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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-2-89-96
Athletes' psychological-physiological indices study in different specializations at the stages of sports career crises overcoming
Aleksandr S. Kuznetsov1*, Evgeniya N. Usmanova2, Oksana V. Kolomytseva1
1Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia 2M.S. Bibshev Sports school of the Olympic reserve Vityaz
Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-4294-3755, [email protected]* ORCID: 0000-0002-4633-2006, [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-7385-788X, [email protected]
Abstract: During the process of a teen-age athlete active socialization his physical, spiritual, intellectual spheres undergo specific changes for further psychic development. This life period is sensitive to active cell mass gaining (till 58%) during the main physical qualities development and individual style of sports activity formation. Fat component (7-11%) fulfills the role of depot for the energetic and metabolic potential. It provides perfect work of endocrine system and viscera. Social and emotional intellect, conception thinking development is the base for "sense of maturity" formation. It is the main psychic new growth of adolescent crisis. It helps to find the answers to the questions of own professional and moral self-determination: "Who am I?" and "What kinds of person am I?". Materials. Taking into consideration the regularities of age crises we studied personality psychological-physiological parameters among 74 athletes of the Olympic reserve (age range 14-25 years-old) sports school in order to reveal level indices in the context of their resourcefulness for successful inner contradictions realization and sports career development. Research methods. Information sources analysis; stating experiment; bioimpedance analysis of body mass (KM-AR-01 complex, "Diamant-AIST" complete set); psychodiagnostics; mathematical statistics methods (factorial analysis). Results. Level indices analysis revealed that the internal type of control was formed among less than half of respondents, an optimal moderate high level of success motivation have 40% of athletes. The highest level of needs (self-expression and recognition) have 46% of 14-17 year-old and 70% of 18-25 year-old athletes. Most athletes feel dissatisfaction in main groups personality needs. "Emotional burnout syndrome" according to one, two or three components was among half of the whole sampling respondents. According to the results of the current season 2018 - 2019 six of 74 athletes finished their career in the state of emotional burnout. The ratio of body mass fat and muscular components in the average among girls is 27% and 46%, among boys - 14% and 54%. Conclusion. The results of this research formed the base for a complex methodology creation of psychological-pedagogical sports training support in the Olympic reserve sports school on the basis of individually-differentiated and resource approaches.
Keywords: athletes, teen-age crisis, youth age crisis, emotional burnout, bioimpedance body mass, internality, aggressiveness, achievement motivation, sports career, factorial analysis, need-motivational sphere.
For citation: Aleksandr S. Kuznetsov, Evgeniya N. Usmanova Oksana V. Kolomytseva. Psychological-physiological indices study of different specialization athletes at the stages of sports career crises overcoming. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14 (2^75-81. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-142-89-96
INTRODUCTION
Athlete's personality formation in modern society happens in terms of strict demands of adaptation to different social groups and is connected with age related, situational life crises and sports career transfer crises overcoming [5]. The problem of age crises and the conditions of their overcoming still remains urgent in works of
scientists in Russia and abroad more than 35 years. The reason is quick tempos of modern society development. Educational system is the turbulence zone, not a gradual movement towards the set aims. Time resource, given to a young athlete for training and harmonious development, restricts till "here and now" point. And there is no right for making mistake and its realization.
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At the same time, the coaches of young sports teams can't diagnose correctly individual psychological-physiological characteristics. They provide clear athletes' inner world understanding in solving general problems of special physical and psychological training.
Teen-age and juvenile period of life is maximum sensitive to active cell mass gaining (till 58%) during the main physical qualities development and individual style of sports activity formation. Fat component (7-11%) fulfills the role of depot for the energetic and metabolic potential. It provides perfect work of endocrine system and viscera. Social and emotional intellect, conception thinking development is the base for "sense of maturity" formation. It is the main psychic new formation of adolescent crisis. It helps to find the answers to the questions of own professional and moral self-determination: "Who am I?" and "What kinds of person am I?".
The aim of the research was conditioned by the following question: "Which interconnections of level psychological-physiological indices of athletes form the factors, reflecting general state of sampling at the transient stages of sports career, correlate with the indices of emotional burnout, prove successful teen-age and juvenile crises overcoming?".
