CC BY
2UDC 398.21:159.9
ARCHETYPAL IMAGES OF KARL GUSTAV JUNG IN THE TALES OF LYUDMILA
PETRUSHEVSKAYA
Student of the Faculty of Philology and Humanities of M.H.Dulati Taraz Regional University,
Scientific supervisor - L. SAFRONOVA Taraz, Kazakhstan
Annotation: The article refers to the archetypal images of Karl Gustav Jung in the tales of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya. The purpose of the article is to show how texts can be analyzed using the method of classical psychoanalysis. The article describes a small study conducted in the form of practical work among first-year students in the humanities department. Students studied material on the analytical psychology of Karl Gustav Jung. The experiment specifically looked at the archetypal images that students had to find in the tales given to them. As a result, more than half of the students found them correctly. The practical significance of such an experiment lies in the fact that it is possible to develop a course of lectures on this material. The questions studied by Karl Gustav Jung regarding human consciousness, his awareness of his own ego, his relationship in society and the path of self-realization in life are modern.
Keywords: fairy tales; archetype; Carl Gustav Jung; the collective unconscious.
Introduction
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) is the name of a Swiss psychologist, psychotherapist, philosopher, sociologist and cultural critic. Jung represents one of the most outstanding scientists of the twentieth century. He is the founder of analytical psychology and psychotherapy. The collective unconscious according to Jung's interpretations is a part of the psyche that is different from the personal unconscious. It is not dependent on personal experience. Therefore, we could not call it an individual acquisition. The content of the collective unconscious includes many archetypes. The concept of the archetype proves the existence of definite forms in the human psyche, which apparently are present always and everywhere. Archetypes are models of instinctive behavior [1].
Carl Gustav Jung's theory of archetypes is still relevant, because with its help we analyze modern artistic characters in education and ordinary people in life. For example, anima archetype is a symbol of a man's feminine possibilities [2, p.62].
Psychology is of great importance for understanding the writer and his characters. Knowledge of its foundations allows literary theorists to expand the horizons of their research, to trace the subtle nuances of the author's mood and of his characters. In recent decades, literary studies have been actively developing the problem of psychologism and issues of the psychology of artistic creativity
In modern science, psychology is an auxiliary discipline of literary criticism. It, like history, cultural studies, and aesthetics, contributes to a deeper study and understanding of artistic works. Literature reflects imaginative thinking [3].
The purpose of the study is to show the effectiveness of the study of artistic text through the method of classical psychoanalysis. The object of research is the fairy tales of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya.
The results of the study showed that classical psychoanalysis is very effective in analyzing fairy tales. Students who participated in the practical class performed well in the ability to identify the archetypal image in fairy tales, based on the classification of Karl Gustav Jung. It turned out available for understanding information on the theory of collective unconsciousness.
Moreover, based on all this, it is possible to develop a course of lectures on the conduct of psychoanalysis, working with fairy tales or other artistic texts. The method also develops critical
VALIYEVA ZEMFIRA RINATOVNA
[3, p.11].
thinking. The critical thinking development is one of the modern teaching technologies at the university.
The main gist of human thinking is to identify the general interconnections as well as the generalizations of the properties of a definite group of phenomena. The man in such moments understands the true gist of a particular phenomenon as a variety of a homogeneous class of phenomena [4].
Thus, creative activity is an integral component of critical thinking. Analysis of a fairy tale is such a creative activity. Materials and methods
The collective unconscious leads the psyche of a person, restrains his emotions and develops in the process of individual experience. Archetypes people inherit from generation to generation. Archetypes give us role models.
Carl Gustav Jung has six main archetypes that express our collective unconscious - persona, shadow, animus, anima, self, and ego. Anima is feminine in personality. It includes such character traits as love, softness, tenderness. Animus is the masculine principle in a person or the masculine side of a person. Those people in which anima prevails are very kind and infantile [5].
Persona is a mask of a person. It shows the status in society. It can completely overshadow one's own self. The person forces to behave in accordance with the norms and rules of society. A person is afraid to prove himself differently, because he may lose his job or become without respect in society. Persona archetype demonstrates the same features while these people belong to the same profession, the same social status. Such people behave the same; dress the same, use the same language; act within the framework of a collective role [6, p.14].
