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140ARMENIAN STATEHOOD AND GOVERNANCE THROUGH MILLENNIA: HISTORY AND MODERNITY
Eduard L. Danielyan
An examination of the historical background of the ethno-cultural, social and political foundations on which the traditional infrastructure of independent Armenian statehood is based helps to delineate the path of its historical development. It also helps to classify theoretically the regenerative developments in the political system of the Republic of Armenia and the Arstakh Republic (the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) and elaborate scientifically a conception of historical-comparative approaches in order to understand how the Armenian society can respond more efficiently and fundamentally to the rapid influx of modern reform ideas and projects. It is very important to comprehend the historically formed Armenian statehood’s responses to the present -day international developments in the context of the world multi-cultural processes marked by the trends of modern democratization and globalization [1, pp. 7-17]. As is stated in “National Security Strategy” of the Republic of Armenia: “The Republic of Armenia is engaged in a transitional process of an active reform. Any deterioration in the efficacy of public administration and any decrease in the speed or scope of its reform effort are seen as potential threats to national security”* 1.
Armenia with more than five millennia-old ethno-spiritual, cultural and social-political roots of the Armenian statehood2 and civilizational achievements has the great national heritage a considerable part of which was destroyed as the result
' Doctor of History, Noravank Foundation consultant.
1 The Republic of Armenia National Security Strategy (approved at the session of National Security Council at the RA President office on January 26, 2007) [2].
2 The Haykian kingdoms of Aratta, Armanum (the 3rd millennium BC), Hayasa, Nairi (the 2-nd millennium BC), Van-Ararat (Urartu), Great Armenia, Armenia Minor (the 1st millennium BC-the first decade of the 1st c. AD), Great Armenia (Armenian Arshakuni, 65-428), Artsakh-Utik (eastern provinces of Great Armenia) (Haykian-Sisakian, 484- the first half of the 6th century), Bagratuni Armenia (885-1045) and Cilician Armenia (princedom - 1080-1197, kingdom 1198-1375).
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of the Armenian Genocide (1915-1923) and during the following decades by the genocidal Turkish regimes.
The Armenian people, particularly, in the 16th -17th centuries, as a result of the Turkish-Persian wars and divisions of Armenia (1555, 1639), suffered tragic periods of devastations, territorial and human losses which continued during the following centuries. The Turkish state genocidal policy and actions intensified in the late 19th (1894-1896, the massacres of more than 300.000 Armenians in Western Armenia and other areas occupied by the Ottoman Empire [3; 4; 5]) and early 20th cc. (1909, Cilicia/Kilikia: 35.000 Armenians were massacred in and around Adana) [6; 7] culminating in the Armenian Genocide (more than 1,5 million Armenians were killed and eight hundred thousand deported) in Western Armenia, Cilician Armenia, the Armenian-populated areas of Asia Minor, Armenian (northern) Mesopotamia, some regions of Eastern Armenia [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15].
The Armenian state was restored in a part of Eastern Armenia due to the Armenian people’s victories in the May Heroic Battles against the Turkish invaders. After the Battle of Sardarapat on May 28, 1918 the Republic of Armenia was established (1918-1920).
From the middle of 1918 artificially formed “Azerbaijan” [a pan-Turkic project with the illegally misappropriated name of Iranian Atropatene-Aderbaigan-Azerbaijan] following the Turkish genocidal policy periodically committed massacres against Armenians (Baku - September 15-17, 1918, Shushi - March 23, 1920). After the illegal and plunderous treaties signed between the Bolsheviks and Kemal-ists in Moscow (March 16) and Kars (October 13) and the Kavbiuro unlawful and forced decision (July 5, 1921), during the following decades AzSSR perpetrated inhuman acts of deportations, racial, political and religious persecutions of the native Armenian population and the destruction of Armenian cultural monuments in some regions of Eastern Armenia (Nakhijevan, Artsakh, Utik), as well as committed genocide against Armenians in Sumgait (February 27-29,1988), Baku (January 13-19, 1990), Getashen and Martunashen (in Northern Artsakh) (April 30-May 7, 1991). In November 1988 Armenians were massacred and deported from Gandzak (Kirovabad), Chardakhlu [a home village of the heroes (from Artsakh) of the Sarda-rapat Battle and the Great Patriotic War, Marshals Hovhannes Baghramyan and Hovhannes Babajanyan, 12 generals and many others] and neighbouring villages.
