CC BY
0Hydrometeorology and ecology №3 2024
UDC 631:551.50; 631:551.58
IRSTI 68.29.05
ASSESSMENT OF THE HEAT SUPPLY OF THE GROWING SEASON
IN THE ALMATY REGION
M. Zhunisova1*, S. Baisholanov2 candidate of geographical sciences, associate professor
1JSC «Institute of Geography and Water Safety»
2International Scientific Complex «Astana»
Е-mail: makpal80@mail.ru
Modern climate norms for the main indicators of heat supply during the growing season in
the Almaty region have been established for the period from 1991 to 2021. By comparing the
sum of daily air temperatures above 10 °C and 15 °C with 90 % reliability to the heat demand
of agricultural crops, the types of agricultural crops that are fully provided with heat were
determined based on meteorological stations. The longest growing season (190…200 days)
is observed in the central part of the region in the foothill semi-desert zone. The highest heat
supply during the growing season (3800…4000 °C) is noted in the central part of the region
in the foothill semi-desert zone. In the northern and central parts of the Almaty region, crops
with moderate heat demand and heat-loving crops are provided with heat. In the foothill zone,
heat-loving crops are not provided with heat, and in the mountainous agricultural areas, late
spring crops are also not provided with heat. Maps of the duration and heat supply of the
growing season were constructed. The obtained results will be useful in solving practical
and scientific problems in agriculture, such as the rational placement of crops, planning the
development of the region, ensuring food security.
Keywords: temperature, precipitation, vegetation, duration of the period, heat supply.
Accepted:17.05.24
DOI: 10.54668/2789-6323-2024-114-3-40-50
INTRODUCTION
Climatic conditions are a determining factor
in the development of agricultural sectors. In recent
decades, the analysis of modern climatic conditions,
including agro-climatic conditions, has become
particularly relevant in addressing the sustainable
development of the regions in Kazakhstan.
The combination of climatic factors that
enable the production of agricultural products
is called agro-climatic resources. Quantitative
characteristics of climate and weather elements,
their combinations and ratios that affect the yield
and quality of agricultural products are called agroclimatic indicators. The agro-climatic resources of
the territory are characterized by indicators such
as solar radiation resources, thermal regime, and
humidification regime of the growing season, among
others.
The aim of the study is to assess the current
climatic norms of heat supply during the growing
season in the Almaty region in order to determine the
influence of temperature conditions on agricultural
production.
Methods for assessing heat resources in agroclimatology are used: dates of a steady transition of
air temperature through 5 °, 10°, 15 ° C, the duration
of the growing season with temperatures above 5 °,
10°, 15 °C.
Accordingly, the subject of the study is the
heat supply of the growing season, which is one
of the important agro-climatic indicators. After all,
the possibility of cultivating an agricultural crop is
primarily determined by the provision of its heat, i.e.
the correspondence of the temperature regime of the
area to the heat demand of the crop.
The object of research - Almaty region is located
in the south-east of the Republic of Kazakhstan and
borders on the east with the People’s Republic of China,
in the south – the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, in the west
– Zhambyl region, in the north – Zhetysu region. The
administrative center of the region is located in Konaev,
located on the western coast of the Kapshagai reservoir.
Since June 8, 2022, the region has been divided into 9
districts and 1 city of regional subordination (Figure 1).
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Zhunisova, Baisholanov. Assessment of the heat supply...
Scientific article
Fig. 1. Schematic map of the Almaty region ( https://www.gov.kz/)
The region is located between the ridges
of the Northern Tien Shan in the south, Lake
Balkhash in the northwest and the Ile River in
the northeast. The territory of the region has
a difficult terrain. The northwestern part of the
region is a semi-desert plain, slightly inclined to
Lake Balkhash and indented by ancient riverbeds
of Ile, Karatal, Aksu, Koksu, Lepsy, Ayagoz, the
most significant of which is Bakanas river. Two
separate massifs – in the south and east – extend
the mountain ranges: the Ileysky Alatau and the
Zhungar Alatau (Tien Shan Mountain system).
The middle channel of the Ile River is located at the
junction of their gradually decreasing slopes. The
slopes themselves abound with cones of outflow
of its tributaries (Sharyn, Shelek, Bolshaya and
Malaya Almatinki, Kurty, etc.) (Uteshev, 1959).
