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RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, VOL. 20, ES5002, doi:10.2205/2020ES000701, 2020
Assessment the effect of atmospheric correction algorithms for monitoring PM10 concentration by using Landsat 8OLI data: A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam
Nguyen Nhu Hung1, Le Minh Hang1, Tran Van Anh2, and Le Vu Hong Hai1 Received 7 October 2019; accepted 18 December 2019; published 17 August 2020.
Air pollution is becoming more serious, especially in developing countries like Vietnam. Air pollution is affecting human health, especially atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with a diameter 2.5 ^m (PM2.5) or 10 ^m (PM10). Atmospheric particulate matter affect to scatter or absorb electromagnetic energy which reflect to satellite sensors. Hence, PM10 concentration can be determined based on ground measured data or satellite images. PM10 concentration is determined by multiple linear regression method using field measured value and atmospheric reflectance calculated by satellite images at the same time. The atmospheric reflectance is defined as the subtraction of top of atmospheric reflectance (TOA) and surface reflectance value. Therefore, atmospheric correction algorithm for surface reflectance plays an important role in determining PM10 concentration by using remote sensing data. In this article, the authors presented the assessment effect of atmospheric correction methods as DOS (Dark Object Subtraction), FLAASH (Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hyper cubes) and LaSRC (Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Code) for accurate regression of PM10 concentration from satellite images. The experimental data were Landsat 8OLI of Hanoi area, Vietnam at three times on 22 January 2015; 30 May 2015 and 12 October 2016. KEYWORDS: Atmospheric correction; Landsat 8OLI; PM10 concentration.
Citation: Hung, Nguyen Nhu, Le Minh Hang, Tran Van Anh, and Le Vu Hong Hai (2020), Assessment the effect of atmospheric correction algorithms for monitoring PM10 concentration by using Landsat 8OLI data: A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam, Russ. J. Earth. Sci., 20, ES5002, doi:10.2205/2020ES000701.
1. Introduction
Air pollution is seriously affecting human health in many countries in the world, especially in developing countries like Vietnam. Private vehicles and industries have dramatically increased; conse-
*Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 Faculty of Geomatics and Land Administration, University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Copyright 2020 by the Geophysical Center RAS. http://rjes.wdcb.ru/doi/2020ES000701-res.html
quently, air pollution becomes more serious. Viet Nam is one of ten countries with the worst air pollution among 132 countries whose environments were surveyed with effects on human health based on the 2012 Environmental Performance Index released at World Economic Forum in Davos. Air pollution is mostly concentrated in urban, industrial parks and construction areas. Atmospheric aerosol particles which are known as particulate matter (PM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the atmosphere of Earth. PM10 are coarse particles with a diameter 10 micrometers (^m). Medical experts said that small particles like PM2.5 or PM10 could seriously affect human health which
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cause the risk for respiratory and lung diseases.
Many studies have shown that satellite imagery can identify air pollution, especially PM2.5 or PM10. The method of determining PM2.5 or PM10 concentration from satellite images is usually based on the correlation regression between ground measurement data and aerosol optical thickness values determined from satellite images at the same time [Forster, 1984; Jerome, 2010; Hadjim-itsis, 1999; Hadjimitsis et al., 2003, 2004, 2010]. In these methodologies, aerosol optical thickness, which is the most important unknown of the atmospheric correction algorithm to solve the equation for radiation transmission and removal of atmospheric effects from remote satellite imagery, is the main parameter to determine PM10 [Hadjim-itsis,1999; Hadjimitsis et al., 2002, 2004; 2007; Forster, 1984]. The aerosol optical thickness has been used as a tool for assessing air pollution using satellite images [Kanaroglou et al., 2002; Kaufman et al., 1990]. Nadzri et al. [2010] proved aerosol optical thickness as a linear function of atmospheric reflectance, which corresponds to each optical satellite image. As a result, atmospheric reflectance is a linear function with PM10 concentration. The atmospheric reflection is defined as the subtraction of top of atmosphere reflectance and surface reflectance value. Therefore, the determination of air pollution through the derivation of the atmospheric reflectance from the satellite images can be assessed the atmospheric correction algorithms.
