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DETERMINATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN OIL REFINING WASTE
KH.F.MAMMADOV
Doctor of chemical sciences Institute of Radiation Problems of Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan
H.N.SHIRALIYEVA
junior researcher
Institute of Radiation Problems of Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan
A.SH.HUSEYNOV
Engineer
Institute of Radiation Problems of Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan
M.B.ISKENDERZADE
master's student Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University
A.H.HUSEYNOVA
Engineer
Azerbaijan Construction Engineering and Architecture University
Abstract: It has been determined that the amount of radionuclides in the sands taken from the Caspian Sea coast is 3-4 times lower than in the surrounding soils, and the level of background radiation is 3-4 times below the maximum permissible directive value (0.12 /Sv/hour). It has been established that in soils contaminated with oil waste, the amount of radionuclides is 2-3 times higher compared with clean land areas, and the levels of background radiation exceed the permissible directive values by 2 times. It is observed that in soils contaminated with oil waste the concentration of natural radionuclides and heavy metals increases due to accumulation, over time, and there is also a lack of green vegetation in these areas.
Keywords: oil waste, radionuclides, heavy metals, radioactive background, green vegetation.
INTRODUCTION
There is a redistribution and often an increase in the concentration of heavy metals in environmental objects as a result of the development of enterprises of mining and processing complexes, metallurgical, chemical, petrochemical, energy industries, intensive economic activity and intensification of the transport sector in many countries of the world [1, 2].
Heavy metals enter the atmosphere through technogenic emissions in the form of aerosols, settle on the upper part of land, pollute the soil and humus layer, enter large reservoirs with wastewater, pollute water and bottom sediments. Some goods (metal and enameled utensils produced for use in the household and food industry, polymer and plastic materials, products and toys, numerous synthetic dyes, etc.) contain certain amounts of heavy metals. Heavy metals that have entered living organisms, in addition to their toxic effect, can also lead to a decrease in the concentration of useful trace elements necessary for life due to participation in ion exchange processes. The negative effects of heavy metals on living organisms are described in detail in the scientific literature [3-5].
Depending on the magnitude of their concentration in the body, microelements can have a "threatening, deficient, physiological, toxic and lethal" effect on the body.
The presence of radionuclides with a long half-life in uranium and thorium production wastes, the release of radioactive radon from these wastes, the occurrence of solid and liquid wastes during the mining and processing of uranium-ores creates local contaminated areas with a high equivalent
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dose rate (more than 0.1 mSv/h) in the surrounding areas. Under the influence of atmospheric precipitation, waste leaching occurs. Radioactive mine water, industrial water effluents from chemical plants for the production of weapons-grade plutonium, reprocessing of nuclear fuel spent at nuclear power plants, production of phosphate fertilizer (traces of uranium in phosphorite and apatite) lead to contamination of groundwater and bottom sediments of water sources.
The listed negative impacts of technological processes and their waste have led to a widespread violation of the ecological balance, impoverishment of biodiversity, varieties of vegetation and an increase in the number of occupational diseases [5, 6].
EXPERIMENTAL PART
Radiometric measurements were carried out using the inSpector-1000 and Radiagem-2000 radiometers (manufactured by Canberra and equipped with alpha, beta and gamma detectors) and the "identiFinder" radiometer identifier (manufactured by Thermo Scientific) [7, 8].
The soil samples taken were treated with distilled water, weak solutions of acid and alkali with periodic mixing and filtration, isolation of sparingly soluble particles in a centrifuge with further evaporation to obtain minerals, heavy metals and radionuclides. After radiometric measurements, the obtained dry mineral was analyzed by analytical chemistry, X-ray fluorescence, gamma and atomic absorption spectroscopies and electron microscopy. In the process of physical-chemical analysis of minerals obtained by evaporation of aqueous, weakly acid and weakly alkaline extracts of soil samples, by treatment of plant samples by nitric acid's solution and heat treatment, and by evaporation of filtered and centrifuged water samples were use the "GFL-2304" distiller, centrifuge " TDL-5M ", gamma spectrometer with HP-Ge detector manufactured by Canberra, Electronic Microscope "SEM "(manufactured by Carl-Zeiss with an electron tube), atomic absorption AA-6800 spectrometer (manufactured by Shimadzu), Expert-3L X-ray fluorescence spectrometers, STA-2900 thermal analyzer [8, 9].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Samples of crude oil have been taken from various fields of the country, as well as samples of newly formed soils contaminated with oil refining wastes with low humus content, fertile soils with rich humus, as well as samples of similar soils uncontaminated with oil refining wastes. A detailed inspection of the studied land plots before taking soil samples was carried out.
As a result of the observations, it was found that in areas uncontaminated by oil refining waste, newly formed soils with a low humus content and consisting mainly of a dark brown color had rare, underdeveloped weed herbaceous vegetation, and in similar areas of land contaminated by oil refining waste there was practically no vegetation of any kind [7, 10].
The relative content of elements in percentage in inorganic residues of oil samples (samples numbered 1 to 3) and oil refining waste (samples numbered 4 to 6) are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Relative content of elements in inorganic residues of oil and oil refining waste.