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The demand of the Artsakh Armenians (powerfully supported by all Armenians in the Motherland and the Armenian Diaspora) to restore historical justice resulted in the Resolution of the joint session of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR and the National Council of NKAO on the re-unification of Artsakh with the Motherland (December 1, 1989).
After the declaration of independence (September 21, 1991) the Republic of Armenia set course for restructuring the political system, bringing changes in social, political, cultural and educational spheres. But the geopolitical situation had been aggravated by the aggression of Azerbaijan against the Artsakh Republic, which declared its independence on September 2, 1991. The ethnic purges, deportations and massacres of Armenians (Maragha - April, Shahumyan - June-July, 1992, etc.) intensified during the aggression of Azerbaijan against the Arstakh Republic.
The Artsakh Liberation War (1991-1994) was culminated in liberation of Shushi (May 8-9, 1992) and eastern Armenian territories [districts (gavars) of Art-sakh - the tenth province of Great Armenia].
The falsification of Armenian history and destruction of historic monuments1 have been raised to the Azerbaijan’s presidential level, becoming amalgamated with the revanchist propaganda, particularly after Azerbaijan’s defeat in the war it unleashed2.
Thanks to the heroic struggle of the Armenian freedom fighters in the Artsakh Liberation War the native Armenian population and Armenian historic monuments are protected in the Artsakh Republic. The guarantors of the security of the Armenian civilizational heritage are the Republic of Armenia and the Artsakh Republic. The Artsakh Glorious Victory - a token of future victories - has proved the might of the Armenian spiritual potential, steadfast will and military firmness in protection of the foundations of the national security of the Motherland based on
1 During the last decades among the numerous destroyed Armenian monuments were all churches and khachkars (cross-stones) in Nakhijevan and the Jugha's Cemetery [16; 17].
2 “The Republic of Azerbaijan continues to pursue an aggressive policy of militant posturing that explicitly threatens the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Nagorno Karabakh. Despite numerous factors preventing such development, openly militant statements articulated at the highest level, cause to consider them as direct threats. In light of the heightened threat environment, there is an additional danger that the Republic of Turkey, a strategic partner of Azerbaijan, may also pose an additional threat. Taking into consideration the universally known provisions of international law, the Republic of Armenia considers the trade and transport blockade imposed by Turkey and Azerbaijan as a use of force against the Republic of Armenia” [2].
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more than five millennia of Armenian holistic cultural creativeness and freedom-loving traditions in the spirit of the Victory of the Armenian Patriarch Hayk.
For the theoretical grounding of the reforms touching upon the social strata, together with investigations in the fields of economics, education, political sciences (particularly comparative politics and law), public administration and governance, etc., historical research based on historical-comparative argumentation is also needed. The term governance has been defined as “regimes of laws, rules, judicial decisions, and administrative practices that constrain, prescribe, and enable the provision of publicly supported goods and services,” and its studies continuing to hold strong interest for public administration scholars [18, p. 7].
A comparative analysis of the historical developments of Armenian civic, political and administrative thought with the theory and practice of public administration in the Western world provides the opportunity of expanding the field of Armenian studies and advancing the research of public administration [19, p. 10]. The methodological basis of such complex comparative study deals with the analysis of the main aspects of the history of civilization as a foundation for construction of the theory of extrapolation of historically formed national values in response to present-day global challenges. Such a historical concept implies that a country undergoing the process of integration into the global or regional political and economic systems ought not to be a passive subject of application of the leveling schemes, but must be an active and responsive partner in the world community owing to its historically accumulated inner potential.
