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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-4-13-20
Aspects of competitive activity effectiveness and success among tennis
players
AlbinaR. Mingalimova', Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva2*, Igor E. Konovalov', Chulpan A. Gizatullina3
1Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism
Kazan, Russia
ORCID: 0000-0003-4479-2794 albinausmanova@rambler.ru ORCID: 0000-0003-2953-1975, igko2006@mail.ru 2Yelabuga Institute (branch) of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
Yelabuga, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-9387-7033, mutaeva-i@mail.ru* 3Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-8563-3207, mutaeva-ma@yandex.ru
Abstract: The article considers theoretical and practical aspects of competitive training organization in young tennis players. Tennis development as a kind of sport is accompanied by implacable increase of the international rivalry during the competitions of different levels. We underline this kind of sport staginess and popularity increase in children and teen-agers. Tennis attracts youth with the help of an effective speed technique and demand for many-sided physical training. The main tendency of modern tennis development is characterized from the position of technical and tactical techniques in the game development. The effectiveness and the need for speed game increase. At the same time the development of game tactics continues on the basis of the existing technical-tactical actions improvement. Research methods. Information sources analysis, questionnaire survey among the specialists in order to reveal the main factors. They define the effectiveness of tennis players' competitive training. We organized pedagogical observation over the game of highly-qualified tennis players with technical and tactical actions registration into the register. We defined the peculiarities of the training lessons organization, players' activity and efficiency during the game and the number of technical -tactical actions. Results. Theoretical analysis showed the dependence of tennis players' effectiveness during the competitions on the speed and tempo of the game during great volume of technical-tactical actions fulfillment. The important parameters of tennis players' competitive activity are defined. The effectiveness of technical-tactical actions in tennis players' competitive activity is presented in the dynamics of several sports seasons. We also revealed the main factors. They are to be taken into consideration while training young tennis players. Conclusion. For a successful competitive activity a tennis player has to meet the requirements in such component as difficult-coordinating actions, tennis players' speed of game movements. It can be provided owing to the level of his coordinating and speed-power oriented readiness increase with a simultaneous effectiveness increase of the striking actions.
Keywords: young tennis players, competitive activity, main tendencies of tennis development, parameters, factors.
For citation: Albina R. Mingalimova, Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva, Igor E. Konovalov, Chulpan A. Gizatullina.
Aspects of competitive activity effectiveness and success among tennis players. Russian Journal of Physical
Education and Sport. 2020; 15(4): 12-18. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-4-13-20
INTRODUCTION
Tennis is an elite and popular kind of sport, where two players or two teams in a pair game compete. The International Tennis Federation is a big structure of the International level. It combines about 205 national federations.
Tennis is one of the kinds of sport, which is
directed toward many motor actions demonstration in a quick and a long-term game. The tendencies of modern tennis development can be characterized by game universalization. Such tennis is conditioned by the necessity to combine active attacking actions of a player near the net with active game on the back line and the control over the power and accuracy of
strikes, coordinating abilities development, game tempo increase. For a successful competitive activity tennis players have to meet the requirements in such aspects as difficult-coordinating actions, tennis players' speed of game movements. It can be provided owing to the level of his coordinating and speed-power oriented readiness increase with a simultaneous effectiveness increase of the striking actions.
Scientific-methodical literature analysis showed that there is significant difference in sports training in comparing tension and effectiveness of tennis International competitions in 90-s and nowadays. First of all we see the difference in game tempo and quality increase. It is realized owing to competitive activity optimization on the basis of modeling the dynamics of competition and the effectiveness of tennis players' physical qualities development increase [1,2,3,5,6].
The specialists underline the importance of mathematical game modeling in the training process of young tennis players [1,4,6,7]. It was mentioned that the class of game improved among the leading tennis teams owing to players' mastery improvement. It is connected, first of all, with the amount of different competitions increase, equipment and covering improvement. Many international games end in a draw or with one point advantage. Sometimes it is impossible to define the defects in technique owing to speed of game increase each year for about 3-5 %. Specialists connect this fact with players' technical-tactical mastery improvement. Nevertheless, the respondents first of all mentioned technical-tactical mastery of players as the base for activity and effectiveness of competitive activity demonstration.
