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19
Jïnimtiuz ЭСа&ЖМЩ QV?3-2018 !
нарушениями глотания. Основная цель таких тестов - диагностика и оценка степени дисфагии необходимы для
выявить аспирацию на ранних стадиях инсульта, поэтому планирования последующей реабилитации.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1 Aszalos Z, Barsi P, Vitrai J, Nagy Z. Lateralization as a factor in the prognosis of middle cerebral artery territorial infarct // Eur Neurol. -2002. - №48(3). - Р. 141-145. doi: 10.1159/000065515.
2 Horner J, Massey EW, Riski JE, Lathrop DL, Chase KN. Aspiration following stroke: clinical correlates and outcome // Neurology. - 1988. -№38(9). - Р. 1359-1362.
3 Walker AE, Robins M, Weinfeld FD. The National Survey of Stroke. Clinicalfindings // Stroke. - 1981. - №12(2)., Suppl .1. - Р. 13-44.
4 Young EC, Durant-Jones L. Developing a dysphagia program in an acute care hospital: a needs assessment // Dysphagia. - 1990. - №5(3). - Р. 159-165. doi: 10.1007/BF02412640.
5 Martino, R., Foley, N., Bhogal, S., Diamant, N., Speechley, M., &Teasell, R. Dysphagia after stroke: Incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications // Stroke. - 2005. - №36. - Р. 2756-2763.
6 Daniels, S. K., Ballo, L. A., Mahoney, M. C., &Foundas, A. L. Clinical predictors of dysphagia and aspiration risk: Outcome measures in acute stroke patients // Archives o fPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation. - 2000. - №81. - Р. 1030-1033.
7 G.W. Ickenstein,J. Stein, D. Ambrosi Predictors of survival after severe dysphagic stroke // J. Neurol. - 2005. - №252(12). -Р. 1510-1516.
8 Shaker R. Management of Dysphagia in Stroke Patients // Gastroenterol. Hepatol. - N.Y.: 2011. - Vol. 7(5). -Р. 308-332.
A. Kondybayeva1, S. Kamenova1, K. Kuzhybayeva1, Zh. Zheldybayeva1, Zh. Dyusembaeva2, G. Umutbaeva2
1Asfendiyarov KazNMU, Department of Nervous Diseases with the Course of Neurosurgery 2City Clinical Hospital No7, Stroke Unit №1
ASSESSMENT OF SWALLOWING FUNCTIONIN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE STROKE
Resume: One of the most common and early problems that occur after a stroke is the difficulty of swallowing (dysphagia). Dysphagia is an important complication after ischemic stroke, found in 50% of patients with cortical stroke and 67% of patients with stroke, brainstem[1,2,3,4]. Difficulties in swallowing are often associated with high mortality and poor functional outcome and, of course, are risk factors for aspiration, pneumonia, dehydration and malnutrition. Keywords: stroke, ischemic stroke, dysphagia, swallowing difficulty.
А.М. Кондыбаева1, С.У. Каменова1, К.К. Кужибаева1, Ж.Х. Желдыбаева1, Ж.Б. Дюсембаева2, Г.А. Умутбаева2
1С.Ж. Асфендияров атындагы %аз¥МУ, нейрохирургия курсымен жуйке аурулары кафедрасы 2К,КА №7, нейроинсультбвл1м1 №1
ИНСУЛЬТТЩ ЖЕДЕЛ КЕЗЕЦ1НДЕГ1 НАУЦАСТАРДАГЫ Ж¥ТЫЛУ ЦЫЗМЕТШ БАГАЛАУ
Ty^h: Инсульттан кешн пайда болатын ец кец таралган жэне ерте кезецдеп проблемалардыц 6ipi - жутылук;иындык;тары (дисфагия). Дисфагия - бул кортикальды инсультпен ауыратын наукастардыц 50% -нда жэне инсультпен наукастардыц 67%-нда, баганалык; (1,2,3,4) кездесетш ишемиялык; инсульттан кешнп мацызды ас;ыну. Жутынудыц киындыгы кебшесе жогары децгейдеп елiммен жэне нашар функционалдык; нэтижеге байланысты жэне, эрине, аспирация, пневмония, дегидратация жэне тама;тану жеткшжаздИ ушш ;ауш факторлары болып табылады. TY^H4i сездер: инсульт, ишемиялык; инсульт, дисфагия, жутылу ;иындык;тары.