Satellite images data in these studies were moderate resolution as MODIS, LANDSAT [Dinoi et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2010; Nordio et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015]) and high resolution as SPOT [Sifakis et al., 1992]. However, DOS (Dark Object Subtraction) algorithm is usually applied for correcting the effect of atmospheric in satellite images in determining the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic energy to reach at satellite sensors [Hadjimitsis,2009; Kyriacos, 2011]. In addition, atmospheric correction algorithms of ATCOR software [Lim et al., 2007] or surface reflectance data from USGS [Roy et al., 2017] were used to determine surface reflectance value of satellite images. DOS is an atmospheric correction algorithm assumes that there are features which have near-zero percent reflectance (i.e., water, shadow...) by additive scattering from remote sensing data. FLAASH
(Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hyper-cubes) is built into a commercial image processing software as ENVI and corrects the effect of the atmosphere in satellite image by the hypothetical atmospheric model. LaSRC (Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Code) is an atmospheric correction algorithm for only Landsat 8 by USGS's and uses the atmospheric information at an acquired time. However, few studies assess the effect of atmospheric correction methods for accuracy and correlation coefficient in determining PM10 concentration from satellite images. Therefore, in this article, the authors present the experience results and evaluate the effect of atmospheric correction algorithms as DOS, FLAASH, and LaSCR on the accuracy of determining PM10 concentration by satellite images.
2. Study Area and Materials 2.1. Study Area
Hanoi is located between 20°53' to 21°23' North latitude and 105°44' to 106°02' East longitude.The Red River is the main river in Hanoi. The Red River flows through Hanoi from Dong Anh district to Thanh Tri district is 40 km long. Besides, Hanoi has many waterways, though smaller and shorter, and lakes are connecting with the main rivers of Hanoi. The climate of Hanoi is a warm humid subtropical climate. Hanoi has the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons. Summer, from May until August, is characterized by hot and humid weather and rainy. September and October comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature. Winter, from November to January, is dry and cool by national standards. Hanoi is usually cloudy and foggy in winter. Spring, from February to April, is humid weather and drizzly.
Hanoi has a dramatic urbanization rate of 69.7% and is the second city of Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City. As a result, air pollution is becoming more serious and a challenge for Hanoi. The air pollution in Hanoi is mainly concentrated in center districts of Hanoi. Hence, the study area is chosen in the central area with the districts of Dong Da, Hoan Kiem, Ba Dinh, Hai Ba Trung, Cau Giay, Thanh Xuan and Tay Ho (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Location of the study area. (a) Hanoi administrative map; (b) Landsat 8OLI acquired in 30/05/2015; (c) The study area is surrounded by the rectangle.
2.2. Experience Materials
2.3. Field Surveying Data
Landsat 8OLI data is used for determining PM10 concentration in our study. Landsat 8 images were acquired at the time of synchronization with PM10 collected in the field. There were three Landsat 8OLI scenes which corresponded to the typical weather conditions that are distinctive for each of the seasons in Vietnam, such as 22 January 2015; 30 May 2015; 10 December 2016. The characteristics of the experience materials are shown in Table 1.
The field collecting PM10 data was measured simultaneously with Landsat 8 satellite images acquisition (see Figure 2 and Table 2). The Dust Trak II instrument was used to collect field data. Each sample point was positioned by the GPS device and recorded the measurement time. Figure 2a, Figure 2b, Figure 2c were seven checking points which were the same locations in three times of image acquisitions.
105°47'30"E
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22/01/2015
105°47'30"E ▲ 30/05/2015
105°50'0"E 10 12 2016
Figure 2. The sample points in field collecting PM10 in 22.1.2015; in 30.05.2015 and 10.12.2016. (a) The location of the validation point 1; (b) The location of the validation point 2; (c) The location of the validation point 3.
