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7ТЕОРИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ КУЛЬТУРЫ THEORY AND HISTORY OF CULTURE
Original article Culturology
YAK 520.1:008
https://d0i.0rg/10.52883/2619-0214-2021-4-2-160-176
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES RELATED TO THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST
M. Cotte
co tte .michel@ orange .fr
ICOMOS Nantes, France
Abstract. The article examines the existing relationship between two important concepts, but which are different a priori. First is the heritage of astronomy, generally associated with modern European science and its development through the construction of a series of famous observatories with large fixed instruments, all along lgth - 20th centuries. Second is the successful implementation of the World Heritage convention from around 50 years, with its famous List of heritage sites, monuments, ancient cities and landscapes.
The article shows the relatively limited number, but already notable, of places nowadays registered on the World Heritage List or even sometime places aiming to be nominated for next years. Additional questions raise, asked by a partnership between Astronomy and World Heritage List; e.g.: the existing astronomical heritage from ancient civilizations or indigenous societies; astronomy as associated value of broader nominations including classical heritage as palaces, monuments, historical cities and etc. In conclusion, we shortly examine the perspectives of the joint field of Astronomy and World Heritage.
Keywords: astronomy, observatories, World Heritage.
For citation: Cotte M. Astronomical Observatories related to the World Heritage List. Heritage andModern Times. 202i;4(2):i60-i76. https://d0i.0rg/10.52883/2619-0214-2021-4-2-160-176
Introduction
The subject of "Astronomical Observatories related to the World heritage List" leads to some introductive remarks. It establishes a pivotal link between a well-defined category of scientific sites - the astronomical observatories - and an international convention for the recognition of heritage. To be listed as a World Heritage property, individual observatories have to demonstrate their "outstanding universal value", following the key word of the Convention.
This link seems obvious for some monumental observatories, built by kings and princes with ostentation purposes, showing their interest for Sci-
Cc) Cotte M., 2021 160
ence and modernity. In this way, of course, the intrinsic value of architecture and surrounding of some of them may reach a high level; but generally speaking, even whether constructions and surrounding landscape are well preserved, with a high level of authenticity and integrity, that is not enough for many observatories as individual monuments to meet the criteria of the convention and to join the World Heritage family. The value and significance of scientific works happened along the history of the site are also an important criterion to justify the inscription. A first very short list of exceptional observatories could be fostered, having by themselves enough value and significance to be recognized as World Heritage.
In addition, we must have attention to the international significance of what we call astronomy, in general terms and historical terms, beyond the only one recent development of the Western modern science, from the Enlightenments to today. Making a definitive distinction between what is rational observation of the sky and what is subjective relationship between facts of terrestrial life and cosmos, is something relatively recent, even in the Western mentality. In other words, observation of the sky had led many of the human civilizations to build astronomical devices and sites to improve and deepen its sky knowledge, directly related to their social and spiritual purposes. Those may have a great heritage importance, even without direct contribution to the "Modern Science". In such case, words astronomy or archaeoastronomy may be used with profit, but only when clear and understandable facts witness of past observation of celestial objects or phenomenon and eventual technical uses of it.
We also have to pay attention to an important trend of the implementation of the World Heritage Convention: the added value fostered by the science heritage to a broader nomination; in other words, the astronomical attributes inside a given nomination are only a part of the whole nomination, and even a little part! For instance, we can see on the List a large number of historical cities, and some of them may have some important scientific settlement inside their perimeter, with a major contribution to the history of sciences. Ancient astronomical observatories in urban context may respond to such a situation. We can tell a similar remark for an astronomical clock as notable attribute inside a gothic cathedral.
In another way, astronomy may contribute to broader scientific or technological project, as practical or theoretical tool for implementing it. E.g.: project needs the use of celestial laws for improving other tangible fields, for instance: construction, urbanism, navigation, geodesy, satellite launching, etc. That offers well-known fields of "applied astronomy" and in terms of legacy; it is a new large open field, following the category of an associated heritage to those of classical type, as an additional value.