The self is the embodiment of human harmony. Self is in every person, but it can be differently developed in everyone.
Ego is a conscious mind. Ego is personal goals and values, as well as life planning and goal achievement.
Jung's archetypes underlie the universal symbolism of fairy tales and other works of fiction.
The Great Mother archetype. This is a female archetype. These women have good qualities. Nature endowed them with Special Forces. Mother wants to make us all happy and content. She wants to dominate everyone, to be the center of the family. She is the ancestor of the clan, brings peace and harmony to life, the source of inexhaustible life. The Great Mother denotes fertility and abundance [5].
The Great Mother influences the members of her family, her relatives, her friends as well as work associates. The Great Mother has the skill to find a compromise with people. She thinks that other people must always follow her ideas and examples. She usually strives for dominance and imposes her point of view even when other people disagree with her. Sometimes she is destructive and full of hatred. Thus, we see two opposite variants of the archetype the Great Mother - Good Great Mother and the Terrible Great Mother [6, p.17].
The archetype of the old sage. The old sage represents a Higher Power, Omniscience, a messenger of the God. The archetype of the old sage has the ability to influence others strongly and charismatically. This archetype could be represented as a prophet or a leader in literature. The old sage archetype appears in religions, politics, literature, etc. The people believe in the truth and greatness of such a person while they are under his or her influence [6, p.18].
The archetype of trickster. The archetype of trickster is the buffoon. Such an image demonstrates goofy behavior, inappropriate jokes, uninhibited behavior, and cynicism, violation of the rules of decency, ethics and morality. This archetype is reflected in folk customs and holidays representing different cultures. The trickster could be found during such big events as carnivals, Nature festivals, spring, Halloween, etc. Tricksters are people who do dirty tricks to other people. They laugh at something, which is not funny to other people. They make faces, grimace, and giggle
[6, p.19].
The archetype of the father. Jung's father is protection for all family members. He brings order and organization. Everyone will obey him and he brings discipline and respect to the community group. The father symbolizes the example of courage. He opposes instincts, defends his positions. Father cares not only about his family, but also about the whole world as a whole. It protects not only in the physical aspect, but also financially. He is both the breadwinner and the successor of the genus.
Child archetype. A Jung child is the joy of life. These are new opportunities and a holiday. K. G. Jung identified four phenomenological features in the child's archetype: abandonment, hermaphroditism and the unity of the initial and final [7]. He is the childhood aspect of the collective soul [8].
Based on the concept of K. G. Jung, the child manifests himself differently in the media [9]. The child seeks to feel paradise, is afraid that he will be punished, and tries to act according to the rules everywhere.
In a practical lesson with undergraduate students, the tales of the modern Russian writer Lyudmila Petrushevskaya were studied. Then they were acquainted with the archetypes of Karl Gustav Jung. The next step was psychoanalysis. Students tried to find archetypes of Carl Gustav Jung in these tales. Most students identified them correctly.
The method of classical psychoanalysis was to find archetypes, in this case, specifically archetypal images. Results and discussion
Three fairy tales by Lyudmila Petrushevskaya were chosen for analysis: "Alarm Clock," "Rose" and "Uncle Well and Aunt Oh."
"Fairy tale is a historically established stable epic work of folklore prose of unusual and sometimes deeply fantastic content, talking about events, often very distant, and therefore greatly distorted in the process of oral transmission" [10, p.7].
These are the results obtained during the practical lesson. Table 1 - Percentage of students who correctly found archetypes
Archetype Character in fairy tales Right answers
shadow Ordinary people, neighbors 80%
mother Niece 99%
father Niece 50%
child Uncle Well and aunt Oh, rose 70%
Old sage Glasses, book 80%
Anima Vase, cushion 80%
persona Alarm Clock 70%
Diagram 1 - The archetypes found in the tales
archetypes
■ mother ■ shadow, old sage, anima ■ child, persona ■ father
Tabular and diagram results indicate that students were able to understand the topic of archetypal images and correctly identify them in fairy tales. Most students came up with the correct answer.
