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Обжалование процессуальных действий и решений в системе уголовного
судопроизводства Appeal of procedural actions and decisions in the criminal justice system
DOI 10.24411/2658-3569-2019-14018 Давыдова Полина Валерьевна,
Российский государственный гуманитарный университет(РГГУ)
Аннотация. Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс Российской Федерации имеет главу вторую «принципы уголовного судопроизводства». В Уголовно-процессуальном кодексе РСФСР такой Главы не было. На первый взгляд, это, несомненно, прогрессивное новшество. В действительности новое уголовно-процессуальное законодательство ставит больше вопросов, чем дает ответов. Таким образом, законодатель, вводя понятие «принципы уголовного судопроизводства», не дает его определения, а попытка систематизировать принципы уголовного судопроизводства, предпринятая во второй главе УПК РФ, не выдерживает критики. Давая перечень основных норм, которым должна соответствовать уголовно-процессуальная деятельность, законодатель предполагает ее исчерпание (ст. 6-19 УПК РФ). Но как быть с такими принципами, как равенство граждан перед законом и судом, гласность, всесторонность, полнота и объективность расследования обстоятельств дела? Оказывается, они утратили актуальность и значение для современного уголовного судопроизводства, хотя и были сформулированы в УПК РСФСР достаточно четко (статьи 3, 14, 20). С другой стороны, законодатель, как нам представляется, фактически дублирует то же самое в следующих принципах: уважение чести и достоинства личности (статья 9 УПК РФ), неприкосновенность личности (статья 10 УПК РФ), Защита прав и свобод человека в уголовном судопроизводстве (статья 11 УПК РФ), неприкосновенность жилища (статья 12 УПК РФ), тайна переписки, телефонных и иных переговоров, почтовых, телеграфных и иных сообщений (статья 13 УПК РФ).
Summary. The Criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation has Chapter two «Principles of criminal procedure». The criminal procedure code of the RSFSR had no such Chapter. At first glance, this appears to be an unquestionably progressive innovation. In reality, the new criminal procedure legislation raises more questions than it answers. Thus, the legislator, introducing the concept of «principles of criminal procedure», does not give its definition, and the attempt to
systematize the principles of criminal procedure, which was undertaken in Chapter two of the criminal procedure code, does not stand up to criticism. Giving the list of the main regulations to which criminal procedure activity has to correspond, the legislator assumes its exhaustion (Art. 619 of the criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation). But what about such principles as equality of citizens before the law and the court, publicity, comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the investigation of the circumstances of the case? It turns out that they have lost relevance and importance for modern criminal proceedings, although they were formulated in the code of criminal procedure of the RSFSR quite clearly (articles 3, 14, 20). On the other hand, the legislator, as it seems to us, actually duplicates the same in the following principles: respect for the honor and dignity of the individual (article 9 of the criminal procedure code), personal integrity (article 10 of the criminal procedure code), protection of human rights and freedoms in criminal proceedings (article 11 of the criminal procedure code), inviolability of housing (article 12 of the criminal procedure code), secrecy of correspondence, telephone and other negotiations, postal, Telegraph and other messages (article 13 of the criminal procedure code). Ключевые слова: действия, решения, система, судопроизводство, апелляция. Keywords: actions, decisions, system, legal proceedings, appeal.