The Almaty region is exposed to threats
related to climate change. Here, climatic changes
have already led to such consequences as changes
in the water regime of mountain rivers, degradation
of glaciers, depletion of water resources, an
increase in abnormal weather events: extreme
heat, droughts, dust storms, etc. This region is also
at increased risk of extreme hydrometeorological
situations such as avalanches, mudslides,
floods,
etc.
(https://qazaqgeography.kz/).
It should be noted that in the study, a
certain difficulty was caused by the complex
relief of the region (the hypsometric difference
between the flat part and the towering
mountains reaches 4,600 m) and the sparsity
of the meteorological observation network.
The results of the study showed that in the
northern and central part of the Almaty region,
moderate heat demand and heat-loving crops
are provided with heat. In the foothill zone,
thermophilic crops are not provided with heat,
and in mountainous agricultural territories, late
spring crops are also not provided with heat.
In Kazakhstan, the first scientific work on
agro-climatic resources and zoning of agricultural
crops «Agro-climatic zoning of Kazakhstan» was
published by P.I. Koloskov in 1947 (Koloskov,
1947). In the light of modern information coverage,
in 2017 S.S. Baisholanov prepared scientific and
applied agro-climatic reference books for the
northern and western 6 regions of Kazakhstan.
The agro-climatic reference books
for the southern regions of Kazakhstan have
not yet been updated. The agro-climatic
reference book for the Almaty region under
study was published in 1978 (Agro-climatic
resources of the Alma-Ata region, 1978).
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Hydrometeorology and ecology №3 2024
Similar studies on the northern regions of
Kazakhstan are highlighted in the works, which
provide estimates of the agrometeorological
conditions of the growing season and their
relationship with the yield of spring wheat in North
Kazakhstan and Akmola regions. (Baisholanov et
al. 2023).
This paper the agro-climatic resources of
the Republic of Kazakhstan and Central Asia for
the period from the beginning of the XXI century
to 2021. The spatial distribution of the sums of
precipitation during the active vegetation period,
the sums of active temperatures and HTC in
eastern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and
southeastern Kazakhstan was studied. Calculated
indicators for the allocation of agro-climatic zones
of the flat part of Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
The zoning of the heat supply during the active
vegetation period according to the sums of active
temperatures (above 10 °C), moisture content
according to the sums of precipitation during
the active vegetation period, the Selyaninov
State Customs Committee, the humidification
coefficient (HC), which also takes into account
the precipitation of the cold period of the year,
was carried out. (Nazarenko et al., 2023).
This at work considers the problem of
updating the maps of the agroclimatic zones of
Russia and Kazakhstan, taking current climate
warming into account. Agroclimatic zoning of a
territory is one of the most important parameters
of agroclimatic support of the economy; however,
the problem of creating modern specialized maps
on this topic and updating climate standards in
Russia and Kazakhstan remains. In the course
of this study, the sum of active temperatures
(ΣT10) was calculated for 270 meteorological
stations in Russia, Kazakhstan, and adjacent
territories for the 2001…2018 period. The results
recorded a noticeable shift in the boundaries of
agroclimatic zones and an increase in ΣT10 by
200…600°C depending on the specific territory
compared with data from the 1950s…1960s. The
agroclimatic zones shifted to the greatest extent to
1600…2200 and 2200…2800 °C, but Kamchatka,
the Aral Sea region, and the Syrdarya basin are
dominant in absolute value. The subtropical zone
also expanded significantly beyond the Black Sea
coast of Krasnodar krai, the southern coast of the
Crimea and the extreme south of the Turkistan
Region. (Mingalev, 2021).
Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive
to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced
up to 70 % under climate change. With the
transition from a socialist economy to a free
market economy, decisions are being made now
that will affect Kazakhstan’s ability to cope with
climate change. A team of Kazakh and American
researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and
barriers to implementations of adaptation options
for climate change (Mizina et al., 1999).
Currently, this agro-climatic reference
book is information and technologically outdated,
since it used data from the 1940…1970 years.