UDC 577.25
A.V. Perfilyeva1, K.B. Bespalova1,2, A.A. Garshin1, L.A. Skvortsova1, O.Kh.Khamdiyeva1, M.O. Begmanova1, B.O. Bekmanov1, L.B. Djansugurova1
1 Institute of General Genetics and Cytology CS MES RK, Almaty, Kazakhstan 2Al-Farabi KazNU, Almaty, Kazakhstan
ASSOCIATION OF COX-2 GENE POLYMORPHISM WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are heterogeneous diseases that results from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. There is evidence for inflammation playing a significant role in ASD. Polymorphism of genes involved in inflammation can be associated with the genetic predisposition to ASD. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, which promotes acute and chronic inflammation. In this study, we investigated the association of rs2745557 COX-2 polymorphism with ASD. The study included 27 children with ASD and 23 healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal swabs. Genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Statistical analysis showed that A allele was associated with increased risk of ASD (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.44 - 5.61, p=0.49). Increased risk of ASD was found for AA genotype vs the combined GG+GA genotypes (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.13 - 18.03, p=0.74) and for AA+GA genotypes vs the GG genotype (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 0.35 - 7.45, p = 0.53). The obtained results indicate that the rs2745557 polymorphism of COX-2 gene can contribute to the genetic predisposition to ASD. Further large-scale studies with more children will be conducted to confirm our findings.
Keywords: COX-2 gene, single nucleotide polymorphism, autism spectrum disorder, genetic predisposition
Introduction.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex childhood neuropsychiatrie disorders mainly characterized by deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, reciprocal social
interactions, stereotypic behaviors. In the last five years, the number of reported cases of children with autism in Kazakhstan has increased 1.8 times. According to the official data provided by the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan for
Vestnik KaxNMU №3-2018
2018, the prevalence of ASD is 2.6 per 100.000 children, which is lower than the world average. WHO estimated that worldwide 1 in 160 children has an ASD, the incidence is 6.25 per 100.000 people. We assume that the official data do not reflect the true picture of morbidity due to the difficulties of ASD diagnostics in our country.
The etiology of this pathology is extremely complex, and, in most cases, the underlying pathological mechanisms remain unknown. In recent years, a number of works have been devoted to the study of neurochemical, immunological, structural, functional and genetic factors of the ASD etiopathogenesis. The prevailing view is that autistic disorders are pathophysiological processes caused by a combination of various exogenous factors encountered in the early stages of development, as well as genetic predisposition.
There is increasing evidence that polymorphism of candidate genes, which include genes of cell adhesion, signal proteins, regulation of degradation and transcription processes, inflammation etc is involved in ASD pathologies [1]. Cyclooxygenase (COX) participates in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, the precursor of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. There are two main isoforms of COX: COX-1 is expressed constitutively and involved in the production of prostaglandins for cellular housekeeping functions, COX-2 is an inducible form. COX-2 catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which promotes cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and angiogenesis, and contributes to the pathological process of carcinogenesis and inflammation [2]. During inflammation, COX-2 is induced by growth factors, cytokines and proinflammatory agents, and it is thought to be involved in the production of prostanoids in neurodegenerative processes, seizures, normal neuronal functioning, neurotoxicity, and synaptic plasticity [3]. COX-2 is constitutively expressed in the neuronal tissues in regions that are critically affected in psychiatric disorders, such as the forebrain, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala [4].
Human COX-2 gene is located on chromosome 1, about 8.3 kb in size and consists of 10 exons. Genetic variations in the COX-2 gene can affect its functions, contributing to the genetic predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases, including ASD. The aim of the study was to test this hypothesis, so we conducted a case-control study of COX-2 rs2745557 polymorphism in autistic children in the population of Kazakhstan.
Materials and methods.
Collection of clinical material in families with children diagnosed with ASD was conducted at the "Autism pobedim" Fund on the
basis of the Memorandum of Cooperation with the Mercy Volunteer Society. Buccal swabs were collected from both parents of the child with ASD (proband), as well as from healthy siblings (brothers and sisters of proband) using sterile cotton-tipped applicators in individual plastic packs. The collected material was transported to the Institute of General Genetics and Cytology in a portable refrigerated container within several hours after the collection and then frozen at -80° C for further molecular-genetic studies.
