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299ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
ARTICULATORY CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS
AND VOWELS
12 3
Nazarov M.M. , Bobozhonova Yu.I. , Allaberganova L.I.
1Nazarov Murodjon Maksudbekovich - Teacher; 2Bobozhonova Yulduz Igorovna - Student; 3Allaberganova Laylo Ikramovna - Student, ENGLISH LINGUISTICS DEPARTMENT, FOREIGN PHILOLOGY FACULTY,, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: tvery sound belongs to one or other of two main classes known as vowels and consonants. Vowels are classified by lack of obstruction to the air stream, defused muscular tension, weak air stream. Consonant- articulatory obstruction to the air steam, muscular tension concentrated in the place of obstruction, strong air stream. The particular quality of a consonants depend on the work of the vocal cords, the position of the soft palate and the kind of noise that results when the tongue or the lips obstruct the air passage. An articulatory obstruction may be complete (is formed when the organs of speech come in contact with each other and the air passage through the mouth is blocked) or incomplete (an articulatory organ is held close to a point of articulation without blocking the air passage). Keywords: consonants, vowels, nasal organs, lips.
Consonants are classified according to the main principles:
To the type of obstruction
Occlusive - produce with the complete obstruction to the air stream they may be noise (plosives) [p, b, t, k, g] and affricates and sonorants [m, n, q].
Constructive - produced with an incomplete obstruction and may be noise or fricatives [v, f, s, z, h, g] and sonorant median [w,, r, j] and lateral one [l]. In pronunciation of which the air passage is rather wide, the air passing through the mouth doesn't produce audible friction and tone prevails over noise.
To the manner of production the noise
Plosives - the organs of speech form a complete obstruction, which is than quickly released with plosion [p, b, t, d, k, g]
Affricates - the speech organs forms a complete obstruction, which is than released so slowly, that considerable friction accursed at the point of articulation [ch, dz]
Fricatives - the speech organs forms a incomplete obstruction and the air passes producing audible friction [b, f, 6, 6, s, z, h, g]
Sonorance: 1) occlusive the speech organs forms a complete obstruction, which is not released. The soft palate is lowed and the air escapes through the nasal cavity [m, n, q]; 2) constrictive: a) median - the air escapes without audible friction over the central part of the tongue the sides of the tongue being raised [w, r, j]; b) lateral - the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge or the teeth and the sides of the tongue are lowed, leaving the air passage open between tem [l].
To the active organs of speech
Labial - 1) bilabial - articulated by the 2 lips [p,b]; 2) labial-dental - articulated with the low lip, against the upper teeth [v,f]
Lingual - 1) fore lingual - articulated by the blade of the tip or by the tip against the upper teeth or alveolar ridge: a) apical [6, 6, t, d, l, n, s, z] b) cacuminal [r]; 2) medium lingual -articulated with the front of the tongue against the hard palate [j]; 3) back lingual -articulated by the front of the tongue against the soft palate. [k, g, q]
Glottal - produced in the glottis [h]
To the point of articulation: Dental, Alveolar, Palatal-alveolar, Post-alveolar, Palatal, Velar
To the work of the vocal cords: Voiced, Voiceless
To the force of articulation: Relatively strong (forties), Relatively weak (lenis)
English voiced c are lenis, English voiceless c are forties
Classification of English consonants according to the manner of articulation. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and way of correcting them. The manner of articulation of consonants is determined by the type of obstruction. The obstructions may be complete, in-complete and momentary. When the obstruction is complete the organs of speech are in contact and the air stream meets a clo-sure in the mouth or nasal cavities as in the production of the English [p, b, t, d, k, g, tf, dj, m , n, n] .
In case of an incomplete obstruction the active organ of .speech moves towards the point of articulation and the air stream goes through the narrowing between them as in the production of the English [f, v, s, z, d, h, w, l, r, j] and the Rus-sian [$, $']. Momentary obstructions are formed in the production of the Russian sono-rants [p, p'] when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge.
According to the manner of articulation consonants may be of four groups:
Occlusive.
Constrictive.
Occlusive-constrictive (affricates).
Rolled.
1.Occlusive consonants are sounds in the production which the air stream meets a complete obstruction in mouth.
Occlusive voiced consonants are: the English [b, d, g].