The object of the research: psychological-physiological indices of athletes (14-25 years-old) Table 2 - Gender and age related content of sampling
of different specializations at the stages of thorough training and sports development.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Scientific-methodical literature analysis; stating experiment; bioimpedance analysis of body mass (KM-AR-01 complex, "Diamant-AIST" complete set); psychodiagnostics (methodologies of personality diagnostics concerning motivation for success and failures avoidance (T.Elers)); methodology of the main personality's needs satisfaction degree diagnostics (A. Maslow); "Emotional burnout syndrome" MBI (Vodopyanov) methodology; Buss-Durkey Inventory; subjective control level diagnostics methodology (J. Rotter); mathematical statistics methods (factorial analysis).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Psychological-physiological indices study was realized within the sampling. It included 74 athletes of the Olympic reserve sports school "Vityaz named after M.Sh. Bibishev" in Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia (arm wrestling-19, swimming-18, Greco-Roman wrestling-17, belt wrestling-13, national wrestling koresh-7) at the training stage and the stage of sports development. The age range of the respondents was 14-25 years-old. Gender and age related content of sampling is presented in table 2.
(n=74)
Gender Age
14-15 16-17 18-20 21-25
Female, people 4 5 3 2
Male, people 31 16 7 6
During the research we took into consideration the following scientific theses, the results of our previous works:
1) successful age crises overcoming should be accompanied by physical, spiritual and intellectual spheres of personality development, including social and emotional intellect [5,8]; psychological and somatic health preservation for successful sports potential realization;
2) these processes are accompanied by inner contradictions, such as "I want, but can't", "I should, but don't want to", "I should, but I can't". If these
contradictions are not solved it leads to development stagnation and personality degradation, emotional burnout and "disappearance" of athletes at all transient stages of sports career [5,7];
3) an optimal ratio of athletes' body mass components helps to provide not only special working capacity increase and preservation (sports shape), but also necessary psycho-emotional resource state during the desired weight category achievement (weight cutting and gaining) during the transient stages of sports career [2,3,4].
The condition of respondents sampling
differentiation (n=74) was the age and the corresponding content characteristics of sports career crises and age related crises. As a result there were two samplings: the age range 14-17 years-old (teen-age and juvenile age crises) and
the age range 18-25 years-old (the crises of the first adulthood: "first-year student", "young specialist"). Comparative characteristics of the samplings with the level control indices of diagnostics are presented in table 3.
Characteristics 14-17 years-old (n=54) - TSS 18-25 years-old (n=20) - SD
Sports career crisis: Age crisis: The crisis of transition to thorough specialization and from mass sport into the highest achievements sport; Teen-age and juvenile. Crisis of transition from juvenile sport to adult sport; Crisis of a first-year student and crisis of a young specialist.
Self-contradiction: "I want (to be an adult), but I can't"; "I should (admit that life is not forever), but I don't want to"; between the existing level of sports readiness and the necessary level for great volumes of training and competitive loads fulfillment. "I should (professionally correspond), but I can't"; between the existing level of sports readiness and necessary level for great volumes of training and competitive loads fulfillment.
Necessary new formations in a personality's structure for overcoming: - sense of maturity; - professional and moral self-determination ("what profession to choose?", "what kind of person to be"?); - life plans formation; - an integral Self-image; - world view development as the system of knowledge of the world and beliefs; - an individual style of sports activity laying and formation. - intellect specialization in accordance with the demands of profession; - professional orientation of a personality and professionally important qualities of a personality; - educational and labor activity self-organization. - an individual style of sports and professional activity formation.
Leading activity: Communication and socially useful activity; educational-professional. Labor, communication and cognition
Level indices of diagnostics, in %
Level of subjective control: - internals - 40% - externals - 60% - internals - 30% - externals -70%
Motivation level for success achievement: Average - 38% Medium high - 36% Too high- 20% Average - 45% Medium high - 40% Too high - 15 %
Motivation level for failures avoidance: Average - 28% Medium high - 23% Too high - 8% Average - 40% Medium high - 30% Too high - 5%
Table 3 - Comparative characteristics of athletes at the training stage of sports specialization (TSS) and stage of sportsmanship development (SD) stages according to age crises content and level control indices of diagnostics
n
Leading (unrealized) needs: Self-actualization - 33% Recognition - 13% Social - 7% Safety - 2% Material - 6% Self-actualization - 50% Recognition - 20% Social - 10% Safety - 0% Material - 5%
«Emotional burnout syndrome»: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (D), personal achievements reduction (PAR); 1 component - 25% 2 components* - 19% 3 components** - 6% Total 50% 1 component - 15% 2 components* - 30% Total 45%
Finished sports career: 9% - with high indices of "emotional exhaustion", "depersonalization", "personal achievements reduction": EE - 2people; EE+D - 2 people; PAR - 1 person 5% - EE+D - 1 person
* - qualitative rest is necessary (adaptation break-down). ** - risk group (nervous prostration).