Table 1. The Characteristics of the Experience Landsat 8OLI Images
22/1/2015
Acquisition time 30/5/2015
10/12/2016
Path/Row Level Bit depth Format file Coordinate Start time (UTC) End time (UTC) Cloudly cover (%)
10:23:06.7394540 10:23:38.5094500 20.62
127/045 Level - 1 16bit Geotiff UTM/WGS 84 10:22:14.1620180 10:22:45.9320130 19.06
10:23:27.0803780 10:23:58.8503750 30.88
Table 2. The Field Surveying Data by Dust Trak II Instrument
Acquisition time Number of ground Numbers of calculated points/
measured points Numbers of checking points
22/1/2015 16 10/06
30/5/2015 14 10/04
10/12/2016 14 10/04
3. Methodology
The method of PM10 estimation proposed in this study included four main steps such as: (i) Preprocessing Landsat data (convert digital values to TOA and surface reflectance); (ii) Calculating atmospheric reflectance (subtraction of TOA and surface reflectance of checking points); (iii) Multiple linear regression PM10 concentration based on atmospheric reflectance and ground measurement data; (iv) Validation of results. In this article, we experienced three atmospheric corrections algorithm as DOS, FLAASH, and LaSRC for estimating PM10 concentration by Landsat 8OLI and surveying data.
3.1. Pre-Processing Landsat 8OLI Data
The pre-processing image is carried out by transforming digital values (DN) into surface reflectance. There are several steps to calibrate the radiation, in which: convert the DN into the radiation value on the top of the atmosphere reflectance (TOA), then transform of TOA spectral reflectance to surface reflectance.
Landsat 8OLI data can also be converted to TOA reflectance using reflectance rescaling coefficients provided in the product metadata file (MTL file). The following (1) is used to convert DN values to TOA reflectance for OLI data as follows (Landsat, (n.d.), https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/using-usgs-landsat-level-1-da ta-product:
p\' = Mp x Qcai + Ap
(1)
where: p'x: TOA planetary reflectance, without correction for solar angle. Note that p'x does not contain a correction for the sun angle; Mp: Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor from
the metadata (REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_x, where x is the band number). Ap: Band-specific additive rescaling factor from the metadata (RE-FLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x is the band number) Qcal: Quantized and calibrated standard product pixel values (DN).
TOA reflectance with a correction for the sun angle is then (Landsat, (n.d.), https://www.usgs.gov/ land-resources/nli/landsat/using-usgs-landsat-level -1-data-product:
p\ =
p\'
pX!
cos(Osz) sin(OsE)
where: p\ - TOA planetary reflectance; 9se - local sun elevation angle. The scene center sun elevation angle in degrees is provided in the metadata (SUN_ELEVATION). dsz - local solar zenith angle; 9SZ = 90° - dSE.
Dark Object Subtraction (DOS) method was proposed by Chavez [1996] and determined the path radiation in atmospheric of electromagnetic waves [Sobrino et al., 2004]. With the DOS method depends on the definition of Ty parameters, Tz and E'down that divided into different methods (DOS1, DOS2, DOS3, DOS4) have different precision. In this study, we used DOS1, where the parameters are determined according to: Ty = 1; Tz = 1; ^doWn = 0 [Moran et al., 1992]. For Landsat 8 OLI, surface reflectance is calculated according to as the formula following:
P =
k(P\ - LP) d2
ESUNa cos(dsz)
where: Lp - path radiance; ESUNa - mean solar exo-atmospheric irradiances; d - earth-sun distance (provided in the Landsat 8 metadata file).
FLAASH (Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes) used a standard equation for spectral radiance at a sensor pixel as follows:
L
Ap
+
BPe
1 - peS 1 - peS
+ La
where: p - the pixel surface reflectance; pe - an average surface reflectance for the pixel; a surrounding region S - the spherical albedo of the atmosphere; La - the radiance back scattered by the atmosphere; A and B are coefficients that depend on atmospheric and geometric conditions.