Accordingly, it became necessary to re-evaluate
agro-climatic conditions based on modern data
and develop agro-climatic maps using GIS
technology. It should be noted that rain-fed and
irrigated agriculture, as well as pasture livestock
farming are developed in the Almaty region
(Agro-climatic resources of the Alma-Ata region,
1978).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Long-term data from meteorological
stations (MS) of the Almaty region of RSE
«Kazhydromet» of the Ministry of ecology and
natural resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan
for the period from 1991 to 2021 (Auyl-4, Aidarly,
Aksengir, Bakanas, Esik, Zhalanash, Konaev,
Kyrgyzsai, Kegen, Narynkol, Uzynagash,
Shelek) were used as initial data to characterize
agro-climatic conditions. Long-term data were
processed using generally accepted statistical and
climatological data processing methods.
The growth and development of plants
begins from the date of the steady transition of the
average daily air temperature above the level of its
biological minimum temperature. For most crops,
this limit is 5 °C (early spring crops), 10 °C for
late spring crops and 15 °C for heat-loving crops.
For example, for wheat, the biological minimum
air temperature required for the formation of
vegetative organs is 5 °C, and for the formation
of generative organs – 12 °C. The biological
minimum of millet is 12 °C, cotton and rice in the
initial phases of development is 15 °C, and in the
ripening period – 20 °C (Losev, 1994).
Accordingly, to characterize there are
used the heat supply of the growing season, the
dates of the transition of air temperature through
5 °C, 10 °C and 15 °C, as well as the duration of
42
Zhunisova, Baisholanov. Assessment of the heat supply...
Scientific article
the period with such temperatures and the
sum of daily temperatures for this period.
In climatic studies, the time between the
transition of the average daily air temperature in
spring and autumn through 5 °C is designated as
the index of the duration of the growing season
- GSL, i.e. the growing season of cold-resistant
plants. Also, the GDDgrow10 index is used as
an indicator of heat accumulation - the sum of
temperatures above 10 °C during the growing
season (Gringof, 2011).
In agrometeorology, when establishing
heat supply and climatic boundaries of crop
cultivation, the sums of climatic and biological
temperatures are distinguished. The sum of
climatic temperatures characterizes the total
heat resources of a given area. The sums of
biological temperatures characterize the need of
plants for heat, which is understood as the sum
of the average daily air temperatures during
the growing season of a given crop, from the
beginning of growth to maturation (sowing–
maturation). For example, for wheat from sowing
to maturation, the sum of daily air temperatures of
1400…1700 ° C is required, and for millet –
1600…1900 °C, for corn – 2200…2900 °C
(Mishchenko, 2009)
Accordingly, to determine the supply of
plants with heat, it is sufficient to compare the
biological sum of plant temperatures with the
climatic sum of temperatures of 90 % of the
supply. For spring crops of moderate heat - with
the sum of active air temperatures above 10 °C,
for heat-loving crops – above 15 °C (Baisholanov
et al., 2017 y.).
In the temperate zone, the duration of
the period with an average daily air temperature
above 10 °C corresponds to the growing season
of most crops. Therefore, the thermal resources
of the growing season are most often estimated by
the sum of active air temperatures above 10 °C.
To analyze the spatial distribution of
the main heat supply indicators, maps based
on GIS technology were built – ArcGIS-10.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Heat supply of the growing season
To characterize the heat supply of the growing
season, the dates of the transition of air temperature
(D) through 5 °C (early spring crops), 10 °C (late
spring crops), 15 °C (thermophilic crops), the
duration of the period with such temperatures
(N) and the sum of daily temperatures for these
periods (∑T) were used (Polevoy, 1992).