The observatories on the World Heritage List for their own astronomical value
The observatory of Greenwich (UK)1
It was certainly the first astronomical observatory registered by UNESCO and astronomy corresponds to an explicit contribution to the Outstanding Universal Value of the ensemble. Settled close to London on the Thames' riverside, it offers a group of buildings and a park, built mainly during the second part of 17th century and early 18th century. Entire name of the property is "Maritime Greenwich" related to its functions for maritime control and scientific support to the Navy, at the entrance of the London' harbour. The Observatory is the central building in the park and it is associated to the maritime ensemble closer from the river bank. One of its major roles is for the meridian reference and time keeping, linking the sky observation and maritime management. Other buildings under the crown patronage were devoted to the Admiralty, Royal Naval College and a hospital.
Architectural and aesthetic value of the ensemble, in Palladian style for buildings and Le Notre style for the garden, was an important issue for the WH recognition, but the twin facets of maritime utilities and scientific support, especially astronomical observations have been underlined by the inscription:
"Greenwich is associated with outstanding architectural and artistic achievements as well as with scientific endeavour of the highest quality through the development of navigation and astronomy at the Royal Observatory, leading to the establishment of the Greenwich Meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as world standards."[1].
Fig. 1 & 2. The Greenwich Observatory near London and its clock (GMT) © Wikimedia commons
1 On the World Heritage List: "Maritime Greenwich" (UK, 1997).
1Ó2
Whether the Greenwich Observatory is recognized among an ensemble in heritage relationship with classical value for architecture and leisure garden, its astronomical value is correctly proposed and it was the first time for that (Fig. i & 2.). Recognitions by the World heritage Committee devoted exclusively to an observatory site correspond to relatively recent listings; but indeed, they are not so numerous and they could be considered as very rare examples!
The Jantar Mantar of India2
Jantar Mantar is the original name of an observatory site built from the late period of the Mughal' civilization. During the 18th century, a small series of such observatories (Jantar Mantar, Fig. 3 & 4) were erected in the line of the Arabian-Persian astronomy, itself pursuing the antic Ptolemaic tradition. A series of factors both social and scientist pushed some of the Mughal' princes, as province rulers at the late period of the Empire, to build the largest instruments never done for naked eyes observations. Aims were to improve the local time management and the sky knowledge, especially for completing the Tables of Jiz, the more accurate ones till Western discovery of refractor telescope; such a program was resulting from centuries from the Islamic astronomical practices.
The Jantar Mantar of Jaipur (Rajasthan) was listed by the World Heritage Committee in 2010 as an "astronomical observatory site", including around 20 built fixed instalments for naked eye observations, this for different astronomical measurements and mapping of the sky. Mughal' society of that uncertain and moving times was also very preoccupied by its future both as shared culture and as individual destiny. In other terms that meant a major popular concern for astrology joining the interest for astronomical knowledge. Indeed, an important part of fixed instalments was erected for observation of Zodiac constellations and the associated astrological predictions.
Fig. 3 & 4. The Jantar Mantar of Jaipur (Rajastan-India): general view of monumental fixed instruments and the monumental "Brihat Samrat Yantra" (Gnomon) © WH website - Inscription file of India
2 Oil the World Heritage List: "The Jantar Mantar. Jaipur" (India. 2010).
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Its Outstanding Universal Values is expressed by following terms:
Criterion (iii): "The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is an outstanding example of the coming together of observation of the universe, society and beliefs. It provides an outstanding testimony of the ultimate culmination of the scientific and technical conceptions of the great observatory devised in the Medieval world. It bears witness to very ancient cosmological, astronomical and scientific traditions shared by a major set of Western, Middle Eastern, Asian and African religions, over a period of more than fifteen centuries"; and
Criterion (iv): "The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is an outstanding example of a very comprehensive set of astronomical instruments, in the heart of a royal capital at the end of the Mughal period in India. Several instruments are impressive in their dimensions, and some are the largest ever built in their category"[2].
There is also an important Jantar Mantar from the same historical period in New Delhi. It offers a park with today public access, containing a series of similar fixed instalments generally speaking well preserved. It is now on the Indian Tentative List. That means an intention to present it for listing for next years.