To date, there is no legally established concept of «principles of criminal justice», which brings some confusion in law enforcement [1]. Thus, L. T. Ulyanova defines the principles of the criminal process as guiding ideas that determine the construction of the criminal process [2]. A. S. Koblikov believes that the principles of criminal procedure are fundamental, guiding legal norms that determine the nature of the criminal process, the content of all its institutions and Express views on the construction of a procedural order that provides fair justice in criminal cases, effective protection of the individual, her rights and freedoms, and the interests of society from criminal attacks [3]. N. A. Gromov interprets the principles of the criminal process as arising from the nature of the Russian state theoretically justified and legislatively fixed basic regulations that Express the democratic and humanistic essence of the criminal process, determine the construction of all its procedural norms, stages and institutions and direct criminal procedural activities to achieve the goals and objectives set by the state before the criminal I. F. Demidov defines the principles of the criminal process as the initial, guiding ideas about the most essential properties and laws of the criminal process [5]. V. P. Bogiev introduces instead the concept of «principles of criminal procedure» the concept of «constitutional principles of criminal procedure» and sees them as enshrined in the Constitution, fundamental legal ideas that define the building of a just criminal process, its essence, nature and democracy [6]. Yu. d. Livshits and A.V. Kudryavtseva propose to distinguish the principles of criminal procedure as a branch of law and the principles of criminal
procedure as a science. The role of the principles of theoretical science play, the basic idea of the criminal process, developed by scientists, and the role of the principles of the industry — the legal provisions acting in criminal procedure as obligatory requirements of the law [7]. A.V. Smirnov believes that legal principles are nothing but a measure of justice in law; they, first, can be inductively derived from a certain set of norms, and, secondly, (a more developed form), exist as normative prescriptions enshrined in specially dedicated articles of legislative acts [8].
The principles of criminal procedure must first of all be enshrined in the norms of law, because otherwise they lose their significance: in law enforcement activities they are guided by the law, and not by the initial, basic provisions of the theory. The principles should mainly determine not the construction (in other words, the form), but the essence and content of criminal proceedings as criminal procedural activity and criminal procedural legal relations arising in the course of initiation, investigation, consideration and resolution of a criminal case. At the same time, it is not necessary to single out the Chapter «Principles» in legislative acts, especially when the legislator does not disclose the concept of principles. More correctly, in our opinion, the authors of the Arbitration procedure code of the Russian Federation and the Civil procedure code of the Russian Federation, who called the first Chapter «Basic provisions». These basic provisions establish rules that truly Express the essence of arbitration and civil proceedings (legislation on legal proceedings, its objectives and principles). In our opinion, the legislators should have acted in the same way when adopting the Criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation, which would have determined the unity of the main provisions of legal proceedings in the Russian Federation.
We offer the following definition of the concept «principles of criminal proceedings». These are the legally formed basic provisions fixing the most General properties of criminal proceedings, expressing its democratic essence and defining legal and social purpose of criminal proceedings. Signs of principles of criminal procedure:
- principles can be only those basic provisions, ideas that correspond to the socio-economic and political conditions of development of society;
- the principles are only those basic provisions that are enshrined in the rules of law;
- the totality of all principles should be a concentrated expression of the essence of the criminal process;
- principles should not duplicate each other;
- the principles should form a system with integral, integrative quality.
The system of principles of criminal proceedings is one of the urgent problems, as only it can guarantee the achievement of the ultimate goals of criminal proceedings. On the one hand, the system of principles as a logical-theoretical construction highlights the internal, natural
connections between the principles, and on the other hand, as a system of legal norms of the most General nature has the value of a solid legal basis of procedural activity [9].
In the literature, principles are classified in various ways. It is proposed to subdivide the principles of criminal procedure into constitutional and special, enshrined in other legislative acts [10]; into judicial and procedural [11]; into General social and General legal, General procedural, serving as the basis for the entire system of criminal process, and specific, characteristic of its subsystems (pre-trial and judicial proceedings) [12]. Most authors present the system of principles of criminal procedure as a set of uniform and equivalent elements, without distinguishing any special groups and subgroups.
In the system of principles of criminal procedure, a significant place is given to the principle of appeal of procedural actions and decisions. It found expression in articles 46 and 50 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in article 19 of the code of criminal procedure.