The characteristics of heat supply indicators for
the meteorological stations in the Almaty region
are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Indicators of thermal resources in the Almaty region (transition dates (D), duration of the period (N,
day), sum of temperatures (∑T, °C) of air 5, 10 and 15°C above) (s-spring, a-autumn)
Ms
D5(s)
D10(s)
D15(s)
D15(a)
D10(a)
D5(a)
N5
N10
N15
∑Т5
∑Т10
∑Т15
Aul-4
21.03
08.04
25.04
24.09
13.10
04.11
228
188
152
4099
3776
3505
Aidarly
20.03 08.04
The Accelerator
22.03 12.04
Bakanas
21.03 08.04
Esik
22.03 12.04
Zhalanash
07.04 02.05
Konaev
20.03 08.04
Kyrgyzsay
23.03 14.04
Kegen
12.04 14.05
Narynkol
07.04 03.05
Uzynagash
22.03 12.04
Shelek
17.03 03.04
Note: (s)-spring,(a)-autumn
25.04
09.05
25.04
10.05
07.06
29.04
13.05
24.06
20.06
09.05
22.04
27.09
21.09
24.09
23.09
03.09
28.09
21.09
13.08
22.08
19.09
30.09
15.10
11.10
13.10
13.10
20.09
15.10
10.10
17.09
25.09
09.10
18.10
07.11
02.11
04.11
07.11
21.10
07.11
04.11
10.10
15.10
02.11
08.11
232
225
228
230
197
232
226
181
191
225
236
190
182
188
184
149
190
179
126
145
180
198
155
135
152
136
88
152
131
50
63
133
161
4264
3774
4100
3751
2620
4112
3497
2250
2415
3613
4224
3917
3452
3776
3380
2250
3762
3182
1753
2050
3302
3964
3481
2835
3505
2790
1480
3280
2500
785
1010
2689
3499
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Hydrometeorology and ecology №3 2024
As can be seen from Table 1 in the Almaty
region on the flat territory (MS Shelek, Konaev,
Bakanas, Aidarly, Aul-4), the air temperature
steadily passes through 5 °C in the spring on
March 17…21, in the autumn it goes back to
November 4…8 and the duration of such a period
is 228…236 days. The duration of the period
with an air temperature above 10 °C is 188…198
days, and with an air temperature above 15°C –
152…161 days. During the period with an air
temperature above 5 °C, heat accumulates in the
amount of 4100…4264 °C, with an air temperature
above 10 °C, it is 3762…3964 °C, and with an air
temperature above 15 °C, it is 3280…3505 °C.
At meteorological stations located in the
foothill territories of the region (MS Aksengir,
Uzynagash, Esik, Kyrgyzsai), the air temperature
steadily passes through 5 °C from spring on
March 22…23, in autumn it goes back to
November 2…7 and the duration of such a period
is 225…230 days. The duration of the period
with an air temperature above 10°C is 179…184
days, and with an air temperature above 15 °C
– 131…136 days. During the period with an air
temperature above 5 °C, heat accumulates in the
amount of 3497…3774 °C, with an air temperature
above 10°C – 3182…3452 °C, and with an air
temperature above 15 °C – 2500…2835 °C.
In
the
mountainous
agricultural
territories of the region (villages of Zhalanash,
Kegen, Narynkol), the air temperature
steadily passes 5 °C on April 7…12 in spring,
returns to October 10…21 in autumn and the
duration of such a period is 181…197 days.
The duration of the period with an air
temperature above 10 °C is 126…149 days, and
with an air temperature above 15 °C – 50…63
days. During the period with an air temperature
above 5 °C, heat accumulates in the amount
of 2250…2620 °C, with an air temperature
above 10 °C – 1750…2250 °C, and with an
air temperature above 15 °C – 785…1480 °C.
The thermal resources of the growing
season are most often estimated by the sum of
active air temperatures above 10 °C. Accordingly,
on the basis of such data there were built maps of
the duration and heat supply of the growing season.
The longest growing season (190…200
days) is observed in the central part of the region,
specifically in the foothill semi-desert zone
(MS Aidarly, Konaev, Shelek). To the north and
south of this zone, the duration of the growing
season is shortened. In the northern part of the
region, the growing season lasts 170…190 days up
to Lake Balkhash, as well as in the foothill zone of
the southern part of the region. In the mountainous
agricultural territories of the region, the duration
of the growing season is 120…170 days (figure 2).
Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of the duration of the growing season in the Almaty region at
an air temperature above 10 °C
44
Scientific article
Zhunisova, Baisholanov. Assessment of the heat supply...
The greatest heat supply of the growing
season (3800…4000 ° C) is observed in the
central part of the region in the foothill semidesert zone. To the north and south of this
zone, the heat supply of the growing season
decreases. In the northern part of the region, up
to Lake Balkhash, the heat supply temperature
is 3600…3800 °C. In the foothill zone of the
southern part of the region, the heat supply is
3000…3800 °C. In the mountainous agricultural
territories of the region, the heat supply during
the growing season is 1700…3000 °C (figure 3).