The number of competitions increase and the International competitions organization provided the opportunities revelation for this kind of sport development. We can't consider tennis mass kind of sport, as special sports courts with the definite demands for the rules of competitions are necessary for this kind of sport. In Kazan during Universiade-2013 a good base was formed for tennis development among different age groups.
Scientific-practical conferences organization with foreign specialists helps to realize scientific
substantiation of the training methodology in tennis. However, not much attention is paid to the initial specialization of children and teen-agers in tennis [6,8,9,10,11]. It is necessary to create scientifically substantiated methodologies of training, attract different resources for mass character of this kind of sport increase. Only increasing the amount of those, who go in for sports, would give an opportunity to train sports reserve for national teams of the republic and country.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was held on the basis of Municipal Budgetary Establishment of Additional Education of Yelabuga Municipal Region of the Republic of Tatarstan Sports school "Olympus" in Yelabuga. Athletes-tennis players of different age groups and specialists took part in the research. We analyzed scientific-methodical literature concerning the main tendencies of modern tennis development in the country and in the world. We studied the factors, which influence the effectiveness of sports training in tennis. We organized aspect questioning among the specialists in order to reveal the main factors, which should be taken into account during young tennis players training. We organized pedagogical observation over the matches of highly-qualified tennis players making notes in registers, revealed the opinions concerning the games, the peculiarities of the training lessons organization in order to define the main characteristics of tennis players' competitive activity. We defined the number of technical-tactical actions during the game, the activity and effectiveness of technical-tactical actions of the players. We revealed the structure of the training lessons depending on the orientation and the stage of training. The observation was held during one year. The results of the training loads volume and intensity were gathered. For the main components of tennis players' competitive activity registration we used video.
The received results are necessary for the experimental methodology substantiation and creation.
As the main evaluation criteria for technical-tactical actions mastering the experts used the following criteria:
- the degree of technical actions mastering evaluation;
- the technique of technical-tactical actions fulfillment evaluation;
- the effectiveness and activity evaluation of technical actions use within one game.
In order to estimate consistency of experts' opinion concerning the questions of the main parameters of tennis players' competitive activity importance revelation and determination we revealed Kendall coefficient (K= 0,67 in terms of statistical validity level p < 0,000).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The competitions results analysis helped to
reveal the main parameters, which characterize the effectiveness of competitive activity of tennis players. The main parameters of competitive and training activity revelation in highly-qualified athletes can give important information for the main tendencies of youth sport development.
We estimated the level of technical-tactical actions mastery by tennis players. We estimated the degree of mastering technical actions; the technique of technical-tactical actions fulfillment; effectiveness and activity of technical actions use within one game.
Fig. 1 presents the effectiveness of technical-tactical actions in competitive activity of tennis players in the dynamics of several sports seasons.
Fig. 1. Indices dynamics of technical-tactical actions effectiveness in competitive activity of tennis players
during 4 sports seasons
Notatio conventions: CST - competitive stage of training; SPST- special-preparatory stage of training; GPST - general-preparatory stage of training
Tennis players' game activity and effectiveness of competitive activity depends on athlete's age and qualification. A long-term pedagogical observation during official games of young men of different qualification showed that competitive activity effectiveness depends, first of all, on the amount of the fulfilled technical actions and on the effectiveness of the main technical-tactical actions fulfillment.
Game activity and effectiveness indices of a tennis player can change and depend on the stages of training (picture 1). Their ratio in one season can change, but it is necessary to try to increase the
effectiveness of each used technical actions.
Table 1 presents the main parameters, which characterize the effectiveness of tennis players' competitive activity. Their succession according to significance is presented taking into account the opinion of five experts, specialists of sports school in Nizhnekamsk, Yelabuga and Naberezhnye Chelny (Russia).