Nowadays a worldwide interest and necessity to understand the regularities of historic developments is observed through the prism of their contemporary reflections. F. E. Halliday noted: “One of the vexations of mortality is that we shall never know what happened next, but we can at least know what has happened, and have some idea, therefore, of what might happen. It is vitally important that we should know, for unless we do we are in an undiscovered country without a map” [20, p. 11]. As Mike Greenwood wrote: “This renewed interest in history has an important part to play in addressing one of the key issues of the new century - how to meet
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the needs of society for lifelong learning by reaching out to people by way of their passions and interests, as well as their needs” [21, p. 3]. According to B. L. Lawrence, “Studying the subject from its earliest phases in evolutionary continuity sharpens the vision of the present” [22, p. 307].
The historic evidence of the civilizational significance of Armenia is testified to in the spheres of archeology, rock art, metallurgy, agriculture, horse breeding and the development of the chariots, astronomy, architecture and other fields of cultural creation [23, pp. 44-48, 24, p. 341, 25; 26, pp. 10, 13; 27, pp. 79-94; 28, pp. 6, 8; 29; 30, с. 3; 31; 32, p. 154; 33; 34; 35; 36, էջ 120-125].
Historically Armenia, along with cultural values, has accumulated social, political and democratic ones of international significance.
(A) Historical background of international relations and politics. In ancient and medieval times the Armenian state carried great weight in international relations due to its might and geopolitical position. David Marshall Lang noted: “The ancient land of Armenia is situated in the high mountains... Although Mesopotamia with its ancient civilizations of Sumer1 and Babylon, is usually considered along with Egypt as the main source of civilized life in the modern sense, Armenia too has a claim to rank as one of the cradles of the human culture. To begin with, Noah's Ark is mentioned in the Book of Genesis to have landed on the summit of Mount Ararat, in the very centre of Armenia.... Again, Armenia has a claim on our attention as one of the principal homes of ancient metallurgy, beginning at least five thousand years ago. Later on, Armenia became the first extensive kingdom to adopt Christianity as a state religion pioneering a style of Church architecture which anticipates our own Western Gothic” [38, p. 9].
The “Treaty of Hukkana” [39, S. 103-163] signed in the middle of the 14th century BC by the Hittite King Suppiluliuma I and the King of Hayasa Hukkana is considered to be the oldest treaty in the world [40, pp. 279-280], which was concluded a century earlier than the Treaty (c. 1259 BC) between Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II and Hittite King Hattusili III [41, p. 256].
Armenia’s relations with powerful countries of the East and the West were guaranteed by the might and stability of the Armenian state and its political system,
1 W. Durant mentions Armenia as one of the countries from where the Sumerians (moving “through northern Mesopotamia down the Euphrates and the Tigris...”) could arrive to Sumer [37, pp. 118-119].
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based on the hereditary nakharardom (the Armenian patriarchal principalities’ system - the main factor in preserving the statehood even at times when the kingdom was abolished) and the might of Armenia’s defensive forces, economic potential and rich natural resources, ethnic homogeneity (one of the causes of its deeply rooted cultural traditions) of the country and spiritual unity.
The strategic significance of Armenia was due to its territorial integrity (the Armenian Highland) and the control of important junctions of the great trade routes from Asia to Europe. Analyzing the foreign policy of the King of Kings Tigran II the Great (95-55 BC) from this viewpoint we see that the Kingdom of Great Armenia played a civilizing role in Western Asia and the creation of the Armenian Empire by him was dictated by the necessity to stop the Roman and Parthian aggression against Armenia, as well as to take under his control and protection the major routes of the Silk Road in Western Asia, a certain part of which passed through Armenia [42, էջ 3-12; 43, с. 292-311].
(B) Continuity of the Armenian state’s political doctrine. The continuity in the development and implementation of the Armenian state political doctrine is reflected in the history of the Armenian statehood, particularly from the time of the Hayasa kingdom (the above mentioned Treaty of Alliance concluded with the Hit-tite Empire) up to the Cilician princedom (1080-1197 AD) and then the Kingdom (1198-1375 AD). The rise and prosperity of the Cilician Kingdom depended much on its flexible policy and skillful diplomacy with Eastern and Western countries, along with its military might.