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of heat supply in the growing season of the Almaty region at a total air
temperature above 10 °C
Provision of agricultural crops with heat
Based on the assessment of agro-climatic
indicators, heat and moisture availability, taking
into account soil types, it is possible to determine
the crops that are grown in this area. In this case,
the main factor may be the heat supply. Thus, in
this work, the heat supply of 26 types of agricultural
crops was determined, according to which their heat
needs are known. Such needs are expressed by the
sum of the average daily air temperatures required
during the entire growing season from the beginning
of growth to full ripeness (Baisholanov, 2020).
The need of agricultural crops for
heat, expressed in the biological sum of air
temperatures for northern latitude 55 °C,
currently accepted for practical use, is highlighted
in the works (Gordeev A.V. et al., 2006).
As they move south from 55 °C north latitude,
due to the photoperiodic reaction, the required sum
of temperatures increases for plants with a long day
and decreases for plants with a short day. For plants
that are neutral to daylight, the required temperature
remains the same. In the works (Baisholanov, 2020;
Baisholanov et al., 2017), the heat demand of the
main agricultural crops was determined, expressed in
the biological sum of air temperatures for the south
of Kazakhstan, i.e. for latitudes 42…46 °C north
latitude. To facilitate calculations and analysis, crops
were grouped according to the need for heat, expressed
by the required sum of average daily air temperatures
above 10 °C for moderately thermophilic crops and
above 15 °C for thermophilic crops. Table 2 shows
agricultural crops grouped by heat demand, taking
into account the precocity of varieties (hp – the
earliest ripe, p – early ripe, c – medium ripe, sp –
medium late, p – late ripe), as applied to the south of
Kazakhstan (42…46 °C). At the moment, for spring
moderately warm crops (A1…A9), the average daily
air temperature above 10 °C was taken into account,
and for thermophilic crops (B1…B5) – above 15 °C.
45
Hydrometeorology and ecology №3 2024
Table 2
Distribution of spring cereals, legumes, oilseeds, industrial and vegetable crops into groups according
to heat demand (Baisholanov, 2020)
Gr.
А1
∑tб, оС
1200...1400
А2
1400...1600
А3
1600...1800
А4
А5
А6
А7
А8
А9
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
1800...2000
2000...2200
2200...2400
2400...2600
2600...2800
2800...3000
2500...2700
2700...2900
2900...3300
3300...3600
3600...4000
Culture (r–early maturing, c–middle maturing, p–late maturing)
Buckwheat–r, Buckwheat–s, Peas–r, Potatoes–r,
Cucumbers–r, Cucumbers–C.
Buckwheat–p, Peas–s, Peas–p, Potatoes–s, Cucumbers–p, Barley–r, Barley–s, Oats–r,
Wheat (m)–r, Wheat (t)–r, Millet–r, Millet–s, Beans–r, Rank–r, Lentils–r, Lentils–s,
Chickpeas–r, Chickpeas–s, Lupin–r, Beans–r, Oilseed flax–r, Flax long–r, Flax long–s,
Cabbage–r, Cabbage–s, Tomatoes–R.
Potatoes–p, Barley–p, Oats–s, Oats–p, Wheat (m)–s, Wheat (t)–s, Millet–p, Beans–s,
Rank–s, Chickpeas-p, Oilseed flax–s, Cabbage–p, Tomatoes–s, Tomatoes– P.
Wheat (m)–p, Wheat (t)–p, Beans–p, Lupin–s, Sunflower–r, Rapeseed–R.
Lupin–p, Sunflower–c, Rapeseed–p, Soy–hp, Sugar beet–r
Sunflower–p, Soy–r, Sugar beet–c, Corn–r, Sorghum–R.
Soy–c, Sugar beet–p, Corn–c, Sorghum–c
Soy–sp, Corn–sp, Sorghum–P.
Soy–p, Corn–P.
Rice–р.
Rice–с.
Rice–p, Cotton–R.
Cotton–C.
Cotton–P.
Crops are sown when the soil has warmed
up sufficiently and has reached its soft-plastic
state, when the average daily air temperature
already exceeds 10 °C. Therefore, to determine
the supply of plants with heat, it is sufficient to
compare the biological sum of temperatures with
the climatic sum of temperatures, i.e. with the
sum of active air temperatures above 10 °C. At
the same time, for accuracy, it must be counted
from the date of completion of sowing the crop
(Zhunisova M.A., 2023 y.).