№ Content of elements in inorganic residues of oil samples (from 1 to 3) and waste oiL refining (from 4 to 6).%
С О Na Mg Al Si S P К Cr Ca Ti Mn Sr Fe Pb
1. 54.2 14.5 1.8 0.4 12.4 9.8 0.9 0.5 1.5 - 1.7 0.5 0.1 0.7 7.7 -
2. 52.5 11.8 2.1 1.2 7.5 3.6 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.3 3.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 4.8 1.2
3. 55.7 14.4 1.5 1.8 3.4 7.1 0.3 0.2 2.0 0.3 2.9 0.4 0.4 0.6 3.7 1.9
4. 45.7 12.0 3.9 2.3 2.6 5.2 1.8 0.2 0.5 - 2.S 0.3 0.1 - 3.4 1.7
5. 46.0 12.5 4.0 2.5 1.8 8.0 1.7 0.3 0.7 0.1 2.0 0.2 0.1 - 3.4 1.6
6. 44.9 12.2 4.1 2.6 1.9 7.2 2.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 3.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 3 1 1.5
The determined mineral components in the soil samples taken from the different regions of the country are shown in table 2.
Table 2. Concentrations of components in the composition of soil samples taken from
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country's regions.
Regions Components, mg/kg
Sulphates K J Sr NO3 Fe; Mn Zn
Goranboy 380 7240 1.8 48 65 54; 29 1.8
Ordubad 600 9800 3,0 110 313 220; 30 2,2
Sumgayit & Baku cities 300 5100 1,5 30 45 85; 10 1,5
On land plots contaminated with oil refinery waste, with fully formed fertile soil and low humus content, few and underdeveloped species of weeds were observed.
The results of radiometric measurements and the activity of radionuclides in soil samples taken from the green plains of regions of the country are shown in table 3.
Table 3. The results of radiometric measurements and the activity of radionuclides in soil samples taken from green plains and territory of regions, polluted with oil refining waste.
Regions sotopes, Bq / kg
(background uNa 22 19K40 26Fe60 27Co57 30Zn 65 38Sr9 1 50Sn113, 50Sn126 6 3Eu154 88Ra22 6 90Th22 8
/Zv / h; alpha ray Bq / sm2)
Goranboy 1.5 2.4 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.1; 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.05
(0,04; 0)
Sumgayit 1.0 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.1; 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.05
(0,08; 0,01)
Soil sample 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.6, 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.12
from an area
covered with
oil waste in
the village of Bail
(0.15; 0.03)
Soil 1.5 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.6, 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.08
contaminated
with oil
waste in the
area adjacent to the
highway in the village of Bibiheybat (0.11, 0.02)
Sand contaminated with oil waste in the area adjacent to the highway in the village of Bibiheybat (0.03, 0.01) 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1, 0.32 0.3 0.4 0.05
Soil contaminated with oil waste around treatment facilities in the Surakhani region (0.08, 0.01) 1.2 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.5, 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.08
Soil contaminated with oil waste from local areas around oil refineries (0.09, 0.01) 1.4 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.5, 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.06
In areas uncontaminated by oil refinery waste, fully formed fertile soils with a high humus content are observed as green, well-developed herbaceous vegetation, as well as green shrubs and trees. At the same time, in different areas and in different areas of the soil on the territory of the studied lands of the country, there is a significant difference in the degree of development of green vegetation.
It can be seen from Table 1 that relative common content of elements in inorganic residues of different samples of crude oil and oil refining waste is 26-47% and 26-41%, respectively. The results obtained and a comparison of the relative content of metals in inorganic residues of crude oil and oil refinery wastes extracted from soil samples contaminated with oil wastes clearly indicate the accumulation of metals, including "heavy metals" in soil, when it is contaminated with oil refinery wastes.
Soil samples were taken in summer and autumn from green grass meadows, pastures or forest edges at a distance of at least 10 kilometers from residential areas or industrial enterprises. Soil samples were also taken from these areas by digging the soil to a depth of 10-20 cm. If one site had sandy and fertile soil, samples were taken from both sites. When taking soil samples, areas were selected that were not contaminated with volleys of foreign emissions, remains of dead organisms, rotten and oxidized plant matter.
Determination of mineral components and natural radionuclides was carried out in order to explain the serious difference observed in the degree of development of green vegetation in different soil areas in the regions of the country.
It can be seen from Table 2 that common concentrations of components in the composition of soil samples taken from country's regions are 5-10 g/kg.
It can be seen from Table 3 that the value of the radioactive background in country's areas is 0.03-0.15 ^Sv/hour and the intensity of alpha radiation is 0-0.03 Bq/cm2. The common activity of all natural radionuclides in soil samples taken from country's areas is 5.3-10 Bq/kg.
A comparative analysis of the concentrations of mineral components and natural radionuclides (Tables 2 and 3) shows that fertile soils in regions of country are characterized with different concentrations of the studied components.
CONCLUSIONS
1. It was determined that the amount (activity) of radionuclides in coastal sands is relatively
small.
2. In the soil samples covered with oil waste, there are approximately 1.5-2 times larger amounts of radionuclides and a relatively large total radioactive background.
3. There is no green vegetation cover on the lands covered with oil waste and the value of radioactive radiation background from their surfaces is 1.5-2 times greater than the permissible directive indicator.
4. In addition to oil waste, accumulation of radionuclides is also observed in those areas to a certain extent.
5. In areas where the amount of natural radionuclides (K40, Na22, etc.) is relatively large (in the established range of concentrations of microelements in the soil's cover remedied by transporting and adding clean soil or by other methods) on the contrary it is observed that the green vegetation is relatively more developed.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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