During the existence of the ancient and medieval Armenian kingdoms a number of great states rose. Armenia pursuing its own state interests was an active participant in international relations and political life. In the course of the Armenian independent nationhood’s existence the main principles of state doctrine pursued the solution of internal and external problems. The essence of the Armenian state political doctrine, with some variations, during those times was defensive in accordance with the political situation. Identical policy was also continued later, during the period of the First Republic of Armenia.
It is notable that at present time “The Military Doctrine of the Republic of Armenia” (adopted in 2007) (aimed at ensuring the military security of the state) is
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also defensive in nature [44]. Thus, the internal and external policies and protection of national values are guaranteed by the Armenian state [2].
(C) Governance and elements of a democratic participation in the ruling of the country. In the public administration’s history prominent proponents1 have contributed to the inception and development of the theory of public administration as a full-fledged discipline up until modern times2. The inception of the theory of public administration has been traced back by modern researchers applying the method of analysis of ideas relating to the formation of its concept in the works of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacque Rousseau, John Locke, Charles-Luis Montesquieu, David Hume and Hegel [19, pp. 14-22].
Armenian thinkers also have made a contribution to the inception and development of the theory of public administration. The inception of the Armenian management thought is reflected in Armenian sources (the 5th century AD), particularly Movses Khorenatsi’s “History of Armenia”. The Father of Armenian historiography presents state activities of the Armenaian king Vagharshak directed to the reestablishment of order in way of life of the country [45, էջ 104]. Furthermore, a number of features of public administration have been traced, such as territorial administration of the state, activities of the courts, the authorities of executive power, etc., consequently, “this type of organization, that is, the strict definition of the relations between the king and the landlord, was an important factor for ensuring stability in the kingdom” [19, p. 58]. The evaluation given by the 5th-century historians to the government of the kings of the 4th century AD is vividly diversified; particularly the state activities of Trdat III [45, էջ 224-250] [along with his role in the adoption of Christianity, as the state religion in Armenia (301 AD), first in the world] [46, 832], as it is noted, had a significant input in restoring the Armenian independent state, strengthening its government and waging numerous victorious wars [19, p. 58].
Pavstos Buzand’s information elucidates a legislative nature of Ashtishat’s3 council (354 AD). There were introduced some norms for improving secular order,
1 Auguste Comte, Herber Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Vilfredo Pareto, Max Weber, Gabriel Tarde, Gustave Le Bon, Georg Simmel, Thorstein Veblen, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Simon, Luther Gulick, Marshall Dimock.
2 Richard Stillman, Robert Denhardt, Michael LeMay, Leslie A. Pal, David Osborne, Ted Gaebler, Frank Goodnow.
3 A village in Taron gavar (a district) in Western Armenia.
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definition of universal canons and establishment rules and regulations between the rulers and the subjects [47, էջ 118]. It has been noted that concerning the time of Arshak II (350-368) “such kind of public administration could not have been implemented or even proposed without the consent and partaking of the King”. The King Pap’s reforms have been introduced as good examples of the background of today’s “milder” concepts of public administration. It is underlined that Pavstos Byuzand told us about one of the exceptionally positive features of Armenian social-political thought, that is, tolerance towards the opinions of others, at the same time King Pap initiated radical reforms, strengthening the independence of the Armenian Church and the Armenian state in general [19, pp. 59-67, 69].
An ancient and medieval expression of a democratic participation of the Armenian people was the Popular Assembly (Ashkharhazhoghov), which discussed important affairs of the country [48, էջ 142]. Along with the Armenian royal decision-making system of governance, Ashkharhazhoghov - Popular Assembly [cf. the forum of delegates [19, p. 97] was a kind of democratic institution going back to the times of the Kingdom of Hayasa. In the “Treaty of Hukkana” as a side of the Treaty are mentioned “people of Hayasa” [39, S. 106, 132; 49, էջ 69, 86], which developed into an institution called Ashkharhazhoghov in medieval Armenian sources. This public institution, as a consultative body, existed both in times of kingship and its absence, when the Armenian statehood continued to function in the form of the nakharar system and the country was governed by the nakharars (princes).