To assess the compliance of climatic
resources with the requirements of agricultural
crops, the values of climatic indicators of various
security are determined. For example, 80…90 % is
sufficient to provide plants with climatic resources
(Losev, 1994 y.; Baisholanov et al., 2017 y.).
Table 3 shows the sum of air temperatures
above 10 and 15 °C. 90 % of the norm for the
studied meteorological stations.
Table 3
The sum of temperatures above 10 and 15 °C is 90 % safe, the climatic terms of sowing early spring
(Dс1) and thermophilic (Dс2) crops in the Almaty region
MS
Aul-4
Aidarly
Aksenger
Bakanas
Esik
Zhalanash
Konaev
Kyrgyzsay
Kegen
Narynkol
Uzunagash
Shelek
∑Т10 (90 %)
3625
3760
3314
3625
3245
2124
3611
3024
1667
1942
3170
3805
∑Т15(90 %)
3365
3342
2721
3365
2678
1436
3148
2409
743
971
2582
3359
46
Zhunisova, Baisholanov. Assessment of the heat supply...
Scientific article
To determine the heat supply of crops, we
compare the sum of daily air temperatures above
10 °C (for moderately thermophilic spring crops)
and above 15 °C (for thermophilic crops), which
account for 90 % of the supply, with the heat demand
of crops shown in Table 2. For example, for an earlyripening variety of spring wheat the biological sum
of temperatures from sowing to maturation at the
level of 1400…1600 °C is required. Accordingly,
spring wheat can be grown in areas where the
temperature of 1600 °C is provided by 80…90 %
with the sum of active temperatures above 10 °C.
(Zhunisova M.A., 2023 y.). To fully determine the
possibility of cultivating an agricultural crop without
irrigation, it is necessary to further analyze soil fertility
and moisture availability by the moisture coefficient K.
Comparing the sum of the daily air
temperatures above 10 °C and 15 °C of 90 %
availability with the heat demanding of crops, there
were determined the types of crops that are fully
provided with heat by meteorological stations. In
the area of MS Aul-4, Aidarly, Bakanas and Shelek,
groups of crops from A1 to B3 are provided with
heat, in the area of MS Konaev – from A1 to B2,
in the area of MS Aksengir, Esik, Kyrgyzsai and
Uzynagash – from A1 to A9, in the area of MS
Zhalanash and Narynkol – from A1 to A4, in
the area of MS Kegen is A1 and A2 (Table 4).
Table 4
Groups of crops provided with heat
MS
Aul-4
Aidarly
Aksenger
Bakanas
Esik
Zhalanash
Konaev
Kyrgyzsay
Keygen
Narynkol
Uzynagash
Shelek
Group А
А1…А9
А1…А9
А1…А9
А1…А9
А1…А9
А1…А4
А1…А9
А1…А9
А1…А2
А1…А4
А1…А9
А1…А9
Thus, in the northern and central part of the
Almaty region, crops of moderate heat demanding
and heat-loving crops are provided with heat
(table 4) In the foothill zone, thermophilic crops
are not provided with heat, and in mountainous
agricultural territories, late spring crops are
also not provided with heat. It should be noted
that in particularly cold years, late spring and
early autumn frosts can be a limiting factor. To
make a final decision on the cultivation of crops,
in addition to heat, it is necessary to consider
the properties of the soil, the availability of
precipitation or irrigation water.
CONCLUSION
As a result of the conducted research,
there were established modern climatic norms of
the main indicators of heat supply of the growing
season in the Almaty region. To characterize the
Group B
B1…B3
B1…B3
B1…B3
B1…B2
B1…B3
heat supply of the growing season, the dates of
the transition of air temperature through 5 °C, 10
°C and 15 °C, the duration of the period with such
temperatures and the sum of daily temperatures
for these periods were used.
In the Almaty region, on a flat territory,
the air temperature steadily passes through 5 °C in
the spring on March 17…21, in the autumn it goes
back on November 4…8 and the duration of such
a period is 228…236 days. In the foothill areas
of the region, the air temperature steadily passes
through 5 °C from March 22…23 in spring, back
in autumn – November 2…7 and the duration of
such a period is 225…230 days. In mountainous
agricultural areas, the air temperature passes
through 5 °C from April 7…12 in spring, back in
autumn – October 10…21 and the duration of the
period is 181…197 days.