Collection of clinical material was conducted exclusively on a voluntary basis after signing an informed consent by at least one of the parents. The protocol of the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Asfendiyarov's Kazakh National Medical University (№57, 05.09.2017). The protocol is based on the bioethical rules in human and animals research "Principles of Medical Ethics", approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations (1992) and Council of Europe Convention on Bioethics (1997).
In addition to signing an informed consent, a detailed questionnaire and necessary psychological testing of children were conducted using CARS and M-Chat-R test. As the control group, brothers and sisters of children with ASD were recruited. They were also examined using CARS and M-Chat-R tests to rule out any neurological and psychiatric problems.
DNA from buccal swabs was isolated using the DNA extraction kit (AmpliSens). The DNA samples were stored at -20°C and -80°C. The PCR-RFLP assay was used for the genotyping of COX-2 rs2745557 single nucleotide polymorphism. 50ng of target genomic DNA was amplified in 20^l PCR mixture, containing 10^l 2x PCR Master Mix (0.05 U/^L Taq DNA polymerase, reaction buffer, 4 mM MgCk, 0.4mM of each dNTP (ThermoScientific, Lithuania)) and 5 pM of each primer. The following primers were used to amplify 439 bp PCR products: forward 5'-GAGGTGAGAGTGTCTCAGAT-3' and reverse 5'-CTCTCGGTTAGCGACCAATT-3'. The PCR cycling conditions were one cycle at 94°C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 30 sec, a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. PCR products were digested at 370C for 8-16 hours with 1-3U of TaqI (Fermentas) and analyzed on 1.4% agarose ("TopVision Agarose", Fermentas, Lithuania) gels using a 100 bp DNA ladder marker (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Variant A allele had an TaqI restriction site that resulted in two bands (353+76 bp), and G allele lacked the TaqI restriction site and therefore produced a single 439-bp band, GT heterozygote produced three bands (figure 1).
15 14 13 12 11 ID 9 S 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 M
Figure 1 - PCR-RFLP based genotyping of COX-2 rs2745557 polymorphism: lane M - 100 bp DNA ladder, lanes 1-8, 14, 15- GG homozygous genotype (439 bp), lanes 10-13 -GA heterozygous genotype (439, 353 and 76 bp), lane 9- AA homozygous genotype (353 and 76 bp)
Statistical analysis was performed using the "Case-Control Study Estimating Calculator" by TAPOTILI company (Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Genomic Dactyloscopy of "GosNIIGenetika" State Scientific Centre of Russian Federation). Results and discussion.
Characteristics of the study population. 27 autistic children (AC) and their 23 healthy siblings (controls) were recruited in this study. The ethnic heterogeneity of both groups were Kazakh, Russian and other Asians. The mean age of the children at the time of testing was 8.63±6.72 years (range 1-29 years) for the AC group and 10.26±7.33 years (range 2-33 years) for the control group. In the AC group, 78% were male and 22% were female. In
the control group, 48% were male and 52% were female. Diagnoses of autism were established by senior psychiatrists. The cases were assessed using the Childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-Chat-R).
Results of genotyping. To investigate the association of rs2745557 polymorphism with increased risk of ASD, we genotyped a total of 27 AC and 23 controls.
The frequencies of genotypes and alleles did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in controls (p=0.03). Deviation from HWE in AC can be explained by small number of samples (p=0.05).
The frequencies of G and A alleles were 0.852 and 0.148 in AC, 0.900 and 0.100 in controls, respectively. The frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes were 0.850, 0.100 and 0.050 in ASD patients and 0.778, 0.148 and 0.074 in controls, respectively.
Table 1 - Genotype and allele frequencies
Iteeuuuuz HayHJinj QV?3-2018 !