Level indices analysis revealed the following:
- less than half of respondents in both age groups have internal type of control over important events of own life as the index of personal maturity and mastered "sense of maturity";
- an optimal medium high level of motivation for achievements have about 40% of athletes in both samplings;
- high-order needs (for self-actualization and recognition) are urgent for 46% of athletes who are 14-17 years-old and 70% of athletes at the age of 1825. Most athletes are partially dissatisfied according to the main needs of a personality;
- there is "emotional burnout syndrome" according to one, two and three components among half of the whole sampling respondents. Among 14-17 year-old respondents "emotional burnout" according to2-3 components is more often revealed among 9 and 11th form pupils.
According to the results of the season 20182019, five people with high indices of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal achievements reduction finished their sports career at the transient stage from mass sport to the highest achievements sport and one athlete at the stage of sportsmanship development (SMD) (from juvenile sport into adult ones).
The results of descriptive statistics according to two samplings of athletes (14-17 and 18-25 years-old) are presented in table 4.
The table shows that the range of average indices
according to both samplings differs insignificantly. Some variables are within the range of optimal values. However, some indices should be considered separately.
The average indices of needs oriented sphere are in the zone of partial dissatisfaction instead the desire hierarchic distribution in favor of satisfaction (0-14 points) for the basic ones, and dissatisfaction (28-42 points) for the highest level needs (sensitive urgency for the given contingent).
We define mainly external level of all indices according to "the level of subjective control" methodology among the athletes of both age groups. Such kind of situation can prove both insufficient level of personal maturity from the point of view of "responsobility" notion mastering at the age of 14-17 and behavior "externalization" under the influence of chronic stress [1] among athletes of the senior group (18-25 years-old). In any case we speak about situationally controlled (more than self-determined) style of behavior.
We should pay attention to high average values according to "sense of guilt" -as the form of autoaggression. This component of aggression doesn't group into indices (aggression and hostility), that is why it should be considered separately, for example, as constraining (regulating) factor in behavior for the athletes with high indices of motivation for achievements, active cell body mass, instrumental aggression.
Table 4 - Psychological-physiological parameters of athletes (14-17 and 18-25 years-old)
Ft rionafitv's Jli Iidkei U-lTvearA-old (n=54J lE-2syraivDld (IF=20) An optimal
charade riitiu level Talue .
XaT S As Sit 5 As point
^recmatity 1. Achievement 17.S 397 -0.05 17.65 3.45 0.53 17-21
wfintm motivation
2. MstLv-ErtLar. of fa ilina 1429 453 0.13 14.25 4.3 -0.12 11-16
avoidance
^eeds oriented 3. Maferial needs 13S1 6.13 027 13.35 6.33 0.33
iphera ■3-H
4. Safety 13.05 453 0J9 16i 3.32 0.3S
5. Sues] 13S1 5.39 0J6 13.1.; 5.5; 0.39
5. Re: 0 sr. i. dor. 23.13 5.1 0.16 22.3 5.14 -0.35 23-42
7 Silf-iitu-d lizati.on 25.77 6.39 -0.34 27.7 6.97 -3.62
nternality 3. Achievements 6.36 1.72 -0.58 6.45 1,5 0.055
9. Failures 4.91 155 0J4 5,1 1.39 -; .47
10. Family relations 5.45 M -0.02 5,5 1.79 0.49
11. Productive jelitioiB 4.11 1.33 0,11 4,1 125 -3.52 7-10
(education, training)
12. Ineiparsofial 5.79 1.71 -0.59 66 1.47 ■3
relations
13. Health 6.11 2.13 -0.23 6J 2..15 -0.22
14. General internal 521 1.7-3 025 5,5 1,5 -0.05
hIh
iEHeSSHHl 15. Physic it 51.34 192 -0.02 53.35 1996 0.-3" Aggression
16. Verbal 57.35 22.17 0.35 55.5 13.62 0.13 ■index, more
17. Indirect ».33 19.55 opi 61.75 13.32 -3.26 than 50 points
13. Aggression HKfci 60 16.5 CjG 56i 14.13 C.53
19. Negitiviim ;0:54 24.93 opl 46 21.62 ■3.44 Hostility index
20. Announce 4-.Z9 13.49 -0.05 455 1957 ■3.13 less than 50
21. Suspiciousness 53.75 23.6 -3.04 56.1 26.2 C.6 point
22. Offer.se 4357 24.34 022 442 25.45 ■3.4
23. Hostility infles 51.16 21.12 0:03 2024 0:31
24. Sense of milt 66.62 13.73 -3.35 65.45 13.71 ■3.01 Less than 50
pcuite
lt/.i-d ona 1 25. Emotional 24.19 732 022 22.55 7.62 0.26 3-15
nnOdt 26. Cynicism 9.3 s 452 029 7J5 525 0.62 0-5
27. Personal 31.5 653 -0.03 313 5.32 1.02 ■3-31
a drieve merits
reduction
iidy DBSi 23. Fa: componart of 2613 5.14/ 0.97.' -.'15.3 -/7.1 -|:55 girls 5-11 /
jompo&ition body Eis 4.03 023 boys under 15:
girls, "boys. % 7-9
ibove 15: 5-7
29. Muscle component 4655 3.33/ -124/ -.515 -/4.43 /-1.79 from 52-53
of body mass 2.13 -3.13
girls, "beys. %
The components of "emotional burnout syndrome" in both samplings are p[resented mainly at the average level, which proves the necessity to differentiate training loads and rehabilitation methods.
