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37Внедрение виртуальной информационной среды в образовательный процесс
Воронцова Юлия Александровна,
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки» Брянского государственного технического университета E-mail: voroncova.yuliya@mail.ru
Настоящая статья обращена к проблеме появления виртуальной информационной среды в современных реалиях обучения. С момента становления виртуальной информационной среды в ней стали находить отражение различные сферы жизни человека, и образование не является исключением, так как на протяжении всего существования человечества методы обучения непрерывно совершенствовались, а их количество существенно росло. В статье рассматривается понятие виртуальной информационной педагогической среды, как среды, основанной на виртуальных элементах, специально созданных с целью оказания образовательного или воспитывающего действия. В статье раскрыты термины «дистанционное образование» и «электронное обучение», представляющие методику обучения, при которой субъект образования физически удален от педагога. В статье описана история развития электронного обучения, рассмотрена роль мультимедийных технологий в электронном образовании, представлены наиболее известные платформы и сервисы для онлайн-обучения.
Ключевые слова: Виртуальная информационная среда, дистанционное образование, электронное обучение, Интернет, образовательная платформа, мультимедийные технологии.
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Since emerging the virtual information environment, various spheres of human life have been reflected in it, and education is no exception. An on-line pedagogical information environment is an environment based on the virtual elements specially created for the purpose of providing educational or upbringing actions on students and these elements are used directly in the teaching process [4]. Throughout the existence of mankind, teaching methods have been continuously improved, and their number has dramatically grown. In order to trace how education has been formed in a virtual information environment, what it is at the moment, as well as try to predict its development in the future and consider the problems with which it is associated, let us turn to the history of developing an e-learn-ing and distance education. These two concepts are closely related, and it is easy to confuse them due to deep mutual integration, but their identification is not entirely correct.
The term "distance education", first and foremost, denotes a teaching method in which the subject of education is physically removed from the teacher [4]. E-learning is a process that allows a teacher or a student to train or receive education in any subject, anywhere and anytime [4]. This is usually done over the Internet, and students can receive, complete and then submit their assignments through various means such as e-mail or through the high school own online system.
E-learning is not fully linked to distance education where students receive their materials by mail or e-mail and are taught using magnetic tapes, CDs, DVDs and other media. It can be seen as a part or subdivision of distance education, in which learners and teachers do not have the traditional type of a classroom, namely the auditorium.
Distance education appeared much earlier than the first computers. Its founder was Isaac Pitman, who in 1840 began teaching stenography by mail, sending by post the texts transcribed on postcards and receiving transcriptions from his students in exchange for corrections [3]. The students' feedback element was a major innovation in the Pitman system. This scheme was made possible due to introducing uniform shipping rates throughout Great Britain in 1840.
Edward Lee Thorndike (Thorndike Edward Lee), the famous American psychologist and educator, in 1912 predicted the emergence of learning machines and electronic kerning in his book "Education: The First Book" [1]. He believed that the main disadvantage of textbooks was the fact that students were on their own. They might not pay attention to important points or, not having mastered the studied material,
move on to learning new things. Thorndike proposed a fundamentally different approach: a "mechanical book" in which the following sections were opened only after the previous ones had been properly completed.
The first device to automate learning is considered to be the "Automatic Teacher", which was invented by professor of educational psychology Sidney Leavitt Pressey in 1924 at Ohio State University [1]. The purpose of its development was to provide an opportunity for students to independently exercise and test themselves using questions with a choice of one correct answer from several suggested ones.
Outwardly, the "Automatic Teacher" resembled a typewriter with a window in which a question and answer options were displayed. To answer, the user had to click on the corresponding button. If the correct answer was chosen, the machine incremented the counter value by one and displayed the next question. A "game" addition was even provided for the machine, when the machine gave the student a candy for a series of correct answers, which was an early kind of gamification of the educational process.
Using the example of the teaching machine he created, Pressey showed the advantage of teaching automation, which meant that immediately after the answer the student received a response from the device and could work with it at a pace that suited him. Pressey wrote: "Learning machines are unique among teaching aids in that the student does not just passively listen, watch, or read, but also actively responds. And, as soon as he answers, he immediately knows whether his answer is correct or not" [1]. The developer stated that the purpose of the invention was to free teachers from the routine of checking and grading students' tests so that they could focus on other teaching aspects.