Based on air temperature data above 10 °C,
47
Hydrometeorology and ecology №3 2024
maps of the duration and heat supply of the
growing season were constructed.
The longest growing season (190…200
days) is observed in the central part of the region,
particularly in the foothill semi-desert zone. To
the north and south of this zone, the duration of
the growing season is shortened. In the northern
part of the region, the distance to Lake Balkash, as
well as in the foothill zone of the southern part of
the region is 170…190 days, in the mountainous
agricultural territories of the region – 120…170
days.
The greatest heat supply of the growing
season (3800…4000 °C) is observed in the central
part of the region in the foothill semi-desert zone.
To the north and south of this zone, the heat supply
of the growing season decreases. In the northern
part of the region to Lake Balkash, the heat supply
is 3600…3800 °C, in the foothill zone of the
southern part of the region – 3000…3800 °C, and
in the mountainous agricultural territories of the
region – 1700…3000 °C.
Comparing the sum of the daily air
temperatures above 10 °C and 15 °C of 90 %
availability with the heat demand of crops, the
types of crops that are fully provided with heat
were determined by meteorological stations.
In the northern and central part of the Almaty
region, moderate heat demand and heat-loving
crops are provided with heat. In the foothill zone,
thermophilic crops are not provided with heat, and
in mountainous agricultural territories, late spring
crops are also not provided with heat.
The results obtained will be useful in solving
practical and scientific problems in agriculture.
The results of the work are recommended to be
used in planning the development of the region to
ensure food security. For example, when dealing
with issues such as the rational placement of
crops, management decisions, the development of
scientific recommendations, etc.
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48
Scientific article
Zhunisova, Baisholanov. Assessment of the heat supply...
АЛМАТЫ ОБЛЫСЫНДА ВЕГЕТАЦИЯЛЫҚ КЕЗЕҢНІҢ ЖЫЛУМЕН
ҚАМТАМАСЫЗ ЕТІЛУІН БАҒАЛАУ
М.А. Жунисова1*, С.С.Байшоланов2 г.ғ.к, қауымдастырылған профессор
1«География және су қауіпсіздігі институты» АҚ, Алматы, Қазақстан
2«Астана Халықаралық ғылыми кешені» ЖМ, Астана, Қазақстан
Е-mail: makpal80@mail.ru
1991 жылдан 2021 жылға дейінгі кезеңде Алматы облысында вегетациялық кезеңнің
жылумен қамтамасыз етілуінің негізгі көрсеткіштерінің қазіргі заманғы климаттық
нормалары белгіленді. 10 °С және 15 °С жоғары тәуліктік ауа температурасының 90 %
қамтамасыз етілуін ауыл шаруашылығы дақылдарының жылу қажеттілігімен салыстыра отырып, метеорологиялық станциялар бойынша жылумен толық қамтамасыз етілген ауыл шаруашылығы дақылдарының түрлері анықталды. Вегетациялық кезеңнің ең
ұзақ ұзақтығы (190…200 тәулік) облыстың орталық бөлігінде тау бөктеріндегі шөлейт
аймақта байқалады. Вегетациялық кезеңнің ең жоғары жылумен қамтамасыз етілуі
(3800…4000 оС) облыстың орталық бөлігінде тау бөктеріндегі шөлейт аймақта байқалады. Алматы облысының солтүстік және орталық бөлігінде жылу қажеттілігі орташа
дақылдар мен жылу сүйгіш дақылдар жылумен қамтамасыз етілген. Тау бөктеріндегі
аймақта жылу сүйгіш дақылдар жылумен қамтамасыз етілмейді, ал таулы егіншілік аумақтарында жаздық кеш дақылдар да жылумен қамтамасыз етілмейді. Вегетациялық
кезеңнің ұзақтығы мен жылумен қамтамасыз етілу карталары салынды. Алынған нәтижелер ауыл шаруашылығындағы практикалық және ғылыми мәселелерді шешуде пайдалы болады. Мысалы, дақылдарды ұтымды орналастыру, аймақтың дамуын жоспарлау, азық-түлік қауіпсіздігін қамтамасыз ету.
Түйін сөздер: кезең ұзақтығы, ауаның орташа тәуліктік температурасы, жауын-шашын, вегетациялық
кезең, жылумен қамтамасыз ету.