The Radio Astronomical Observatory of Jodrell Bank (UK)3
Jodrell Bank Observatory (Fig. 5.) was settled in rural area in the Manchester region immediately after the World War II. It reused first the military technic of "radar", developed during the conflict as sky survey by echoes of radio waves. Jodrell Bank Observatory was a pioneer place for this scientific reconversion and immediate considerable innovations with erection of one of the first gigantic parabolic antenna for radio astronomy. It has been regularly in function with creation of new scientific instruments in the field of radio-astronomy, contributing to major discoveries on the universe constitution and fundamental physics.
Fig. 5. The Lowell Radio Telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory © Anthony Holloway WH Centre UNESCO
3 Oil the World heritage List: "Jodrell Bank Observatory" (UK, 2019).
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It was recently registered as World Heritage property (2019) bearing a totally new type of scientific heritage on the List. It hosts today a large set of successive instruments generally maintained in function with appropriate maintenance. Outstanding Universal Value is totally devoted to modern astronomical significances both for technical instruments and scientific results:
"Criterion (i): Jodrell Bank Observatory is a masterpiece of human creative genius related to its scientific and technical achievements. The adaptation and development of radar and radio frequency reflectivity to develop radically new equipment, such as the Transit Telescope and Lovell Telescope, were a key part in the development of entirely new fields of scientific research and led to a dramatic change in the understanding of the Universe. The Observatory was important in the pioneering phase and later evolution of radio astronomy.
Criterion (ii): Jodrell Bank Observatory represents an important interchange of human values over a span of time and on a global scale on developments in technology related to radio astronomy. The scientific work at Jodrell Bank was at the heart of a global collaborative network. In particular, several important technological developments such as very large paraboloidal dish telescopes and interferometer were developed at the Observatory, and were later influential in scientific endeavours in many parts of the world.
Criterion (iv): Jodrell Bank Observatory represents an outstanding example of a technological ensemble which illustrates a significant stage in human history (1940s 1960s) - the transition from optical astronomy to radio astronomy and the associated consequence for the understanding of the Universe through multi-wavelength astrophysics. The property is also associated with the peacetime development of 'Big Science' as a major change in the way in which scientific research was supported and undertaken. The surviving evidence at the property related to the evolutionary development of radio astronomy from the post-war pioneering phase through to sophisticated, large scale research activity in the field makes Jodrell Bank an outstanding example of such a technological ensemble.
Criterion (vi): Jodrell Bank Observatory is directly and tangibly associated with events and ideas of outstanding universal significance. The development of the new field of radio astronomy at the property lead to a revolutionary understanding of the Universe which was only possible through research beyond the possibilities of optical astronomy to explore the electromagnetic spectrum beyond visible light. Understanding of the nature and scale of the Universe has been dramatically changed by research in radio astronomy at the Observatory"[3].
Nowadays, Jodrell Bank Observatory is the alone site exclusively recognized by UNESCO for its scientific and technical value. Generally speaking, as already stated, astronomical value and in a broader sense scientific value are considered as part of a more global value, as attribute of the place among others.
The observatories listed as associated value among broader nominations
The Pulkovo Observatory as monument of Saint Petersburg*
The "Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and related groups of monuments" was one element of the first set of properties nominated by the Russian Federation for the World heritage List, in 1990. It was a nomination focusing on the creation of the city by Peter the Great at the very early of 18th century, with its exceptional testimony of urbanism and monuments:
"The Venice of the North', with its numerous canals and more than 400 bridges, is the result of a vast urban project begun in 1703 under Peter the Great. Later known as Leningrad (in the former USSR), the city is closely associated with the October Revolution. Its architectural heritage reconciles the very different Baroque and pure neoclassical styles, as can be seen in the Admiralty, the Winter Palace, the Marble Palace and the Hermitage" [4].
