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АРХИТЕКТУРНЫЕ ПАМЯТНИКИ В ГОДЫ ИМПЕРИИ СЕЛДЖУКА
Чингиз Ч.
Нахчыван, Азербайджан
ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS DURING THE REIGN OF SELJUG EMPIRE
Jengiz C.
Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
АННОТАЦИЯ
В конце IX века в Азербайджане начал приходить в упадок арабский халифат, и традиции местной государственности перестраивались. Этот процесс улучшился в X веке, и начали формироваться мощные государства. В статье рассматриваются сельджугские турки, выходящие на историческую сцену, их система управления, их роль в историко-политических процессах, их работы в области культуры и многие процессы, связанные с именем Селджуги в Средней Азии. Изучены особенности архитектурных памятников, построенных во времена правления сельджуков. Автор также рассказывает об архитектурном устройстве могилы Учгунбеза, расположенной в центре города Урмия и построенной по приказу сына Атабея Шамсаддина Эльдениза Османа Музефердддина (...- 1191) в 1184 году.
ABSTRACT
At the end of the IX century Arab caliphate began to decline in Azerbaijan and local statehood traditions rebuilt. This process improve in the X century and powrefull states began to forming.The article deals with Seljug turks coming on history stage, their management system, their role in historical-political processes, their works on cultural field and many processes related with the name of Seljugs in Middle Asia. The spesific features of the architectural monuments built during the reign of Seljugs is learnt. The author also speaks about the architectural structure of Uchgunbez tomb situated in the center of Urmiya city and built according to the order of Atabey Shamsaddin Eldenizs son Osman Muzeffereddin (...- 1191) in 1184 year.
Ключевые слова: Селджуги, XI век, архитектура, возрождение, гробница, свод
Keywords: Seljugs, XI century, architecture, renaissance, tomb, vault
During the transition to classical feudalism - in the middle of the XI century one of the powerfull Turk state - Seljug empire was established. This important event happened in the history of Nearest and Middle East is related with the name of Seljug turks. Seljugs were originating from the Qiniq tribe of Oghuz Turks. Qiniq tribe was named Dukak bey's son Seljug's name. Dukaks nickname was "Demir yayli" (Iron arrow). After his death his son defined the leader. In the X century Seljug came to the city of Jant situated on the left bank of the Jeyhun (Sirderya) river with his tribe and adopted islam here. Seljuqs fought with Qarakhaniler and became depend on them. During that period Seljuqs sona Mikayil and Israfil arrested. Seljuqs had to move Khorasan. In that time Mikayil's sons Chaghri bey and Tughril bey held all the tirbes under one flag. Later on Seljuqs occupied the cities as Balkh Tus. Merv.
They defeated Ghaznavids troops and occupied the city Nishapur the main center of Khorasan in 1038 year. So in 1038 Great Seljug empire was established and Nishapur became the capital of the state. During the
years of 1040-1054 Seljug troops occupied Sistan, Balkh, Kharezm, Hemedan and Western Iran. Result of these campaign 120 years Buveyhid state declined. In 1054 Seljuqs captured Tebriz. The Seljuk empire controlled a vast area stretching from Maverennahr to the Hindu Kush to western Anatolia and the Levant, and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. In 1072 Alp Arslan was killed. His son Malikshah I captured Konya, Ankara, Syria and Guds (Jerusalem). Seljuqs reached the shores of Mediterranean and Black Sea. During the reign of Malik Shah I Seljuq empire had his flourishing period. Famous scientist and statesman Khaje Nizam al-Mulk has played an important role in the improving of the Seljug empire. So after the empire declined some states as Kirman, Konya, Syria, Iraq Seljuq sultanates, Atabeghlik of Eldiguzids (Atabeg of Azerbaijan) and some emirates in Asia Minor were established. The main reason for the disintegration of the Seljuks was the domination of natural disasters, the strengthening of the state judges, and the struggle for freedom of nations.
At the end of the IX century Arab caliphate began to decline in Azerbaijan and local statehood traditions rebuilt. This process improve in the X century and powrefull states began to forming.
Under the leadership of Seljuq the head of the Turk-Oghuz tribe unity the most powerfull empire Sel-juq state was established (1038-1157) the result of campaigns he captured many countries. The Seljuq empire controlled a vast area stretching from Maverennahr to the Hindu Kush to western Anatolia and the Levant, and from Central Asia, Caucasus to the Persian Gulf. Middle Asia, Irag, Iran, Caucasus, Syria, Minor Asia and Arabia peninsula were including the Seljug empire.
