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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-218-221
Nosirov Khabibullo Khikmatullo o'g'li, Gavrilov Igor Aleksandrovich, Puziy Anastasiya Nikolaevna, Tashkent University of Information Technologies, E-mail: n.khabibullo1990@gmail.com
Application scaling methods to improve TV images data compression
Abstract: In this article, the method of increasing the efficiency of the compression of the video stream compression based on the pre-encoded reduce image size is given. The effect of conversion images into the YUV form to compression efficiency are described in detail. Experimental information of reconstructed images' RMSD is presented. The effect of the aperture on the quality interpolators restore the decimated image and evaluate the effectiveness of their work Some words about LeGall wavelet filter are given.
Keywords: image, compression, redundant information, codec, video stream, compression ratio.
When transferring the television broadcast signal into digital form, it is generated digital data stream with a bit rate of about 240 Mbps, for transmission of which the 120 MHz bandwidth links are required transmission links with a bandwidth of 120 MHz. However, standard TV channels have a bandwidth of 8 MHz, so to adjust the signal parameters with the parameters of communication channel special methods of compressing the volume of digital data of audio and video data are used. Moreover, under conditions of given the limited frequency resource it is economically advantageous to transfer by one TV channel as much as possible on one TV channel TV programs, but without any significant deterioration in the quality of image and sound. Therefore,
the efficient compression problem of TV image signals efficient compression TV image signals is has a great practical importance.
Compressing the volume of video data is usually done by removing the redundant information of the following types: code, inter-element or statistical, psycho visual, temporary or structural inter-frame [1]. It should be noted that in the MPEG TV main compression standards MPEG main video compression is achieved by eliminating inter-frame redundancy, as a movie in a single video scene an interframe differences of adjacent frames is, usually small. (Fig. 1). Two adjacent frames (a, b) and their difference (c) are showed in figure 1.
a) b) c)
Figure 1. Image 2 of 2 adjacent frames and frame difference; a) first frame b) next frame c) difference of 2 frames
Application scaling methods to improve TV images data compression
Currently, the MPEG standards inter-frame redundancy is eliminated by motion compensation techniques (MC) based on the search image fragments in the zone of the first frame of the next frame intended displacement. If such fragments are then content block is not transmitted, and instead of new coordinates are transmitted (movement vectors). Thus, for example, 255 bytes, instead
of 16x16 pixel block can be replaced by 1-2 bytes its new coordinates. Thus the video stream structure consisting of a support frame, which is eliminated only intraframe redundancy and one or more types of transmission frames and interframe differences in motion vectors of blocks that is implemented in the MPEG compression standards family and many other codecs.
a) b) c)
Figure 2. Compensation movement based on movement of the blocks; a) first frame b) next frame c) result of the motion compensation
Figure 2 shows an image of adjacent frames (first frame-a and next frame -b) and the result of the motion compensation of their facilities (c), which are subject to transfer only the colored blocks and black values are replaced with their new coordinates. In this case to show the second frame (fig.2, b) it is necessary to transfer only colored blocks of fig.2, c, black blocks values are same with blocks from first frame, that is why they will restored with them.
The results of these studies have shown that block the MC allows you to transmit with acceptable quality video stream with speeds of 4-5 Mbps, and at lower bit rates the effectiveness of its application falls. So when bit rate of 2 Mbps frame aspect ratio must be more than 130 times with the result that the amount of compressed video and metadata should not exceed 9 Kbytes. Therefore,
to date, such compression ratios on real video scripts can only be achieved at the expense of the loss of image quality.
Therefore, to preserve the visual quality of the decoded images at video compression ratios of more than 80 times, instead of motion compensation is better to use other methods of efficient coding of images, do not use an additional set of data, or to use it only for global motion compensation. In this case, made of flat parallel shifts the entire image to compensate for that motion requires only 2-4 bytes motion vector.
