next part of the cycle. The switching from one of the component receiving to it emanation can be realized by electrodes pole switching. The cycle duration is determined by the electrochemical capacity and output of the active-electrodes. The electrolyzer feeding system provides the electric current pole control in dependence upon active electrode capacity and allows keeping of electrolyzer stand by mode if the voltage and/ or current are reduced. The results of fundamental researches aimed to demonstrate the possibility to use the above-described electrolyzer in reversible regime are presented as well [8].
The hydrogen/oxygen generation with high pressure in the traditional electro-chemical technologies is connected with significant design and technological difficulties that reduce the facility exploitation properties and reliability. The elaborated electrolyzer has the unique characteristics and demonstrates the ability of reversible operational mode. The exploitation parameters for one electrolyzer cell are following: the voltage is equal to 2.3 V and current 2.2 kA with efficiency 80 percent.
The SSS for compressed hydrogen are the simple gasbag type. Nevertheless the foundations and experiments relatively to the possibility to store
the hydrogen in binding state including the carbon nano-structures technology are considered and are presented. Moreover the gamma-ray irradiation of carbone-nanostructures was conducted to modify the hydrogen sorption properties. The possibility to generate and concentrate the hydrogen in compressed state, as the ecologically pure secondary energy carrier is essential. Last time in the technologically developed countries the technologies of hydrogen use for vehicle fleet with it accumulation in binding state in carbon nano-structures are developed actively. So the elaborated ETC could be considered as the autonomous hydrogen refill station for different kinds of hydrogen-feed vehicles. In order to generate the conditional (standard) electricity from the stored secondary energy carrier — hydrogen, the factory made fuel cell with power 0.3 kW is used produced by Canadian firm ASTRIS ENERGI INC.
The problem of clean drinkable water generation becomes more and more actual in many countries year by year. This ETC supposes the elaboration as the constituent element the distiller with power 3-5 kW for seawater and water with high salt containing from underground sources purification. The pattern of the san-resistant water distiller is so named «distiller with instantaneous boiling». The distiller module is designed both as the ETC constituent element and as detached facility with possible energy supply from other energy sources. During the process of thermal distillation the complete water demineralization and sterilization take place thus the obtained water could be used as drinkable. The thermal distillation process relatively other types has a number of technological advantages. Particularly the design of distiller is very simple and the quality of obtained water corresponds to medical demands. It is important feature of the above module that the high reliability could be obtained due to automation of working process. The highest output is achieved in facilities with «instan-taneous boiling». The evaporating process is realized within the chamber at the lower relatively the injected water pressure. Thus the energy needed for water evaporating is taken off from injected water, which then is cooling. The water circulation in the facility is doing under compulsion. In order to heat the water injected into chamber the electric heater, regeneration system and solar energy transformer (SET) are used. The distilled water output is equal to 14 percent relatively the total amount of processed primary product. Some of obtained distilled water is delivered to electrolyzer. The educed sea salts should be used in pharmacological industry.
On the initial stage of plant operation (see Fig. 2) the water moves with the pump (1) in a hydraulic accumulator (2). In accordance with filling a hydraulic accumulator (2) water and reaching of given pressure (P = 1.0 MPa), auto-
Fig. 2. Water distiller schematic diagram: 1 — Pump; 2 — Hydraulic accumulator; 3, 4 — Heat exchangers; 5 — Electric heater; 6 — Expansive device; 7 — Tank for distillate; 8 — Ejector; 9 — Chute
matic control system (ACS) uncloses an electro-valve and the voltage on an electric heater (5) impinges. The electric power necessary for operation of an electric heater moves immediately from wind power station. Thus the seawater beforehand which is warmed up in heat exchangers (3, 4) and electric heater (5) up to temperature T = 176 C, goes in the expansive device (6) under pressure. In it, as a result of boil, there is a separation of an actuation medium on two phases: a steam, which then hits in the heat exchanger — condenser (3), and water with heightened salt content, which moves in a recuperative heat exchanger (4), ejector (8), and further — on a drain in a chute (9). For evaporation of seawater with a heightened content of salts the chute is supplied with a solar collector. In the heat exchanger — condenser (3) steams turn to water, which drains in a tank (7). The pressure in devices of the expansive device (6), necessary for «of an instantaneous boiling» actuation mediums, and also in a tank for gathering distillate (7), sufficient for start and normal operation of a system — is supported by an ejector (8). On the basis of thermodynamic calculations at shaping appearance water distiller the following design parameters are selected:
■ Potency of an electric heater — N =2.7 kW;
■ Potency of the electric drive of the pump (quality electric power obtained from a fuel cell or the solar battery) — Np = 0.2 kW;
■ Parameters of water on an inlet in the expansive device — P = 1.0 MPa, T = 176 C;
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■ The mass flow of seawater on an inlet — Gw = 14x10-3 kg/sec;
■ The mass flow of clear drinkable water — Gs = 2.0x10-3 kg/sec, from which 0.14x10-3 kg/sec is transmitted to an fuel cell, under condition of its operation with power of 3 kW;
■ Specific energy on deriving of clear drinkable water — N =
sp
= 0.379 kWhour/litre.
Water distiller is intended for deriving distillate from seawater. The scooping of seawater is carried out or from an open pool, or from a special tank — settling tank.
The operation of such complexes demands of their adaptation to the geo-climate conditions of region of use and this adaptation are provided by the specialized control system. The control system provides the distribution of energy supply from WPS and SET to the secondary capacitors and energy transformers. The regulation and control system for ETC realizes the rational electrical energy distribution from the primary energy converters to the external consumers and for energy storing and buffering. The recommendations for ETC efficiency increasing are registered as control system's SOFTWARE and corresponded to the concrete geo-climate conditions.
At the final stage of project implementation assembled ETC as whole unit will be tested and technical documentation and parameters for control system tuning will be presented for possible customers. The concrete ETC configuration and it adaptation to real exploration conditions, that assumed the geo-climate, social-economic and ecological conditions of the region where the complex should be used are summarized. The previous estimations show that the total ETC efficiency of is about 25-26 percent. The duration of ETC recoupment will be 5-6 years with high ecological indexes. The propositions for further commercialization of the obtained due to project implementation results and characteristics for the ETC will be formulated and oriented on the markets of USA, Mexico, Israel and Central Asia and Near East Countries. On the base of light climate and wind-activity maps inherent to the number of climate zones (Kharkov region, Crimea, Republic Uzbekistan) the typical diagrams of energy exchange
will be created. In accordance with this diagram the permissible operational modes for constituent elements will be defined and work orders for their improving will be determined. The work is in progress and above described constituent elements have been manufactured and are testing in Kharkov Aviation Institute montage plant. The investigations of modified properties of carbon nanostruc-tures are conducting in Institute for Nuclear Physics of Republic Uzbekistan.
References
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