The distribution of the genotypes in AC patients and controls as well as the ASD risk related to the rs2745557 polymorphism are summarized in table 1.
rs2745557 Case (%) Control (%) OR P
Genotypes (CI 95%) X2
GG 21 17 0.62 (0.13 - 2.84)
GA 4 2 1.57 (0.26 - 9.53) 0.39 0.82
AA 2 1 1.52 (0.13 - 18.03)
Dominant model
GG 21 17 0.62 (0.13 - 2.84) 0.39 0.53
AA+GA 6 3 1.62 (0.35 - 7.45)
Recessive model
GG+GA 25 19 0.66 (0.06 - 7.81) 0.11 0.74
AA 2 1 1.52 (0.13 - 18.03 )
Allele
G - - 0.64 (0.18 - 2.29) 0.48 0.49
A - - 1.57 (0.44 - 5.61)
As shown in Table 3, the A allele was associated with increased risk of ASD (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.44 - 5.61, p=0.49). Furthermore, increased risk of ASD was found for AA genotype vs the combined variant of GG+GA genotypes (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.13 - 18.03, p=0.74), and for AA+GA genotypes vs the GG genotype (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.13 - 18.03, p=0.74). Unfortunately, identified associations were not significant due to the small number of study groups. Further large-scale studies with more children will be conducted to confirm our findings. Discussion.
It has been recently demonstrated that the level of inflammation in different regions of the brain is increased in ASD [5-8]. Elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8) [9-11], microglial and astrocytic activation [12-16], and aberrant expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells [17] were detected in children with ASD.
COX-2 is one of the main players in inflammatory reactions in various tissues, including brain tissue. Expression of COX-2 is induced by pro-inflammatory molecules and is responsible for the production of prostanoids in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. In the rat brain, COX-2 mRNA and immunoreactivity were found in dentate gyrus granule cells, pyramidal cell neurons in the hippocampus, the piriform cortex, superficial cell layers of neocortex, the amygdala, and at low levels in the striatum, thalamus and hypothalamus [18, 19].
Yoo H.J. et.al. demonstrated three evidences supporting the involvement of COX-2 in ASDs [20]. First, it was shown that laminar pattern of cortical COX-2 immunoreactivity is disrupted and COX-2-positive neurons are decreased in Rett syndrome, a variant of ASD [21]. Second, COX-2 participates in the induction of long-term potentiation, a main model of synaptic plasticity, subsequent learning and memory. Thus, it was shown that rats subjected to destruction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons during the first post-natal week had decreased levels of hippocampal COX-2 in adulthood and impaired social memory, which is a critical deficit in human ASDs [22]. Third, there is a link between disrupted immune responses and ASD. Since cytokines and other products of the immune system have
widespread effects on neuronal pathways and can alter behaviors such as mood and sleep, it is possible that COX-2 is involved in these abnormal immune processes observed in ASDs [23].
So, COX-2 can play role in the etiology of autism and its polymorphisms can be associated with predisposition to ASD. The association between COX-2 polymorphism and neurodegenerative diseases has been studied. A number of studies have reported an association decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease and the C allele (-765 promoter polymorphism), which plays a protective role in the disease development [24].
The functional effect of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2745557 in intron 1 on the activity of COX-2 protein is not yet known
However, the A-allele of the rs2745557 was significantly associated with the development of autism in the Korean population (x2 = 7.143, p = 0.008) [20].
In our study, the A-allele was also associated with increased risk of developing autism (p=0.49). Increased risk of ASD was also associated with AA and AA+GA genotypes. Further large-scale studies with more children will be conducted to confirm our findings.
In practical terms, the study of SNP-markers in children with ASD can create a scientific basis for the development of new methods of early ASD diagnostics which will allow us to determine the genetic predisposition to ASD. Despite intensive research, ASD remains extremely difficult to diagnose before age 2. Most children with ASD are diagnosed at 5-6 or older. This is a critical limitation because early intervention improves prognosis of ASD [25]. Diagnosis of the disorders at an early age using SNP-markers will enable physicians to develop new methods of early therapy that will be more effective than if they start at the age of 2, when the first symptoms appear and when ASD are most often diagnosed. All this as a whole will allow us to optimize the whole complex of medical and psychological assistance to families with children diagnosed with ASD and, as a result, to improve their social adaptation indicators.