At the time of inscription, the Pulkovo Observatory (Fig. 6) was a marginal monument of the historical city, both by its settlement on a hill at some distance of the urban centre and by its period of construction relatively late, clearly at the end of the historical achievement of the city. It was just one of the 136 components of a rich and complex serial nomination, mainly devoted to urban and monumental meanings. It was clearly a limit of the urbanism impact and its value was perceived through its architecture. To confirm this very secondary role and lack of importance of the heritage of science: it was just a name "Pulkovo observatory" on the component list and it even has no mapping at the time of the inscription! A claim about this lacuna was made later by the World Heritage Committee. The observatory is not mentioned inside the ICOMOS report, meaning clearly it has no important contribution to the value of the nomination.
Fig. 6. The Observatory of Pulkovo, one of the most important and most complete never built in the World © Wikipedia commons
1 Oil Hie World Heritage List: "Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments" (Russia. 1990).
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We had to wait a very recent joint mission of the World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS to see a clear and very new attention to the Observatory and its scientific meanings (2019). First, attention of the mission was drawn by a project of residential complex in the vicinity of the Observatory, with risk of hampering the visual value of the place. Second, the 2019' mission underlined the scientific value of the place and the consequent need to get and adapted protection and to promote both its architectural and scientific value [5].
A similar situation is present at the famous 'Sans-Souci' palace and park in Potsdam, near Berlin5. There, it is not the implementation of an exceptional city during Enlightenments' period, but the building during the same epoch of a magnificent ensemble made of palace and associated gardens, by the famous Prussian king 'Frederic 2'. The park itself is a large and diversified area including many constructions and also a lateral hill where the observatory of Berlin was displaced during the early 20th century, enjoying a more clear sky outside the urban air pollution of the capital. Name is the 'Babelsberg Observatory^ but if it is clearly mentioned as a monument of the nomination, it is not indicated for scientific meaning or for any contribution to the Outstanding Universal Value of the place!
The Ulugh-Beg's Observatory in Samarkand (Uzbekistan)6
The situation of an observatory registered in association with a large ensemble as are a historical city or a royal palace and garden is not exclusive to modern Europe. We find a very nice example and a rare heritage of the Islamic astronomy with the observatory of Samarkand, a magnificent city built during the golden age of the Timurid period of the 14th - 15th centuries. The presentation of the general value of the place indicates:
"The major monuments include the Registan mosque and madrasahs, originally built in mud brick and covered with decorated ceramic tiles, the Bibi-Khanum Mosque and Mausoleum, the Shakhi-Zinda compound, which contains a series of mosques, madrasahs and mausoleum, and the ensembles of Gur-Emir and Rukhabad, as well as the remains of Ulugh-Bek's Observatory" [6].
Immediately at the time of its inscription (2001), the observatory (Fig. 7.) was recognized as a major component of the place, but the criteria not mention science or astronomy as featuring the value of the historical city; even if the nowadays' built heritage of the medieval Islamic culture related to the history of astronomy is very rare.
5 On the World Heritage List: "Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin" (Germany, 1992).
6 On the World heritage List: "Samarkand - Crossroad of Cultures" (Uzbekistan, 2001).
Fig. 7. Meridian Arc of the Ulugh-Beg Observatory, Samarkand, 15th century © Our Place, WH Centre UNESCO
Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in "The Centre of Heaven and Earth" (China)?
The nominated property offers eight groups of building spread out over around 40 square kilometres at the piedmont of the Mount Songshan, central China and close from the ancient capital of the Empire. Nine successive dynasties built temples and monuments covering a large set of manifestations both religious, political, educative and scientific. The diverse components reflect the place perceived as "Centre of Heaven and Earth", illustrating alliance of the tangible and intangible forces by the mediation of Chinese emperors. It was a key place along the Chinese history for the simultaneous development of religions, art, education and sciences.
Indeed, the place was already used in the 8th century for celestial observations; a sundial from still offers some remains. The site witnesses of diverse buildings hosting educative academies and development of astronomical activities, especially of a monumental observatory built from 13th century. Its function was to observe the solstices in order to establish an accurate calendar.
Oil the World Heritage List: "Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in 'Hie Centre of Heaven and Earth" " (China, 2010).