The values of A, B, S and La parameters were calculated by using MODTRAN4 that are relative with the viewing angles, solar angles and the mean surface elevation of the measurement. MOTRAN4 assumes a certain model atmosphere, aerosol type, and visible range. The solution method involves computing a spatially averaged radiance image La, from which the spatially averaged reflectance pe is estimated using the approximate equation:
Le
(A + B)Pe 1 - PeS
+ La
LaSRC (Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Code) which is a surface reflectance algorithm for only Landsat 8, is used by USGS (Landsat, n.d.). MOFIS CMA determines water vapour and air temperature. The surface pressure is calculated internally based on the elevation. The radiative transfer model is an internal algorithm which is built by USGS.
3.2. Calculating Atmospheric Reflectance and Multiple Linear Regression PM10 Concentration
Solar energy enters the aerosol of the troposphere, under the impact of pollutant gas molecules and dust particles, partially reflected in the aerosol layer and then toward the satellite's receiver, the sun's rays reach the objects on the surface and then reflect to the satellite sensor. Based on the energy loss to the satellite receiver due to absorption, scattering of pollutant gases and dust particles from which the dust content in the air is calculated. As a result, AOT or atmospheric reflectance can be calculated by subtraction of TOA value and surface reflectance of Landsat 8 OLI data.
The relationship between PM concentration and atmospheric reflectance originates from a homogeneous atmosphere that contains globular spheres.
Concentration at the surface is obtained after drying of the air sample given by [Koelemeijer et al., 2006]. Therefore, PM10 concentration parameters can correlate better with direct atmospheric reflectance and calculated by (2) [Lim et al., 2004; Nadzri et al., 2010]
PM10 = aoR\i + aj RX2 + 02^3 + ... (2)
where: R\i is the atmospheric reflectance (i = 1, 2 and 3 corresponding to wavelength for satellite); aj is the algorithm coefficient (j = 0, 1 and 2) obtained from experiment.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Assessment Atmospheric Correction Algorithms for Determing PM10 Concentration
To assess the effect of atmospheric correction algorithms on atmospheric reflectance values based on the characteristic of spectral reflectance at 03 checking points of the same object at different times, Figure 3 shows the spectral graphs of three atmospheric correction methods at 03 checking points.
The locations of the checking points in Figure 3 are in Pham Van Dong street, Hanoi, Vietnam (Figure 2a, Figure 2b, Figure 2c). Hence, these points have the same characteristics of spectral reflectance. In Figure 3, the surface reflectance values were determined by using different atmospheric correction methods. Figure 3a shows TOA reflectance values. The same positions have similar characteristics of TOA reflectance. Figure 3b shows the surface reflectance line by using the DOS method at ground measured points. DOS1 method used a constant parameter so that the surface reflectance line of DOS is similar to TOA reflectance line. Figure 3c, Figure 3d show the surface reflectance values which are determined by the LaSRC method and the FLAASH method. FLAASH method, which is an atmospheric method, uses a hypothetical model. The checkpoints' surface reflectance line on 22 January 2015, 30 May 2015, and 10 December 2016 have the same value. However, the surface reflectance values in checkpoints at multi-temporal, corrected by the DOS
(a),
TOA reflectance in multi-temporal Landsat 8
0.30
0.25 -
0.20 -
DOS (Dark object subtraction)
< o
0.15 -
Point 1.1 —-▼— Point 2.1 --■— Point 3.1
-o- Point 1.2 ----A---- Point 2.2 ---□•— Point 3.2
-------T
A,
A
(a)
0.45
0.40 -
0.35 -
0.30 -
0.25 -
0.20
Point 1.1 -■▼- Point 2.1 --m— Point 3.1
-O" Point 1.2 ----A---- Point 2.2 ---□— Point 3.2
......O
" ^2-.: ---5
-------A
(b)
(b)
Band 1 Band 2 Band 3
Bands of Landsat 80LI
Band 4
Flaash
( Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes)
0.22
Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4
Bands of Landsat 8 OLI
LaSRC (Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Code)
0.20
CD
0.18 H
CO >
I
o
Q
£ 0.14
CD O
t
3 0.12 A
CO
0.10 -0.08
Point 1.1 Point 1.2 O.. ▼ Point 2.1 --■ ----A---- Point 2.2 ---o- — Point 3.1 - Point 3.2
o.......