Appeals against procedural actions and decisions of the criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation has included in system of principles of criminal process, although RSFSR code of criminal procedure enshrines this norm in the first Chapter «General provisions» (article 22 of the criminal procedure code of the RSFSR «Right of appeal of actions and decisions of the court, Prosecutor, investigator or person conducting the inquiry»), and some scholars attributed this provision directly to the system of principles of criminal process [13]. This was made possible by the fact that the provision enshrined in art. 19 code of criminal procedure, fully complies with the characteristics that meet the basic provisions of criminal procedure. Appeal against procedural actions and decisions is a constitutional right enshrined in article. 46 and 50 of the Constitution, and is implemented in the order established by the Law of the Russian Federation of 27 April 1993 «On appealing against actions and decisions violating the rights and freedoms of citizens» (with amendments of 14 December 1995) [14], that is, such appeal is enshrined in law and legally the property of the criminal proceedings, reflecting its democratic nature. An essential guarantee of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in criminal proceedings, appeals of proceedings and decisions provides the action of such principles as legality in the criminal proceedings (article 7 of the code of criminal procedure), respect of honor and dignity (article 9 of the code of criminal procedure), security of person (article 10 of the code of criminal procedure), protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in criminal proceedings (article 11 code of criminal procedure), the adversarial parties (article 15 of the code of criminal procedure), consolidating the relationship and interdependence of all the principles together.
The essence of this principle is that the actions (inaction) and decisions of the court, the Prosecutor, the investigator, the body of inquiry and the investigator may be appealed in the
manner prescribed by the code of criminal procedure. According to this provision, the law does not limit the range of subjects of appeal only to persons interested in the criminal case (as it was enshrined in art. 22 code of criminal procedure of the RSFSR), although in the first place the legislator tried to ensure the right to appeal the actions and decisions of bodies and persons engaged in criminal proceedings, it is the interested parties of the criminal process, so their procedural rights include the right to appeal (articles 42-48, 53-60 code of criminal procedure). Moreover, the legislator emphasizes the right of each convicted person to review the sentence by a higher court in the manner prescribed by chapters 43-45, 48 and 49 of the criminal procedure code (part 2 of article 19 of the criminal procedure code). Thus the person who is brought to criminal responsibility, additional guarantees of his right to protection are established.
The procedural law draws attention to the obligation of state bodies and officials not only to explain the above right, but also to ensure the possibility of its implementation (articles 124-126 of the criminal procedure code).
The criminal procedure norm enshrined in article 19 of the criminal procedure code established the possibility of direct application of article 46 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. contributed to the expansion of the right to judicial appeal against decisions taken at the preliminary investigation and inquiry [15]. In comparison with other procedures, the judicial procedure for consideration of complaints provides greater objectivity, greater opportunities for interested persons to defend their interests, greater authority and commitment of the decision adopted by the results of consideration of the complaint [16]. Thus according to the resolution of the constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of March 23, 1999 the court at check during preliminary investigation of these or those procedural acts shouldn't prejudge questions which subsequently can become a subject of trial on criminal case [17].
The importance of the principle of appeal of procedural actions and decisions is manifested in two ways: as ensuring the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen and as ensuring the rule of law during pre-trial and judicial proceedings.
Список использованной литературы
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2. Уголовный процесс: Учебник / Под ред. К.Ф. Гуценко. М., 1997. С. 58. 3.
3. Уголовный процесс: Учебник / Под общ. ред. А.С. Кобликова. М., 1999. С. 24. 4.
4. Бандурин С.Г., Громов Н.А. О соотношении принципов публичности и презумпции невиновности в российском уголовном процессе // Закон и право. 2001. № 8. С. 10. 5.
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6. Уголовный процесс: Учебник / Под ред. В.П. Божьева. М., 2002. С. 73. 7.
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8. Смирнов А.В. Модели уголовного процесса. М., 2000. С.58-59. 9.
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10. Гуткин И.М. Принципы советского уголовного процесса // Советский уголовный процесс. М., 1982. С. 49 — 51. 11.
11. Добровольская Т.Н. Принципы советского уголовного процесса. М., 1971. С. 14. 12.
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13. Громов Н.А. Уголовный процесс России: Учебное пособие. М., 1998. С. 82 — 86.; Уголовно-процессуальное право Российской Федерации: Учебник / Отв. ред. П.А. Лупинская. М., 1999. С. 154. 14.
14. СЗ РФ 1996. № 1. 15.
15. Уголовный процесс: Учебник / Под ред. В.П. Божьева. М., 2002. С. 98. 16.
16. Научно-практический комментарий к УПК РФ / Под общ. ред. В.М. Лебедева; Науч. ред. В.П. Божьев. М., 2002. С. 42. 17.
17. ВКС РФ. 1999. № 4.