Tughril was the first sultan and establisher of the state (1038-63) though during the reign of Alp Asian (1063-72), Malikshah (1072-92) and Sultan Mahmud Seljuq empire had his flourishing period. But during the reign of Borkuyariq authority began to decline. Sel-juqlu empire had officially divided between Borkuyariq and his brother sultan Mehemmed (1105-1118). This event happened beginning of the XII century. During the reign of sultan Senjer (1118-57) the empire declined and some states as Kirman, Konya, Syria, Iraq Seljuq sultanates, Atabeghlik of Eldiguzids (Atabeg of Azerbaijan) and some emirates in Asia Minor were established. During Seljuq empire and later period turks were the main ethnic-political group in Nearest and Middle Asia. Turks palyed important role in the development of the Islamic culture.
During the Seljuq authority development of the culture, literature were high level. Architectural monuments of Seljug empire are considered the main column of East renaissance. There are many turkic monuments in South Azerbaijan in Persia which reflects the history and don't let to forget it. One of them is named Uchgumbez tomb. This monument belong to XII century to Seljuq empire period. 0 J**
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Since the VIII century Islam began to spread in Azerbaijan territory and result some buldings as mosques, tombs, minarets and caravanserais forming. Atabeghlik of Eldiguzids and Shirvanshah states were exist in Azerbaijan territories and this fact helped the development of Azerbaujan architecture. During that period the main compositions of headspan of the monuments begin to acquire more vivid features. Azerbaijan architecture was passing a difficult period because of opposite relation with culture of the neighbour countries. Different kinds of headspan were niche, facial, border, volumetric space, stand-alone, balcony and gate. The size of the headspans of the monuments built during the reign of Seljuq empire before mongolians were not so large. The quality of glazed bricks helped to keep the buildings along the centuries. In turn, the bricks are baked, cut, polished, and thus forming subtle light and shadow transitions. The work on alabaster plays a minor role at this time. Identification of color, texture and plastic qualities of baked bricks, skillful use of them, fullness, engraving on alabaster, the Kufi lettering which forms the unity of decorative styles, attempting to use glaze were the main features of the buildings of that period. Balcony headspan type of the monument is sunken-niche form then it contunies using the door opening edging style. No doubt the niche of the headspans were taken fron alter. Such tower-shaped
tomb headspan are widely seperated in XII-XIV centuries. they are characterized by a height of 2 meters above ground. So the door of the vault and the headspan are on the same line. For example we can note Mud-dever tower in Maragha the other name Dairevi tomb (1167) and Segunbed, so Uchgunbez (1184) tombs in Urmiya. The distance between their building is 17 years, but they opened a new stage in architecture and next period the building of the headspans.
Uchgunbez tomb situated in the center of Urmiya city was built by architector Abu Mansur Musa oglu according to the order of Atabey Shamsaddin Eldeniz's son Osman Muzeffereddin (...- 1191) in 1184 year (h.g.580). The tomb consist of vault and two part named shivangah. Each of them has its door. From surface it is roundbut in internal is quadrangular. The main headspan in the North direction of the monument and during the writting the inscriptions on it they used little stones. In the Uchgunbez monument in Urmia, a large-sized head span comes from the crown rostrum of the tomb. Its rostrom was covered with stone slabs. The main feature of this tomb is the architect improves the size of the headspan. In this case its tower-shaped style became weak and the headspan takes an important place in the composition.
Under the hinge, the casing's fascia is conditioned by a simple, large and large-scale stalactite system. The epigraphic inscription is situated in P of cyrillic alphabet, so in one of n form edge.
As in Usif ibn Kuseyr built before mongolians the glazed didn't used in the headspan of the Uchgunbez tomb. A little part of the designs kept in the monument till today. Except the door there is a sign of hand in each internal walls of the monument. Sometimes full turkish word Yashar has written on the floor.
They said that Uchgunbez is 800 years old and for a long time it has used as sacred place. Mothers who hasn't milk or child promise give , so they boil wheat and bring it here. They usualy turned around of the tomb, cried as sheep as though eat the boiled wheat and tried to gain there dreams. According to the people's belief nowadays someone comes here for this purpose. But we came here as a tourist and marked Uchgunbez tomb in Urmiya as a historical monument. We spoke about the architectural form of Uchgunbez tomb the souvenir of Seljug architectural monument belong to XII century. It is situated on the bank of Urmiya lake brother of Caspian sea.
Really it better to see the monument than to here about it. When I, Sevda Mirza look on the tomb in my dreams I travel that time consider myself living that time. Really it is very interesting to see the unity of craftsmanship with science, mathematics. No doubt behind of each beautiful work ist master stands. The human as you and me. Human is priceless if we understand it.
References
1. Bakhshaliyev V., Guliyeva F. Historical monuments of Nakhchivan. Baku: Nurlan, 2017, 212 p.
2. Akbar N. The history of the states and atabeg-hliks of Seljuglu (From appearin Oghuzs till XIV century). Baku: Qanun, 2010.
3. Eldeniz Elig oglu Memmedov. Seljugs. Textbook. Baku: Muterjim, 2015, 204 p.
4. https://goo.gl/62UfmD
5. https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9lcuqlular