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Vestnik KazNMU №3-2018
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А.В. Перфильева1, К.Б. Джантаева12, А.А. Гаршин1, Л.А. Скворцова1, О.Х. Хамдиева1, М.О. Бегманова1, Б.О. Бекманов1, Л.Б. Джансугурова1
1 К,РБГМ FK «Жалпы генетика жэне цитология институты», Алматы, К^азацстан 2Эл-Фараби атындагы К,азац Yлттыцуниверситетi
АУТИЗМ СПЕКТР1 Б¥ЗЫЛУЫНЬЩ ДАМУЫМЕН COX-2 ГЕН1 ПОЛИМОРФИЗМ1НЩ АССОЦИАЦИЯСЫН ЗЕРТТЕУ
Ty^^ Аутизм спектршщ бузылуы (АСБ) бул нейродегенеративт аурулардыц клиникалык гетероген^ тобы, ол генетикалык жэне коршаган орта факторларыныц езара эрекеттесу нэтижесшен туындайды. АСБ этиологиясында кабынудыц мацызды рeлi туралы зерттеулер бар. Осыган байланысты, кабыну процесшде мацызды рел аткаратын гендердщ полиморфизмi АСБ дамуымен байланысты болуы мумкш. Циклооксигеназа-2 (COX-2) арахидон ;ышк;ылын етюр жэне созылмалы кабыну процестерше катысатын простагландин Н2 турше айналдырады. Осы жумыста АСБ бар COX-2 геншщ полиморфизмшщ rs2745557 ассоциациясы зерттелдь Зерттеуге АСБ бар 27 бала жэне 23 сау адам катысты. Геномдык ДНЦ ауыз куысыныц кырындысынан белшш алынды. Полиморфизмдi генотиптеу ПТР-РФ¥П эдiсiмен жузеге асырылды. Статистикалык талдау керсеткендей, аллел А АСБ дамуыныц жогары тэуекелiмен байланысты (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.44-5.61, p = 0.49). Сондай-ак, АА генотишн GG+GA (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.13 -18.03, p = 0.74) генотиптж комбинациясымен салыстырганда, жэне AA+GA генотиптершщ тiркесiмiмен GG (OR = 1,62, 95% CI = 0,35 - 7,45, p = 0,53) генотишн салыстырганда жогары тэуекелдыж аныкталды. Алынган нэтижелер АСБ-на генетикалык бешмдшкэт калыптастыруда COX-2 геншщ rs2745557 катысуы мумкш екендИн керсетть Бiздiц алынган нэтижелерiмiздi растау ушш кеп балалармен кец аукымды зерттеулер журпзшетш болады.
ТYЙiндi сездер: COX-2 геш, бiр нуклеотидт полиморфизм,аутизм спектр бузылыстары, генетикалык бешмдшж.
Вестник Ка^ЖМУ №3-2018
А.В. Перфильева1, К.Б. Джантаева12, А.А. Гаршин1, Л.А. Скворцова1, О.Х. Хамдиева1, М.О. Бегманова1, Б.О. Бекманов1, Л.Б. Джансугурова1
1 «Институт общей генетики и цитологии» КН МОН РК, Алматы, Казахстан 2Казахский национальный университет имени аль-Фараби
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АССОЦИАЦИИ ПОЛИМОРФИЗМА ГЕНА COX-2 С РАЗВИТИЕМ РАССТРОЙСТВ
АУТИСТИЧЕСКОГО СПЕКТРА
Резюме: Расстройства аутистического спектра (РАС) - это клинически гетерогенная группа нейродегенеративных заболеваний, возникающих в результате взаимодействия генетических и экологических факторов. Существуют исследования о важной роли воспаления в этиологии расстройств аутистического спектра. В связи с этим, полиморфизм генов, играющих важную роль в процессе воспаления, может быть ассоциирован с развитием РАС. СОХ-2 превращает арахидоновую кислоту в простагландин Н2, который участвует в процессах острого и хронического воспаления. В данной работе изучали ассоциацию полиморфизма ге2745557 гена СОХ-2 с РАС. В исследование было включено 27 детей с РАС и 23 здоровых человека. Геномную ДНК экстрагировали из буккальных соскобов. Генотипирование полиморфизма проводили с использование метода ПЦР-ПДРФ. Статистический анализ показал, что аллель А связан с повышенным риском развития расстройств аутистического спектра (OR = 1,57, 95% С1 = 0,44-5,61, р = 0,49). Также, повышенный риск был обнаружен для генотипа АА по сравнению с комбинацией генотипов GG+GA (OR = 1,52, 95% С1 = 0,13 - 18,03, р = 0,74) и для генотипов AA+GA в сравнении с генотипом GG (OR = 1,62, 95% С1 = 0,35 - 7,45, р = 0,53). Полученные результаты показывают, что ге2745557 гена СОХ-2 может участвовать в формировании генетической предрасположенности к аутизму. Дальнейшие крупномасштабные исследования с большим количеством детей будут проводиться для подтверждения наших результатов.