____à
(c) -■ A'"
Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4
Bands of Landsat 80LI
Band 1 Band 2 Band 3
Bands of Landsat 80LI
Band 4
Figure 3. The checking points spectral value of multi-temporal Landsat 8OLI in 22/01/2015 (Point 1.1 and 1.2); 30/05/2015 (Point 2.1 and 2.2) and 10/12/2016 (Point
3.1 and Point 3.2). The Point 1.1, 2.1 and 3.1 are the same position; Point 1.2, 2.2 and
3.2 are the same position. (a) TOA reflectance; (b) DOS method; (c) FLAASH method; (d) LaSRC method.
method and the FLAASH method are differences (Figure 3b, Figure 2c). According to that, the influence of the atmospheric uncorrected absolutely by DOS and Flaash method because of using a hypothetical atmospheric model.
LaSRC is a method that applies for to 8 data and uses meteorological conditions at the time of image acquisition. The surface reflectance values of points 2.1 and 2.2 on 30 May 2015 and points 3.1 and 3.2 on 10 December 2016 are relatively similar. The surface reflectance of points 1.1 and 1.2 on 22 January 2015, which affected by cloudy and
haze, had not been eliminated by atmospheric correction. As a result that the surface reflectance values of checking point at the same objects are similar value in multi-temporal images. The comparisons between the spectral reflectance of Point 2 and Point 3 in Figure 3d and the spectral reflectance of Asphalt in Figure 4 are the same. Therefore, the LaSRC algorithm is suitable for correcting the effective atmospheric and pre-processing images of multi-temporal Landsat 8OLI images.
The effect of atmospheric correction method's effects of determining PM10 concentration based on
Figure 4. The averaged % reflectance values obtained on 20 July 2008; 5 August 2008; 13 August 2008 [Hadjimitsis et aZ.,2008]. The average reflectance value was obtained on 20 July 2008; 5 August 2008; 13 August 2008.
satellite images and ground measured points were approved by the multiple regression ANOVA. In this study, PM10 concentration was regressed by using atmospheric reflectance calculated by four bands of Landsat 8OLI (Band 1, Band 2, Band 3, Band 4) and ground measured points at the same time. The accuracy assessment includes in correlation coefficient (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE) of multiple linear regression by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) method. Table 3 shows the analysis of PM10 multiple regression using different
atmospheric correction methods by ANOVA.
Figure 5 shows the correlation of linear regression and residuals between PM10 concentration by ground measurement and PM10 concentration calculated from ANOVA regression results in Table 3 of the checkpoints on 22 January 2015 and 30 May 2015. The standard errors of determining PM10 concentration from Landsat 8OLI images data corrected by LaSRC algorithm were lower than the others.