Occlusive voiceless consonants are: the English [p, t, k|.
2.Constrictive consonants are those in the production of which the air stream meets an incomplete obstruction in the resonator, so the air passage is constricted. Both noise consonants and sonorants may be constrictive.
Constrictive noise consonants are called fricatives.
The English fricatives: [f, v, s, z, h].
The English voiced fricatives: [v, d, z, 3].
The English voiceless fricatives: [f, s, h].
3.Occlusive-constrictive consonants or affricates are noise consonant sounds produced with a complete obstruction which is slowly released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction. There are only two occlusive-constrictives in English: [tf,dz] . The English [dz] is voiced and weak; [tf] is voiceless and strong .
4.Rolled consonants are sounds pronounced with periodical momentary obstructions when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge and vibrates in the air stream. (They are the Russian [p, p']).
5. Classification of English consonants according to the place of articulation. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and way of correcting them.
The place of articulation is determined by the active organ of speech against the point of articulation. There may be one place of articulation or focus, or two places of articulation or foci when active organs of speech contact with two points of articulation. In the first case consonants are called unicentral, in the second they are bicentral.
References
1. Baker Anne, van den Bogaerde Beppie, Pfau Roland, Schermer Trude, 2016. The
Linguistics of Sign Languages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing
Company. ISBN 978 90 272 1230 6.
2. Baumbach E.J.M., 1987. Analytical Tsonga Grammar. Pretoria: University of South Africa.
3. Bizzi E., Hogan N., Mussa-Ivaldi F., Giszter S., 1992. "Does the nervous system use equilibrium-point control to guide single and multiple joint movements?". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 15 (4): 603-13. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00072538. PMID 23302290.
USING TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING ENGLISH
1 2 Bobozhhonova Yu.I. , Rakhimova M.U.
1Bobozhonova Yulduz Igorovna - Student;
2Kakhimova Munira Ulug 'bek qizi - Student, ENGLISH LINGUISTICS DEPARTMENT, FOREIGN PHILOLOGY FACULTY, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: technology can be the best asset in ESL classrooms, offering authentic writing activities and endless resources on grammar instruction, lesson plans and other central topics. Computers, tablets and e-readers can all be instrumental in learning English, offering interactive and motivating activities for students of all ages. The following are 10 different ways that ESL teachers can use technology to teach English in a way that will make lessons more engaging and appealing: 10 Ways to Use Technology in ESL. Keywords: technology, overhead projector, computer, language skills.
We are going to suggest several types of using technology in teaching English.
Film and Video. Using short and feature-length videos is an engaging way to work on skills like vocabulary and comprehension. Videos help to expose students to the use of natural English. Young children really enjoy short cartoons and animated movies, and older students can learn about current events through news broadcasts. ESL Party land has free resources that include vocabulary worksheets and discussion questions to accompany films like 'Bonnie and Clyde', 'Vertigo' and 'Dead Man Walking'. The site also offers a film survey to assess your students' interests before choosing films, and film reviews that can be adapted for any level of instruction.
Apps. Learning English can be very difficult and frustrating at times. Apps on iPads and tablets are great ways for students to practice English and have fun while doing it. For practicing grammar rules, apps like Grammar Up allow students to test their knowledge on specific topics (verbs, prepositions, etc.).The app also keeps track of students' progress and allows them to skip questions by shaking the tablet. Best Colleges Online offers a list of 16 apps for ESL students, ranging from basic letter instruction to pronunciation guides. Students can also play classic games like Scrabble and Boggle on mobile devices.
Digital Field. Trips. Students absorb a great deal of information through experiential learning, but field trips are not always an option with limited school budgets. Digital field trips provide more authentic ways for students to absorb new information. Young children can learn vocabulary through fun virtual trips via4-H Virtual Farm, while older students can learn about the government on sites like Inside the White House. There are many options on the Internet to learn about virtually any topic. Middle School Net offers links to a wide array of digital field trip possibilities.
Podcasts. Students can listen to podcasts to improve their comprehension. They can also create podcasts to practice their English speaking abilities. A free download of iTunes gives teachers access to hundreds of free podcasts on a range of topics. There are multiple podcasts tailored specifically for English language learners. Teachers can also have students create