Ключевые слова: СОХ-2 ген, однонуклеотидный полиморфизм, расстройства аутистического спектра, генетическая предрасположенность
га
УДК 616.89:614
М.К. Касымжанова1, Н. Манучехр2, А.Т. Манучехр1
1АО Национальный медицинский университет, г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан 2Казахский национальный медицинский непрерывного образования, г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан
БИОЭТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ОКАЗАНИЯ ПСИХИАТРИЧЕСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ
(ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)
В сфере психиатрической службе трудности, связанные с моральной и социальной дискриминацией психически больных, довольно выражены. Пациенты зачастую сталкиваются с ограничением прав и стигматизацией, что обуславливает меньшую обращаемость к психиатрам, за которой необратимо следует негативный эффект на течение и прогноз заболевания. Психиатрия как объект правового и этического регулирования выполняет двойную функцию, защищая интересы больного и интересы общества. Все это требует формирования мер превенции и поственции основных источников потенциального ущерба, связанного с психиатрической практикой. Вопросы биоэтики в психиатрии мало освещены в стране и требуют возведения в ранг научных исследований. Целью статьи является анализ специфических проблем для психиатрической деятельности с последующей разработкой практических рекомендаций.
Ключевые слова: ограничение прав психиатрических пациентов, объект правового и этического регулирования, вопросы биоэтики
Введение: Согласно ВОЗ, психическое здоровье является неотъемлемой частью и важнейшим компонентом здоровья. Психическое здоровье наряду с физическим здоровьем, определяет социальную удовлетворенность и устроенность человека, и как следствие- повышение качества жизни. [1]. Одной из приоритетных задач системы здравоохранения Республики Казахстан является укрепление психического здоровья граждан. [2]. В настоящее время, в диагностике и лечении психических заболеваний достигнуты значительные успехи.[1,5,6]. Однако, имеющиеся
достижения не осуществимы без регулирования качества оказания психиатрической помощи на условиях транспарентного участия всех общественных институтов, распределения обязанностей между правовыми, социальными, психологическими, образовательными структурами и собственно психиатрической службой. [7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
Актуальность: Вопросы регулирования в оказании медико-социальной помощи лицам, страдающих психическими расстройствами, в отечестве осуществляется главой 20 Кодекса Республики Казахстан «О здоровье народа и системе здравоохранения», принятого от 18 сентября 2009 года. [12]. При этом трудности, связанные с моральной и социальной дискриминацией психически больных,довольно выражены в психиатрической службе. Определенно, что применение только лишь правовых норм и процедур не обеспечивает решения многообразных нравственно-этических проблем во системах «врач-пациент», «пациент-
общество», «психиатрия-общество». [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. Из существующих медицинских направлений психиатрия в превалирующей степени имеет дело с человеком как с личностью, имеющейкак биологическую так и психическую, духовную и социальную составляющие. С.С. Корсаков отмечает: «Психиатрия из всех медицинских наук наиболее близко ставит нас к вопросам философским». Психиатрия как объект правового и этического регулирования выполняет двойную функцию, защищая интересы больного и интересы общества. Соответственно, этические вопросы практики оказания психиатрической помощи распространены и решение их зачастую сопряжено с трудностями. Вопросы биоэтики в психиатрии мало освещены в стране и требуют возведения в ранг научных исследований с последующей разработкой практических рекомендаций.
Цель: Анализ специфических биоэтических проблем в психиатрической деятельности с последующей разработкой практических рекомендаций.
Во всем мире наблюдается тенденция роста числа психических заболеваний, однако в Казастане выявляемость психическими и поведенческими расстройствами в 3,1 раз ниже по сравнению со странами организации экономического сотрудничества и развития [18, 19]. Одной из причин, помимо кадрового дефицита, является проблема стигматизации в психиатрии. Из истории психиатрии известно, что стигматизация в прошлом своем находила выражение не только в морально-психологической нагрузке