Table 3. Analysis Multiple Regression PM10 Using Atmospheric Correction Methods
Atmospheric correction method DOS FLAASH LaSRC
Date 22/01/2015
R2 0.189 0.390 0.866
RMSE (^mg/m3) 82.94 71.93 33.72
Date 30/05/2015
R2 0.669 0.703 0.855
RMSE (^mg/m3) 41.29 39.14 27.33
Date 10/12/2016
R2 0.311 0.400 0.919
RMSE (^mg/m3) 36.61 37.43 13.74
ZD O
(a)
Atmospheric correction by DOS on 22/01/2015
Atmospheric correction by FLAASH on 22/01/2015
Atmospheric correction by LaSRC on 22/01/2015
550 500
(b)
360 380 400 420 440 460
PM10 concentration of ground measured data
Atmospheric correction by DOS on 30/05/2015
360 380 400 420 440 460 4
PM10 concentration of ground measured data Atmospheric correction by FLAASH on 30/05/2015
360 380 400 420 440 460
PM10 concentration of ground measured data
Atmospheric correction by LaSRC on 30/05/2015
(C)
I 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 PM10 concentration of ground measured data
Atmospheric correction by DOS on 10/12/2016
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 PM10 concentration of ground measured data
Atmospheric correction by FLAASH on 10/12/2016
120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 PM10 concentration of ground measured data
Atmospheric correction by LaSRC on 10/12/2016
^ 350 -
Checking points Regression line
Checking points Regression line
360 380 400 420 440 460
PM10 concentration of ground measured data
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 340 PM10 concentration of ground measured data
360 380 400 420 440 460
PM10 concentration of ground measured data
Figure 5. Residuals of PM10 concentration of checkpoints and regression line between PM10 concentration of ground measured data and PM10 concentration of calculated data.
H m o\ o o
fcO
H cc
Ol
o o to
According to the results in Table 3 and Figure 6 and Figure 7, it proved that LaSRC had corrected the effect of atmospheric in satellite images better than DOS and FLAASH method which the RMSEs were 33.2 ^g/m3 (22 January 2015), 34.4 ^g/m3 (30 May 2015) and 13.74 Day/m3 (10 December 2016) and ^-square were 0.996 (22 January 2015), 0.987 (30 May 2015) and 0.919 (10 December 2016).
5. Conclusion
Figure 6. PM10 concentration mapping on 22 January 2015 by using of 4 bands of Landsat 8OLI (Band 1, Band 2, Band 3, Band 4). (a) DOS algorithm; (b) FLAASH algorithm; (c) LaSRCalgo-rithm.
In conclusion, PM10 concentration was determined by multiple linear regression methods by AOT value determined from Landsat 8OLI image and ground measured data. In this study, AOT values were calculated by TOA value and surface reflectance value of Landsat 8 images. The result of the atmospheric correction of Landsat 8 images is the surface reflectance image. The results of our experiment are proved the effects of atmospheric correction methods on the accuracy and correlation coefficient of multiple regression PM10 concentration by AOT values and field surveying values. LaSRC atmospheric calibration method built for only Landsat 8 of USGS had higher accuracy and correlation coefficient than DOS, FLAASH methods (accuracy archived 33.15 and R2 was 0.98). Besides, the LaSRC method corrected the atmospheric effects better than the others on multitemporal satellite images. The surface reflectance values determined by the atmosphere correction method at the same object at different times had the same value. It is a requirement for the analysis of multi-temporal satellite images. According to the results of the assessment, the effects of atmospheric correction for determining PM10 concentration by using remote sensing data, we choose LaSRC which was an appropriate atmospheric correction method to determine AOT value and build the correlation function between AOT value and ground measured data simultaneously.
105°440"E 105C47'0"E 105°50'0"E
-!--— I ■ ■■-■-j-•—— -J-1-1_
105°44'0"E 105°47'0"E 105°50'0"E
■ 0-50 ■ 100 -150 H 200 - 300 О >500 I—150 - IPO ■ 150 - 200 ■ 300 - 500
105C44'0"E 105*47"0"E 105o50'0nE
105°44"0"E 105°47'0"E 105°50'0"E
■ 0- 50 ■ 100-150 m 200 - 300 О >500 □ 50-100 ■ 150 - 200 ■ 300 - 500
Figure 7. PM10 concentration mapping on 30 May 2015 by using of 4 bands of Landsat 8OLI (Band 1, Band 2, Band 3, Band 4). (a) DOS algorithm; (b) FLAASH algorithm; (c) LaSRC algorithm.
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Corresponding author:
Le Minh Hang, Le Quy Don Technical University, No. 236 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam. ([email protected])