ОЦЕНКА ТЕПЛООБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ ВЕГЕТАЦИОННОГО ПЕРИОДА
В АЛМАТИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
М. А. Жунисова1*, С. С. Байшоланов2 к.г.н., ассоциированный профессор
1АО «Институт географии и водной безопасности», Алматы, Казахстан
2ЧУ «Международный научный комплекс Астана», Астана, Казахстан
Е-mail: makpal80@mail.ru
Были установлены современные климатические нормы основных показателей теплообеспеченности вегетационного периода в Алматинской области за период с 1991 по
2021 год. Сопоставляя сумму суточных температур воздуха выше 10 °С и 15 °С 90 %-ой
обеспеченности с теплопотребностью сельскохозяйственных культур, по метеорологическим станциям были определены виды сельскохозяйственных культур, которые полностью обеспечены теплом. Наибольшая продолжительность вегетационного периода
(190…200 суток) наблюдается в центральной части области в предгорной полупустынной зоне. Наибольшая теплообеспеченность вегетационного периода (3800…4000 оС)
отмечается в центральной части области в предгорной полупустынной зоне. В северной и центральной части Алматинской области обеспечены теплом культуры умеренней теплопотребности и теплолюбивые культуры. В предгорной зоне теплолюбивые
культуры не обеспечены теплом, а в горных земледельческих территориях – также не
обеспечены теплом и поздние яровые культуры. Были построены карты продолжительности и теплообеспеченности вегетационного периода. Полученные результаты будут
49
Hydrometeorology and ecology №3 2024
полезны при решении практических и научных задач в сельском хозяйстве. Например,
рациональное размещение сельскохозяйственных культур, планирование развития региона, обеспечение продовольственной безопасности.
Ключевые слова: продолжительность периода, среднесуточная температура воздуха, осадки, вегетационный период, теплообеспеченность.
Information about author/Автор туралы мәліметтер/Сведения об авторе:
Baisholanov Saken – Candidate of geographical sciences, associate professor (docent), Chief Researcher
of the CHU «Astana International Scientific Complex», Kabanbai Batyr Avenue, Building 8, Astana,
saken_baisholan@mail.ru
Zhunisova Makpal – Researcher, JSC «Institute of Geography and Water Safety», Seifullina ave., 458/1,
Almaty, Makpal80@mail.ru
Байшоланов Сәкен Советұлы – география ғылымының кандидаты, қауымдастырылған профессор (доцент), «Астана Халықаралық ғылыми кешені» ЖМ бас ғылыми қызметкері, Қабанбай Батыр
даңғылы, 8 ғимарат, Астана, saken_baisholan@mail.ru
Жүнісова Мақпал Асанқызы – «География және су қауіпсіздігі институты»АҚ, ғылыми қызметкері,
Сейфуллина даңғылы,458/1, Алматы, Makpal80@mail.ru
Байшоланов Сакен Советович – кандидат географических наук, ассоциированный профессор (доцент), главный научный сотрудник ЧУ «Международный научный комплекс Астана», проспект Қабанбай Батыр, здание 8, Астана, saken_baisholan@mail.ru
Жунисова Макпал Асановна – научный сотрудник, АО «Институт географии и водной безопасности»,
пр. Сейфуллина, 458/1, Алматы, Makpal80@mail.ru
Authors’ contribution/ Авторлардың қосқан үлесі/ Вклад авторов:
Baisholanov S. – сoncept development, мethodology development, сonducting a research, preparing and
editing the text, visualization
Zhunisova M. – сoncept development, conducting statistical analysis, сonducting a research, preparing and
editing the text, visualization
Байшоланов С. С. – тұжырымдаманы әзірлеу, әдістемені әзірлеу, зерттеу жүргізу, мәтінді дайындау
және өңдеу, көрнекілік
Жүнісова М. А. – тұжырымдаманы әзірлеу, статистикалық талдау жүргізу, зерттеу жүргізу, мәтінді
дайындау және өңдеу, көрнекілік
Байшоланов С. С. – разработка концепции, разработка методологии, проведение исследования, подготовка и редактирование текста, визуализация
Жунисова М. А. – разработка концепции, проведение статистического анализа, проведение исследования, подготовка и редактирование текста, визуализация
50