Table 1 - Defining the significance of the main parameters of tennis players' competitive activity (seasons 2015-2018)
Indices M±s
1.Activity and effectiveness of the attacking actions near the net and on the back line 1,01±0,01
2. Volume of individual technical-tactical actions 1,03±0,04
3. Difficult-coordinating actions fulfillment 1,05±0,06
4. Technique and speed of serving 1,12±0,03
5. Backhand and forehand, stop volley 1,13±0,09
6.Reaction to the ball 1,20±0,08
7.Accuracy of the strike 1,22±0,04
8. Lofting the ball straight up 1,31±0,01
9. Slice (strike) 1,33±o,o6
10. Psychological resistance 1,37±0,07
11. Position choice and manoeuvring in a game 1,40±0,05
Table 1 shows that the first place takes activity and effectiveness of the attacking actions in two positions - near the net and on the back line. The success of competitive activity depends on the volume of motor actions, which the player masters.
The volume of individual technical-tactical actions as the condition for successful game takes the second place.
Difficult-coordinating actions fulfillment takes the third place in the list of indices. The specialists connect it with the necessity to turn one's attention during the game to different actions and positions. Special emphasis during the transfer from the stage of initial training to the second or the third year of training is given to motor abilities and skills development, less emphasis is given to the level of technical training increase and difficult-coordinating abilities development. This fact should be taken into account during sports reserve training.
An important component of competitive activity is technical actions fulfillment, such as the technique and speed of serving; backhands and forehands, stop volley; reaction to the ball; accuracy of the strike and striking actions; lofting the ball straight up; slice (strike).
Psychological resistance took the tenth place in the list of parameters. Psychological training is a connecting aspect in all kinds of training integration. The level of psychological resistance is important from the stage of sportsmanship improvement, as confidence and psychological load resistance and their formation during sports training is an important component of physical working capacity increase and competitive activity success. The main
motivation of young tennis players is to play quickly and always win.
Position choice and manoeuvring in a game was added by the specialists as a necessary component for taking into account in an integral training of tennis players.
Thus, the importance of the main parameters of competitive activity revelation helped to define that from the first day of training attention is paid to developing the ability to master competitive position and competitive spirit among tennis players, which during the periods of training can be demonstrated as an individual style of manoeuvring in a game and the tactics of game. Such an approach should be taken into account during the initial training of children and teen-agers.
The process of training young tennis players gets complicated by the fact that athletes want to play big, demonstrating own individual technical actions and accepting teaching as minor importance process of training. They want to play and participate all the time. According to the rules in tennis students take part in the competitions not at once, but only after the third year of studying, when they go through training at the initial stage. Students, who go through physical readiness and psychic traits of personality test with the set normatives fulfillment, are taken for the stage of initial training. It lasts three years.
This age stage of training in young tennis players becomes special and demands thorough study of the whole process of training.
The main objectives at the groups of initial training are the following: teaching the main technical actions and physical qualities upbringing.
The work in yearly cycles is organized by the coaches according to the principle of the preparatory period. Children at this age fulfill monotonous work and exercises with great difficulty. That is why it is important for a coach to organize lessons on a high emotional level. Apart from generally developing exercises it is necessary to use different outdoor games with required summarizing. At this age children are sensitive to the tasks for quickness of movements, quickness of reaction, frequency of movements, for the ability to orient oneself in space, for the tasks directed toward motor actions transformation, rhythm. The exercises and tasks for these qualities perception should be not long and diverse. At the stage of initial training during the 1st and the 2nd years of training it is necessary to pay attention to the interest, which the students demonstrate in tennis society, to the quickness of studying during outdoor games, motivation, moral qualities, psychological resistance, coordinating abilities, physical endurance and quickness of recovery. During the 3rd year of training the number of solved problems becomes wider. For example, during physical qualities upbringing the stress is still made on aerobic (general) endurance upbringing. It is also important as children have a low percentage of oxygen use (7 years old - 3%, 10 years-old - 3,6%, 14 years-old - 3,9%), relatively low efficiency of external respiration and transport function of blood and that is why they have a low ability to overcome hypoxic state.
Coordination abilities are understood as the ability to master motor actions, transform motor actions and switch from one type motor actions to others.
Coordination abilities mainly depend on central nervous system functions and also analyzers, especially motor and kinesthetic, on the existing experience, which concerns movement mastering and the amount of already mastered movements, on own movements and environment perception, initiative and quick-wittedness.
We set close connection between coordinating abilities and quickness and accuracy of difficult motor reactions.