In the fairy tale "Alarm Clock"[11, p.27], the main character is an alarm clock. He is the archetype persona. Persona will include conventions in order to live in public society. He or she obeys the rules of the society [12]. It's 8 o'clock now and he is getting married in 45 minutes. However, he had not fallen in love yet. The nature forces him do that?
However, it does not matter. A businessperson has everything planned. He is either an economist or an accountant. 70% of the students guessed it correctly. He chose to marry a carafe of water because it is beautiful and has feminine shapes. Therefore, she is an anima according to Carl Jung. He is the feminine in the Alarm Clock. 80% of the students guessed it. Then the Alarm Clock made an offer to the glasses, but they turned out to be smart. They chose to marry the ears. They have known them longer. Therefore, they are a wise man. 80% of the students identified it correctly.
80% of the students found the sage archetype expressed in the simple thing - book. She decided to get married when an alarm clock proposed to her. The right women do it because they age fast.
Therefore, the students were not mistaken. The pillow turned out to be anima archetype too, because it attracted the alarm clock's attention. He suddenly changed his mind about marrying a book and married a pillow. Therefore, the pillow is beautiful and feminine. She is feminine in a man. Here, 80% of the students were also right.
Another tale from the same collection describes the archetype of the martyr. It is a child. To be more precise, this is an offended child. Carl Gustav Jung singled out this epithet for an archetype that would change with the situation. However, here it is an offended child who has suddenly come to terms with everyday life. The hero Rose agreed to live worse [11, p.59].
At first, the rose grew normally, and then it was transplanted into a pot. Then she was tied to a string. Then they began to water it at random. The string began to rot. Rosa got a runny nose. People were wondering what color it was [8, p.58]. This is how defenseless children are bullied and abused. They even started taking her to exhibitions. 70% of the students guessed her archetype. This is a Jungian offended child. Foreigners have a rose as a symbol of Christ, the martyr. Then people are a shadow. They are bad. They are bullying me. 80% of the students decided so. They guessed it correctly [11].
Finally, the third fairy tale from the collection "Suitcase of Nonsense" has opened up new types of heroes to us. In Uncle Nu and aunt Oh, 70% of the students also recognized the offended child they met in the fairy tale "Rose". This time, the abuser was the neighbors. Therefore, the neighbors are a shadow. Bad people offend.
These man and woman lived well in the apartment. However, the neighbors brazenly asked them for food. Then the neighbors asked them for items and did not give them back. Finally, the neighbors came to live with them in a house with pets [11, p.39]. Uncle and aunt were forced to live on the balcony. They defended themselves weakly. One was pouring water on the bathroom curtain, and the other was holding the curtain. They tried to drive the neighbors away like that. However, the niece came and protected them. She took back all the items. She kicked out the neighbors.99percentage of the students saw her as a mother. 50% of the students saw her as a father. She protected them like a father. Moreover, she baked pies for them and showed her mother's care
That all means that students can think critically and find all the archetypes right in the text. They mostly guessed them right everywhere. This is a good exercise, which develops our critical thinking and provides us with more information about the world science. Conclusions
Thus, students had to resort to critical thinking to determine the archetypal images in the tales of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya. Most of them answered correctly. Consequently, they understood the
[11, p.40].
concepts of the basic archetypes of Karl Gustav Jung. Such as self, shadow, mother, child, father, old sage, person, trickster.
At this stage, you can develop a course of lectures on the material passed. The topic of such lectures would be the specific application of classical psychoanalysis to the analysis of fiction.
During life without knowledge of special information about archetypes, a person does not realize that he is under the influence of collectively unconscious archetypal forces [13, p.11].
As Bolshakova A. Yu., a philology scientist, says, any archetype is a prototype of cultural unconscious. It is the concept of concept [14, p.40]. Archetypes are innate and universal. They actually represent a collective experience. However this experience is not completely conscious [15,
The archetypes are our culture and moral. Culture is the spiritual and public achievements of the people [16, p.297]. Moral is the norms of people's behavior, good relationship between people [17, p.100]. Moral is also humanism which is kindness in social activity and people's treatment [18, p.252]. Moral is ethics, which is established traditions and rules of behavior in the society [19, p.155].
p.320].
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