168"
At that time, the Denfeng (Fig. 8.) location was considered as the "centre of the heaven and earth", bearing unique cosmological characteristics and qualities for providing the best sky observations in the World. Indeed such performances was possible, but by dimensions and accuracy of astronomical devices. Its Outstanding Universal Value is expressed with a notable role for astronomical features, in narrow relationship with other social, religious and political meanings:
"Criterion (iii): The astronomical idea of the centre of heaven and earth is strongly linked with the idea of imperial power, with the propi-tiousness of establishing capitals at the centre of heaven and earth, and with its natural attribute, Mount Songshan and the ceremonies and ritual associated with it. The serial property reflects the significance of the area in terms of prestige and patronage.
Fig. 8. Denfeng Observatory, China. © Wikimedia commons
Criterion (vi): The concentration of sacred and secular structures in the Dengfeng area reflects the strong and persistent tradition of the centre of heaven and earth linked to the sacred mountain which sustained imperial sacrifices and patronage over 1500 years and became of outstanding significance in Chinese culture. The Buddhist structures came to have a symbiotic relationship with the sacred mountain" [7].
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Astronomy as part of a broader scientific project The Strove geodetic arc8
One of the most important measurements of the meridian arc was undertaken and achieved during the first half of the 19th century. It spent in northern and central Europe, from Lapland-Norway to the Black Sea, for around 2800 km and through 10 nowadays countries9. Works spent almost over 40 years, under the leadership of the astronomer and geodesist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve, first in charge of the Dorpat Observatory, Le-tonia, and later as director of the new Pulkovo Observatory in Saint Petersburg (Fig. 9 & 10). Technics of measurement was "triangulation" method, issued from the first French measurement of meridian by Jean Picard during 17th century.
Fig. 9 & 10. Monument at the northern station of the Struve Geodetic Arc in Norway. © World Heritage Center, nomination dossier & World Heritage Center website
Introduction of the declaration of Outstanding Universal Value recalls the content and the meanings of a very long line as heritage of science but physically discreet and repetitive:
"[Struve Arc] represented the first accurate measuring of a long segment of a meridian. This helped to establish the exact size and shape of the planet and marked an important step in the development of earth sciences and topographic mapping. It is an extraordinary example of scientific collaboration among scientists from different countries, and of collaboration between monarchs for a scientific cause. The original arc consisted of 258 main triangles with 265 main station points. The listed site includes 34 of the original station points, with different markings, i.e. a drilled hole in rock, iron cross, cairns, or built obelisks" [8].
8 On the World Heritage List: "Struve Geodetic Arc" (Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Moldavia, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine, 2005).
9 See note n° 8.
Undoubtedly, other great scientific of technical achievements could be seen in the same way. For instance, for many civilizations, construction and urbanism were under some astronomical rules, especially cardinal directions or solstices ones. But modern development, relying both on scientific and technical patterns could be seen sometime with a crucial bringing of astronomical measurements and results, as rockets technology, satellites and space conquest.
Sites and landscapes of Archaeoastronomy
Archaeoastronomy was developed simultaneously as specialised branch of archaeological survey, to study the relationships of built remains of ancient civilizations with sky events, and as heritage field. It was recently promoted as possible World Heritage, especially through the UNESCO-IAU initiative [9] and the joint Thematic Studies of IAU and ICOMOS [10; 11].
The Risco Caido landscape (Canarias' Islands)10
Risco Caido and Bantayga (Fig. 11 & 12.) highlands are popular names of central volcanic mountain of the Grand Canaria Island. Among a complex natural zone, there are important remains of the pre-hispanic civilization, with a very specific history as confined island culture, probably migrants from the Antiquity. The historical origin of this society remains unknown, but modern genetic shows roots in the Amazig culture of North Africa. Canarians lived centuries without any contact with outside, till the Spanish control of the coastal part of the main Canarias' Islands, at the end of 15th century. Final step of this civilization used the central escarped mountain zone as refuge and final homeland. They resisted many years against the Spanish Army and its metallic swords and armours, powder weapons...