During the training lessons of the initial training stage the attention of tennis players should
be paid to hands, shoulders, parts of the body, legs movement and their succession during all elements of the striking action fulfillment. The emphasis should be put on the developed during it efforts of one group of muscles and relaxation of the others. It is necessary to make an athlete mentally reproduce the main characteristics of all striking actions. Ideomotor training use during the training lessons can help in different striking actions. Owing to such lessons an athlete can more effectively master an optimal rhythm of movements during striking actions fulfillment. The use of music, elements of fitness during the lessons has great importance for the sense of rhythm development: aerobics, step-aerobics. N.G. Ozolin (1970) mentioned that "subjection of an athlete to the rhythm of music makes work fulfillment easier", music plays the role of rhythm-leader and it is reasonable to use it during general-preparatory exercises.
The honored coach of the USSR N.S. Teplayakova paid great attention to the sense of rhythm. She put emphasis on activity and pause phase during the strike fulfillment. During the training process she used the elements of ballet for the sense of rhythm development. The honored coach of the USSR L.D. Preobrazhenskaya (1998) also shared her opinion. She thought that dancing was very important in training tennis players. In 1980 when the senior coach of the national team of the USSR was Sh.A. Tarpishchev, aerobics elements were used in training tennis players.
Specially selected music during the definite tasks fulfillment had a positive influence on the sense of rhythm development. It was necessary for a tennis player.
On the basis of the held analysis, results of the pedagogical observation summarizing and expert analysis we revealed the factors, which define the success of training process among young tennis players.
Table 2 - Factors, which define the success and effectiveness of training process in young tennis players (seasons 2016-2018)
Factors M±s
Exercises, close to competitive activity of tennis players 1,01±0,03
Exercises of easy-coordinating orientation 1,02±0,05
Exercises of difficult-coordinating actions 1,11±0,08
Exercises, which increase the speed of the ball serving 1,13±0,05
Exercises, which develop backhand and forehand, stop volley 1,15±0,11
Exercises of the individualized orientation 1,17±0,08
Exercises for accuracy of strike improvement 1,25±0,04
Exercises, which increase the intensity of the training effects 1,27±0,01
Exercises, which increase competitive intensity of physical and psychological loads 1,29±0,11
All mentioned in table 2 means demand experimental substantiation with their realization differentiation according to the stages of teaching tennis players. For this purpose it is important to create specialized classification of tennis technique in order to differentiate means according to the difficulty of fulfillment separately and in complex according to the years of study.
On the basis of taking into account the regulations of physical qualities development we provide the most effective tempos of the definite abilities increase in tennis players. It creates favorable conditions for technical-tactical actions formation and information mastering. It is necessary for competitive activity success.
CONCLUSION
Thus, for a successful competitive activity a tennis player has to meet the requirements in such component as difficult-coordinating actions, tennis players' speed of game movements. It can be provided owing to the level of his coordinating and speed-power oriented readiness increase with a simultaneous effectiveness increase of the striking actions. Theoretical analysis showed that the main criteria of high physical training readiness of young tennis players were coordinating and speed-power oriented training with simultaneous striking actions effectiveness increase and correct technique.
The stage of initial training in young tennis players becomes special and demands thorough study of the whole process of training.
During the training lessons of the initial training stage the attention of tennis players should be paid to hands, shoulders, parts of the body, legs movement and their succession during all elements
of the striking action fulfillment. Ideomotor training use during the training lessons can help, as owing to it an athlete can more effectively master an optimal rhythm of movements during striking actions fulfillment. Music use is very important for sense of rhythm development. Lessons with the elements of fitness: aerobics, step-aerobics are also very significant.
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Submitted: 20.11.2020 Author's information:
Albina R. Mingalimova - Post-graduate, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420010, Russia, Kazan, Universiade village, House 35, e-mail: albinausmanova@rambler.ru Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Professor, Yelabuga Institute (branch) of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 423600, Russia, Yelabuga, Kazanskaya str., House 89, e-mail: mutaeva-i@mail.ru
Igor E. Konovalov - Doctor of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Russia, 420010, Kazan, Universiade village, House 35, e-mail: igko2006@mail.ru
Chulpan A. Gizatullina - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor; Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, 423806, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizametdinova str., House 28, e-mail: mutaeva-ma@mail.ru