By 1929, Pressey had signed a contract with a scientific equipment manufacturer to produce and market the device in schools. But the production costs exceeded the budget, the demand for devices was not high due to the fact that teachers were afraid of losing their jobs and Pressey went bankrupt a year later. He believed that the tool for automating the learning process he had created would mark the beginning of the "industrial revolution" in education, but this was prevented by the Great Depression. The development in the field of education continued only after the end of World War II.
In 1954, Burrhus Frederic Skinner developed a theory of programmed learning, the meaning of which was to eliminate subjective factors in the educational process. The "Learning Machine" developed by Skinner for teaching in schools [6] became the application of theory in practice. Skinner divided the challenging lessons into sets of short questions, each requiring a student's answer, and each built on the previous correct answer. Students, using a Skinner machine, needed to learn one concept before moving on to the next topic. This was the prototype for adaptive self-learning. In 1960, its counterpart, Min-max, was launched into the large-scale production, but did not become widespread due to the high cost, the skepticism of teach-
ers and school administrators, as well as the structural limitations of this teaching method. Learning at an individual pace did not fit into the traditional educational scheme, when students were transformed from class to class at the same time.
The pioneer of computer-based learning was the PLATO system, which was developed in 1960 by Donald L. Bitzer [6]. Another pioneer in the field of computer-based learning was the TICCIT system, developed in 1968 by the MITRE Corporation as an interactive cable television. The uniqueness of PLATO and TICCIT lies in the fact that they worked on supercomputers, since at the time of their development personal computers did not exist yet.
Since the introduction of personal computers into the learning process, e-learning has continued and accelerated its development. Increasingly, multimedia technologies have begun to be used to enrich the learning process, combining visual and sound images, namely, elements of texts, graphics, sounds, animation, video, and interactive multimedia and hypermedia, consisting of multimedia applications. Despite the fact that the World Wide Web was already actively used during the development of the PLATO system, the means of distributing educational content, as a rule, were CDs and later DVDs. A multimedia project could even be developed as a "stand-alone" application (on CD-ROM) or on the World Wide Web on the Internet.
The next step in the development of learning in a virtual information environment was made in the 1990s with the spread of the World Wide Web. It began to be increasingly used to host electronic teaching aids. The use of web technologies in the educational process was initially based on general-purpose services (e-mail, websites with educational content, video conferencing, etc.). Then, services combining various e-learning functions began to appear.
Currently, learning in a virtual information environment relies heavily on these services. The most used are [5]:
Moodle is a free platform with wide customization and adaptation options for the user. It can be installed only on your server. There are many plugins to expand its functionality. It requires from the user to have web development skills for administration.
ISpring is a platform focused on the corporate sector. ISpring offers a complete corporate online training solution. It includes the iSpringLearn Learning Portal and the iSpringSuite Course Builder. The solution is focused on quickly launching online training.
WebTutor is a modular HRM (Human Resource Manager) platform that allows you not only to build training, but also to implement all HR processes: competence assessment, computerise the personnel's selection and initial training. WebTutor is a complex system with broad capabilities.
Teachbase is a cloud-based distance learning platform. On the platform, you can organize both employees' remote training and the sale of courses. Teach-base allows you to host webinars directly on the platform without resorting to the third-party services.
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GetCourse is the most popular platform among infopreneurs, combining a training platform, webinar room and CRM (customer relationship management). Using the platform, you can organize selling the content for training. GetCourse does all the routine work for infopreneurs: reminds students about the upcoming webinar, checks tests and issues certificates to users after their successfully completing the course.
Memberlux is a WordPress plugin that promotes the sale of educational content through the site. The content includes lectures, video courses, podcasts. The client sees your courses on the site, chooses the one they like, pays and gets access to it. Your content is always protected, and you choose who can have an access to it and who cannot.