The tendency of the average according to the given sampling values to increase or decrease characterizes the index of asymmetry (As). Heterogeneity of the indices distribution according to sampling is underlined by considerable positive and negative asymmetry values (As is more than
0,5); homogeneity of the sampling is proved by As=0.
Thus, among 14-17 year-old athletes most indices in internality of achievements (Ia) and interpersonal relations (Ii) are considerably higher of the average in the sampling; the average value of aggression index (Ai) is considerably lower than the average value (has the tendency to decrease). In other words, athletes are inclined to take the responsibility in the questions of own achievements and interpersonal relations and restrict own physical, verbal or
R
indirect aggression, especially as the means for the aim achievement or own borders protection.
Among the sampling of 18-25 year-old athletes most indices of motivation for success achievement (MSA), the need for safety (NS), internality of family relations (If), aggression index (Ai), suspiciousness (S), "emotional burnout syndrome" component-depersonalization (D) are considerably lower than the average sampling (+As more than 0,5); need for self-actualization (NSelf), internality of failures (Ifail.), internality of productive relations (Ip) are higher than the average (-As more than 0,5).
The ratio of fat and muscle components of body mass in the average among the girls was 27% and 46%, among boys - 14% and 54%. At the same time, in all samplings both among boys and girls the percentage index of fat tissue considerably decreases (As more than 0,51), muscle tissue index increases (As more than -0,51).
CONCLUSION
The ratio of the resource level psychological-physiological indices for the given sampling of athletes can be presented in the following form:
1) Motivation for success achievement predominance (at medium high level) over motivational tendency to failures avoidance (at the average level) / MSA and MFA at medium high level (among mature athletes);
2) the absence of high indices according to "emotional burnout syndrome";
3) aggression index (as the means, instrument for achievement) is higher than hostility index (as self-value in the relations with outer world);
4) the absence of high indices according to "offence", "sense of guilt" scale;
5) satisfied needs for safety and social needs in urgent (not satisfied) needs for self-actualization and recognition. The absence of partial dissatisfaction according to all 5 groups of needs;
6) the absence of material needs combination and the need for recognition in the hierarchy of needs as the urgent one (not satisfied);
7) mainly internal type of control according to all 7 scales of "The level of subjective control" methodology (proves successful age crisis of 1415 years-old overcoming, potential for stress
resistance);
8) an optimal ratio of fat and muscle components of athletes' body weight. It is necessary for sports shape preservation and increase and also their resource psycho-emotional state support during the period of the desired weight category (arm wrestling, wrestling) or a normal body weight gaining (swimming) should be: 7-9% by 52-58% for boys under 16; 5-7% by 52-58% for boys above 16; 9-11% by 52-58% for girls.
The results of the research formed the base for a complex methodology creation of psychological-physiological support of sports training at the Olympic reserve sports school on the basis of individually-differentiated and resource approaches.
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Submitted: 15.05.2019
Author's information:
Alexander S. Kuznetsov - Doctor of Pedagogics, professor, Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, 423806, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizametdinova str., House 28, e-mail: kuznetsov-as@ mail.ru
Evgeniya N. Usmanova - Candidate of Pedagogics, Vityaz named after M.S. Bibisheva, 423822, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Naberezhnochelninskiy av., House 23, e-mail: evgeniya-usmanova@mail. ru
Oksana V. Kolomytseva- Candidate of Pedagogics, Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, 423806, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizametdinova str., House 28, e-mail: oksavikol@ rambler.ru