During centuries, an isolated society developed and flourished with totally autonomous characteristics. For instances, the islanders used stone tools and weapons having no resources and no practice of metallic production. On the other hand, they had a good geometrical practice both for art, construction and sky observation. The evidences of astronomical observations show both naturel features, as using of volcanic picks for sky marks, and human constructions, making a kind of network of astronomical lines through a vast mountain landscape. The troglodytic temple of Risco Caido had a main cylinder room roofed by an astonishing perfect parabolic dome with an oculus making a moving image of the sun on the wall.
"Located in a vast mountainous area in the centre of Gran Canaria, Risco Caido comprises cliffs, ravines and volcanic formations in a landscape of rich biodiversity. The landscape includes a large number of troglodyte settlements - habitats, granaries and cisterns - whose age is proof
10 On the World Heritage List: "Risco Caido and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape" (Spain, 2019).
of the presence of a pre-Hispanic culture on the island, which has evolved in isolation, from the arrival of North African Berbers, around the beginning of our era, until the first Spanish settlers in the 15th century. The troglodyte complex also includes cult cavities and two sacred temples, or almogarenes - Risco Caido and Roque Bentayga - where seasonal ceremonies were held. These temples are thought to be linked to a possible cult of the stars and Mother Earth" [12].
Fig. 11 & 12. Bentayga sacred mountain and Risco Caido temple with parabolic dome with sun image. © World Heritage Centre, application dossier.
Chankillo archaeoastronomical site (Peru)11
The archaeoastronomical site of Chankillo (Fig. 13) is really impressing. It is an astronomical site coming from prehistory of Andean peoples. It shows the use of a north-south hill ridge with human complementary works for having regular observation notches. These ones were used for observations from two platforms at eastern plateau and western plateau. The ridge-line contains 12 regular notches made of built towers and combined excavations. They allowed a systematic and permanent observation of the sun with associated activities as calendar elaboration, predictions for agriculture and human activities, etc. A lateral castle completes the observation platforms, with fortified residential construction perhaps for priests, astronomers and rulers. The society who erected this unique ensemble lived around 3 century B.C., in the close region, especially in the valley along the Chankillo plateau.
The World Heritage dossier made a good and complete presentation of the place, both in archaeological terms and astronomical terms. It is presently (December 2019) under the evaluation process for the World Heritage Listing. We may be reasonably optimistic, because such amazing site is very complete, showing the practice of regular observations of the sky linked with clear evidences of large social ceremonies. The archaeological remains on the field are clearly readable and astronomical observation lines are surely determinate along the year and successive celestial events.
11 Applicant to the World heritage List: "Chankillo Solar Observatory and Ceremonial Centre" (under evaluation process. 2020).
Fig. 13. Chankillo archaeoastronomical site: an exceptional witness of the precise and regular sun observation by ancient Andin civilizations © World Monuments Fund
Conclusion and perspectives
Without any doubt, a dynamic for the recognition of the astronomical and archaeoastronomical heritage is presently running on; that in different ways. Of course, modern astronomy may have legitimate ambition to get recognition of individual observatories for their own value or sometime for their exceptional permanent instruments.
For instance, we have in mind the Paris Observatory [11], which is one of the most ancient and most prestigious from European Modern Science. It was built under the patronage of 'Académie des Sciences' and French King during the 17th century, exclusively for scientific purposes. It is also very well preserved and devoted to astronomy till nowadays.
Cape Town Observatory in South Africa [10] also offers a remarkable heritage with an excellent preservation of its original constructions and collections from early 19th century. It is the most ancient and achieved observatory of the southern hemisphere.
If the Babelsberg Observatory in Potsdam (Germany), from early 20th century is very briefly mentioned in the Palace and Park of Potsdam WH site, there is not at all any recognition for the Einstein Tower on the same hill, both as a remarkable building of the Modern Architecture and as an innovative instalment conceived for new astrophysical observations [10].
In Russia, Kazan Observatory also draws our attention for its astronomical heritage of great interest (Fig. 14 & 15). Others places certainly may be mentioned.