(D) Elections of the Head of the Church-Catholicos; constitutional elements in Armenian canonical legislation. Another kind of democratic expression of the
will of population was the election of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Such elections were documented by the early medieval Armenian sources. The joint council of spiritual and secular representatives of Armenian society and the Church elected the Head of the Armenian Apostolic Church - Catholicos [46, 791-792]. This procedure, with some changes, extends till the present day.
As far as it concerns constitutional elements in Armenian canonical legislation it has been noted that “the accounts by the Armenian historians and religious and political thinkers, too, are full of episodes of state, community and territorial administration, as well as comprehensive theories around different issues of public ad-
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ministration”; these accounts testify to the writing constitutions – Canonical Constitution (Սահմաեադրութիւե կանոնական) by Vachagan Barepasht (the Pious) [50, էջ 89-94; 51, էջ 3-61]1 and The Snare of Glory (Որոգայթ փառաց) by Hakob and Shahamir Shahamiryan, as well as The Armenian Canon-Book (the 8th century) (Կանոնագիրք Հայոց)...” [54] containing along with ecclesiastical, spiritual, and moral theses, some legal ones valuable for state and public administration [19, p. 5].
(E) Federal elements of governance in Armenian history. The Armenian principalities constituted the backbone of the Armenian ancient and medieval state system. They held the offices of the state and some of them gave birth to the royal dynasties. It also took place in the period of the Bagratuni Kingdom when the royal Bagratuni dynasty’s branches and some other mighty principalities formed kingdoms. This period of Armenian history was marked by federal-like power in the country [5, էջ 96-97]. One of the peculiarities of such an early federalism was that after the fall of the Ani-Shirak Bagratuni Kingdom (885-1045) (as a result of the aggression of the Byzantine Empire) for a certain time some of the other Armenian kingdoms survived and the Cilician Princedom and later the Kingdom became the successors of the Armenian nationhood.
(F) The historic background of the Armenian society's infrastructure. Since ancient times the infrastructure of Armenian society due to the entity of its ethno-spiritual, social-political and cultural constituents has been the backbone of the Armenian nationhood; but its integrity suffered great losses from the second half of the 11th century AD when the wild nomadic tribes2 invaded and ravaged Armenia, which was then devastated by the Ottoman3 and Safavid invasions, wars and divisions (16th-17th cc.) with grave consequences. During the 18th century, due to the Armenia’s innermost vital state-preserving potential national-liberation programs were adopted and movements rose in Syunik and Artsakh aimed at liberation of the Motherland and restoration of the Armenian state.
1 Vachagan Barepasht (484-the first half of the 6th century) was the Armenian King of the Kingdom of Art-sakh and Utik (eastern regions of Great Armenia) [52, էջ 31, 41, 45, 64-65; 53, էջ 37, 42-45].
2 Seljuk and Oghuz-Turkic tribes (the ancestors of the present-day Turks) began their devastating invadsions from far away Trans-Altai and Cis-Aral steppes and deserts since the second half of the 11th century AD; then followed devastating invasions of Mongol-Tatars (1236 - 14th c.), Kara-Koyunlu (14th-15th cc.) and Ak-Koyunlu (15th c.) nomadic tribes.
3 A monastic scribe in Crete wrote with horror about the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453: “There never has been and never will be a more dreadful happening” [56, p. 1].
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The reality is that the Armenian statehood, due to political circumstances, the national-liberation struggle and legitimate activities since 1991 is developing in the Republic of Armenia and the Artsakh Republic in a very complex geopolitical situation. The use of scientifically elaborated Armenian historic experience may help in this process taking into consideration the deeply rooted Armenian national values.
My 2015
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