Further development of platforms and services for distance education led to creating virtual educational environments, i.e. the systems of information technology and didactic courses, various types of computermediated interaction of educational subjects in the mode of synchronous group and asynchronous individualized learning. This system usually covers:
1) modern and traditional technologies designed to meet the need for communication between the participants in educational activities in an open model of non-simultaneous individual training;
2) information resources realized with the help of information technologies, which may include databases and knowledge, electronic educational materials, libraries, etc.;
3) modernized software, which directly includes software shells, electronic communication tools.
The concept of a virtual educational environment of a university is also distinguished. The virtual educational environment of the university is an element of its information space, it is located on the university web server and operates on the basis of a specific educational platform. This is a complex combination of computer and communication resources of the university, elements of its remote system.
The virtual information environment of a university provides a wide range of tools for self-education, which is associated with the orientation of virtual learning to obtain professional knowledge and corresponds to the rapid obsolescence of information in the modern world.
Currently, the information environment of universities is used to solve a number of tasks such as:
- carrying out complex automation of organizational and management processes of the university;
- creating and using information and learning environment (ILE), providing both traditional teaching in groups and open education using distance learning technologies;
- ensuring communication activity between participants in the management and educational process, etc.;
5 - creating a positive image of the university [2].
§ The educational portal created at the Federal State
£ Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
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Bryansk State Technical University (http://edu.tu-bry-ansk.ru) is a developed virtual educational infrastructure deployed on the platform of the education organization and management system called "eLearning Server 4G", aimed at supporting the educational process quality [2].
Nowadays virtualizing the information and educational environment of the university makes it possible to implement transparent, affordable and high-quality education involving the highly qualified teaching staff in the educational process. In the context of the modern educational space virtualization the value-semantic dominants of the world perception acquire special significance and relevance. To understand the direction in which education should develop further in a virtual information environment, it is necessary to take into account its advantages and disadvantages, to consider its complete individuality.
APPLYING VIRTUAL INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
Vorontsova U.A.
Bryansk State Technical University
This article addresses the problem of emerging a virtual information environment in the modern realities of education. Since forming the virtual information environment, various spheres of human life began to be reflected in it, and the education is no exception, as throughout the mankind entire existence, teaching methods have been continuously improved, and their number has increased dramatically. The article discusses the concept of an on-line information pedagogical environment, as an environment based on the virtual elements specially created for the purpose of providing educational or upbringing actions. The article explains the terms "distance education" and "e-learning", which represent a teaching methodology in which the subject of education is physically removed from the teacher. The article describes the history of developing e-learning, considers the role of multimedia technologies in e-learning, presents the most famous platforms and services for online learning.
Keywords: Virtual information environment, distance education, e-learning, Internet, educational platform, multimedia technologies.
References
1. History of e-learning. - Available at https://zen.yandex.ru/me-dia/adept/istoriia-elektronnogo-obrazovaniia-5f4f9cfbd82fdb1fd 9eca69c (Accessed 9 February 2021). - Access mode: for authorization users.
2. Mayer V.V., Moor S.M. Distance Technology New Facet in Organizing the Learning Process // Vestnik ChelGU. - 2014. - no. 24 (353). - pp. 95-97.
3. The Science of Distance Learning. - Available at: https://zen. yandex.ru/media/kommersant/nauka-o-distancionnom-obu chenii-5fbd0bb94b9b1b331d4c50e7 (Accessed 9 February 2021). - Access mode: for authorization users.
4. Organization of Self-Education of Students under the Conditions of Virtual Educational Environment of the Higher Education. -Available at: https://science-education.ru/article/view?id=27491 (Accessed 12 February 2021). - Access mode: for authorization users.
5. Platforms and Services for Online Learning. - Available at: https://www.ispring.ru/elearning-insights/platforma-onlain-obucheniya#4. (Accessed 12 February 2021). - Access mode: for authorization users.
6. The birth of educational software and its history: from mechanical machines to the first computers. - URL: https://s30515889574. mirtesen.ru/blog/43296095897/Rozhdenie-obrazovatelnogo-PO-i-ego-istoriya-ot-mehanicheskih-mas (Accessed 12 February 2021). - Access mode: for authorization users.