In another way, it is also the case of the remarkable cultural landscape for a high mountain observatory as Pic-du-Midi (France) is. It is one of the oldest of that type and permanently in use form its opening at the end of 19th century. It reaches now the status of a real icon of pacific relationship of human being with nature, both the Earth and the Sky [11].
We have certainly to imagine not an addition of individual nomination files for modern observatories, with risk of rapid rejection by the World Heritage Committee, that because notable similarities between them; but to propose a serial approach with their differences seen as complementarities and diversity of the theme. This series of "the Modern Astronomical Observatories" could be very international, but also very selective in terms of quality of construction and for scientific significances of sufficient magnitude for the history of astronomy.
Fig. 14 & 15.
University of Kazan Observatory (Russia) © Wikimedia commons: a paradigmatic Modern Observatory
Pic-du-Midi (France) © Regie Pic-du-Midi: a pioneer High Mountain Observatory, icon of scientific relationship of Humanity with Earth and Sky
References
1. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/795/ OUV, criterion (vi)
2. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1338 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1594
4. http://whc.unesc0.0rg/en/list/540
5. Joint World Heritage Centre - ICOMOS Advisory Mission Report, 19-23 March 2019, http://whc.unesc0.0rg/en/list/540/d0cuments/
174
6. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603
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Научная статья Культурология
https://d0i.0rg/10.52883/2619-0214-2021-4-2-160-176
АСТРОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОБСЕРВАТОРИИ И СПИСОК ВСЕМИРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ
М. Котт
икомос
Нант, Франция
Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются существующие взаимоотношения между двумя важными понятиями, которые изначально отличны. Во-первых, это астрономическое наследие, в основном, связанное с современной европейской наукой и ее развитием путём создания в течение XIX—XX веков ряда всемирно известных обсерваторий, оснащённых большими телескопами. Во-вторых, это успешная реализация в мире принятой около 50 лет назад Конвенции всемирного наследия, с ее знаменитым списком объектов наследия, памятников, древних городов и природных ландшафтов.
В статье приведено относительно ограниченное, но уже заметное количество мест, связанных с астрономией и зарегистрированных в настоящее время в Списке всемирного наследия, а также указаны некоторые объекты, претендующие на включение в него в последующие годы. Отмечены возникшие дополнительные вопросы в рамках партнёрства астрономии со Списком всемирного наследия. К ним относятся, например, существующее астрономическое наследие древних цивилизаций или коренных народов; астрономия как сопутствующая ценность в более широких номинациях, которые включают такое классическое наследие как исторические города, дворцы, комплексы памятников и т.д.
В заключении статьи кратко рассмотрены перспективы сотрудничества астрономии и Всемирного наследия.
Ключевые слова: астрономия, обсерватории, Всемирное наследие.
Для цитирования: Котт М. Астрономические обсерватории и Список всемирного наследия. Наследие и современность. 2021;4(2):1б0-17б. https://d0i.0rg/10.52883/2619-0214-2021-4-2-160-176
Литература
1. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/795/ OUV, criterion (vi)
2. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1338
3. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1594
4. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/540
5. Joint World Heritage Centre - ICOMOS Advisory Mission Report, 19-23 March 2019, http://whc.unesc0.0rg/en/hst/540/d0cuments/
6. http://whc.unesc0.0rg/en/list/603
7. http://whc.unesc0.0rg/en/list/1305
8. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187
9. https://whc.unesco.org/en/astronomy/
10. Clive Ruggles and Michel Cotte (dir.), Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeo-astronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, ICOMOS & IAU Thematic Studies, vol. 1, 2011.
11. Clive Ruggles and Michel Cotte (dir.), Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoas-tronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, ICOMOS & IAU Thematic Studies, vol. 2, 2017.
12. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1578
Author of the publication
Michel Cotte, Emeritus professor of the University of Nantes (France), ICOMOS panel member, Nantes, France. Email: cotte .michel@ orange .fr
Дата поступления 05.05.2021
Сведения об авторе
Котт Мишель, Почётный профессор Emeritus Университета г. Нант (Франция), Член Группы учёных ИКОМОС, Нант, Франция.
Email: cotte.michel@orange.fr