One of such methods that do not use the metadata, can be change the TV image size before compression, which will compress the image with the least loss of quality (Fig. 4).
a) b) c)
Figure 4. Image compression using the zoom, wherein; a) the original image, b) the reduced image, and c) the restored image
As a final volume of compressed image data depends on the volume of the original image data, if, for example, to reduce the scale 2 times the width and height (Fig. 4b), it will reduce the amount of data and 4 times its volume will decrease accordingly after conventional compression methods. This approach allows a 4 fold increase in the magnitude of the compression video stream, respectively, or to improve the quality of decoded images [4]. However, the effectiveness of pre-scaling applications depends heavily on the choice of an interpolation algorithm.
The fact that for each reduce the size of the images is sufficient to remove even or odd pixel, and the reverse recovery add missing pixels. In practice, for this purpose use interpolation methods based on the calculation of the missing pixel values from known values of pixels around him [5].
The analysis showed that the most widely used methods of bilinear and bicubic interpolation to scale images [4]. They use similar principles of work have a good performance and the quality of the formed images. Differences between these interpolation methods lies in the fact that in the bilinear method, the pixel value is determined by the values of the 4 neighboring pixels, and Bicubic — on 16.
Due to the fact that addition of pixel interpolation is performed based on the average value of surrounding values, it leads to certain errors and distortions in the image structure.
To choose the most effective method of interpolation study was performed to assess the quality reconstructed test images of different scenes with large, medium and small details.
a)
Figure 5. The original image (a) and its scaling options (b -
In the study, each test image first decimation consistently decreased with decimation in 2 times the horizontally, vertically and vertical in both fields (Fig. 5). And then restored to its original size with algorithms of bilinear, bicubic interpolations and bicubic with interpolator based on the three point LeGall wavelet filter, the lifting the implementation of which is described by the following equation [6]:
Table 1. - RMSD of image recovery with algorithms
b) d)
- horizontally, c — vertically, d-horizontal and vertically).
b2i+1 = (b2i +b2i+2+1)/2 (1) where, bi — i-brightness value of the pixel column or row.
The quality of the reconstructed images was evaluated, both visually and by calculating the mean square error values of pixels of the original and the reconstructed image. The results of the experimental data on the overall recovery of the images are presented in table (Table 1) as histograms (Fig. 6). bilinear, bicubic interpolations and LeGall wavelet
№ Image names Scaling type Bilinear,% Bicubic,% LeGall,%
Vertical 6,1 6,7 5,2
1 Rocket-Buran Horizontal 5,9 6,3 4,8
Common 8,4 9,9 6,7
Vertical 6,3 8,1 6,1
2 Water Horizontal 7,6 8,8 6,6
Common 10,1 14,1 8,6
Vertical 3,3 4 3,3
3 Formula-1 Horizontal 3,3 4 3,4
Common 6 7,8 4,8
Vertical 14,3 16,4 13,3
4 Mountains Horizontal 13,1 15,9 11,7
Common 16,2 16,8 13,2
Figure 6. Results of precision recovery pixels thinned
As we can see in the figure 6 root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) of restored images by the algorithm of bicubic interpolation are the biggest, that means there are many difference between original images and reconstructed. Using common scaling destructs the images 2-4% more than single vertical or horizontal. When we scale and restore the images by using LeGall wavelet algorithm it gives the best results of reconstruction in comparison with bilinear and bicubic interpolators.
As we can see in the figure 6 root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of restored images by the algorithm of LeGall wavelet gives
test images algorithms bilinear and bicubic interpolation
the best results of reconstruction in comperison with belinear and bicubic interpolators.
Experiments showed that reducing the size of original images by 2 times when before encoding allows for large values of video compression significantly reduce the loss ofvideo data quality in the quantizer., and The use of the interpolator on the basis of a wavelet filter LeGall improves the quality of the decoded image, thereby improves the visual quality of the restored images in compression video stream 130 or more times or more.
Efficiency wet-heat processing due to the use of composite materials
References:
1. Gavrilov I. A., Rakhimov T. G., Puziy A. N., Nosirov Kh.Kh., Kadirov Sh. M., "Цифровое телевидение", «Тор Image Media» - Tashkent. - 2016. - 400 p.
2. Kubasov D., Vatolin D. "Review of motion compensation methods", URL: http://cgm.graphicon.ru/content/view/76/65
3. Ian Richardson "Video coding. MPEG-4 - next generation standard", - Moscow, - Vol. "Technosphere", - 2005.
4. Gavrilov I. A., Otto S. E., Kim M. V., "Improving the efficiency of the compression of the video stream based on the zoom image", Proceedings of the international conference "Actual problems of development of info-communications and the Information Society". -Tashkent. - 2012, - P. 157-162.
5. Gavrilov I. A., Rakhimov T. G., Analysis of methods and problems of TV images compression. Proceedings of the Republic science technician conference "Axborot texnologiyalari va telekommunikatsiya muammolari", - 21-22 April. - 2011, - Tashkent, - P. 63-67.
6. Dirac Specification Issued: April 2, - 2008. URL: http://diracvideo.org/download/dirac-research/documentation
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-221-222
Nutfullayeva Lobar Nurullayevna, Research associate-the competitor, Bukhara Institute of Technical and Engineering, E-mail: barno.professorov@mail.ru Tashpulatov Salih Shukurovich, doctor of technical sciences, professor, Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry, E-mail: barno.professorov@mail.ru
Efficiency wet-heat processing due to the use of composite materials
Abstract: The article describes the tools and technological methods of processing parts of garments using composite materials; It shows the parameters of the wet-heat treatment. The recommendations on the choice of forming elements for the manufacture of garments items.
Keywords: wet-heat treatment, the composite material, the surface treatment, the matrix, glass cloth, glass mat, breaking load, elongation at break, hardness, wear.
It is known that the main parameters of the wet-heat treatment (WHT) is the temperature (°C), the pressure ofworking bodies (kPa), moisture (w), the exposure time of working tools (s). The choice of parameters depends on the WHT fibrous composition, density, color, kind of surface finishing materials of construction for the part of the product. Settings must satisfy the requirements of optimality, realistically achievable in the enterprise and economic requirements.
The requirement is optimal choice of such a combination of WHT parameters within certain ranges, which gives the best results of processing of products. The latest models of equipment for the WHT are equipped with computer software allows for processing at any of the available programs. These tools greatly facilitate the choice of rational combinations of the parameters of the WHT and open up the possibility of centralized management modes on all transactions. It should be noted that one of the important indicators of the quality of the WHT are to maintain the original physical and mechanical properties of tissues and products packages.
However, experience has shown that the methods used by the WHT and the proposed treatment regimens, even in the new, mod-
ern equipment fundamentally do not lead to an increase in the quality of processing of details of clothes.
Studies have shown [1-2] that the application of the existing regimes in the existing WHT equipment leads to a decrease in the basic indicators of physical and mechanical properties of fabrics and packet. It should be noted that indicators such as the breaking load, the abrasion resistance of fabrics and packet products lost their original values by an average of 20-30%.
This provision can be described graphically as follows [3]. The mutual arrangement of warp and weft in the fabric is defined by bending them, namely bending wave height of warp yarns (ho) and weft (h01) and correspondingly the length of their half-waves (lo and l01). The height of the bending wave is the distance between the location of the yarn layers of a system in a vertical plane when the warp and weft overlap (Figure 1). Bending length ofhalf-wave warp and weft threads in a single layer or in a layer of the multilayer fabric is determined by the corresponding horizontal distance between two adjacent threads in places of crossing strands in the opposite system.
*- d»
i 1 ho г
\ \
\ N ( л
) к S Vf V
« lo H
Figurel. The initial view of the tissue section to a wet-heat processing
