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Original article
DOI: 10.14529/ling240302
ANTHROPONYMS AND TOPONYMS IN SPORT NAMES (BASED ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE)
I.L. Kuchesheva, [email protected]
Siberian State University of Physical Education and Sport, Omsk, Russia
Abstract. This article presents a study of anthroponyms and toponyms in names used in different sports. The author analyzes the nominations of objects and phenomena that comprise a proper name component in sports such as volleyball, tennis, hockey, sailing, water skiing, aviation, skiing and snowboarding, bobsleigh, wrestling, rock climbing, basketball, fencing, and horseback riding, and composes their thematic classification. For the correct understanding and usage of sports names with anthroponym and toponym components, the author investigates their etymology. The work provides definitions for the concepts of proper name, anthroponym, and toponym. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the subgroup "Anthroponyms" includes names from sports such as volleyball, tennis, hockey, sailing, water skiing, aviation sports, skiing and snowboarding, bobsleigh, wrestling, and rock climbing, and the subgroup "Toponyms" includes the names of sports such as volleyball, tennis, hockey, sailing, skiing and snowboarding, fencing, horseback riding, and rock climbing, which reflect the geographical names of the areas, cities, regions, mountains and countries where they were created for the first time and convey various kinds of information through the centuries. The "Anthroponyms" subgroups include units that contain information about authors who have a connection with the designated phenomena, concepts, and elements of physical culture, perpetuate their names, and convey the historical memory of generations. The results of the study are intended for the compilation of mono- and bilingual onomas-tic dictionaries, and contribute to the development of English onomastics.
Keywords: proper name, anthroponym, toponym, sport, name, etymology
For citation: Kuchesheva I.L. Anthroponyms and toponyms in sport names (based on the English language). Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Linguistics. 2024;21(3):13-18. DOI: 10.14529/ling240302
Научная статья
УДК 811.11-112
DOI: 10.14529/ling240302
АНТРОПОНИМЫ И ТОПОНИМЫ В СПОРТИВНЫХ НАЗВАНИЯХ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)
И.Л. Кучешева, [email protected]
Сибирский государственный университет физической культуры и спорта,
Омск, Россия
Аннотация. В данной статье представлено исследование антропонимов и топонимов в названиях из разных видов спорта. Автор анализирует названия таких видов спорта, как волейбол, теннис, хоккей, парусный спорт, воднолыжный спорт, авиационный спорт, лыжный спорт и сноубординг, санный спорт, борьба, скалолазание, баскетбол, фехтование, конный спорт, и составляет их тематическую классификацию. Для правильного понимания и употребления спортивных названий с компонентом антропонимом и топонимом автор дает их этимологию. В работе приводятся определения таким понятиям, как имя собственное, антропоним, топоним. В результате проведенного исследования автор приходит к выводу, что подгруппа «Антропонимы» включает названия из таких видов спорта, как волейбол, теннис, хоккей, парусный спорт, воднолыжный спорт, авиационный спорт, лыжный спорт и сноубординг, санный спорт, борьба и скалолазание, а подгруппа «Топонимы» -включает названия таких видов спорта, как волейбол, теннис, хоккей, парусный спорт, лыжный спорт и сно-убординг, фехтование, верховая езда и скалолазание, которые отражают географические названия тех местностей, городов и стран, где они были созданы впервые и доносят через века разного рода информацию. Подгруппы «Антропонимы» включают единицы, которые содержат информацию об авторах, имеющих связь с обозначаемыми явлениями, понятиями и элементами физической культуры, увековечивают их имена, передают историческую память поколений. Результаты исследования предназначаются для составления одно-и двуязычных ономастических словарей, вносят вклад в развитие английской ономастики.
Ключевые слова: имя собственное, антропоним, топоним, спорт, название, этимология
Для цитирования: Kuchesheva I.L. Anthroponyms and toponyms in sport names (based on the English language) // Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Лингвистика». 2024. Т. 21, № 3. С. 13-18. DOI: 10.14529/ling240302
© Кучешева И.Л., 2024.
Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Лингвистика». 2024. Т. 21, № 3. С. 13-18
Introduction
Every culture has a system of language which speakers use to communicate with each other. However, this is not the sole purpose of any language. Language plays a crucial role in facilitating the transmission and recording of symbols, norms, customs, information, scientific knowledge, and behavioral patterns.
Cross-cultural communication is proper reciprocal understanding of two participants belonging to various cultures in the act of communication. Language serves as a conduit through which individuals internalize cultural norms and master the social roles necessary for their successful integration and participation in society.
Thanks to language, harmony and stability are achieved in society. With its help, beliefs, ideas, feelings and values are transmitted from one person to another. Language is a fact of culture, an essential part of culture and, at the same time, its instrument.
Both language and culture refer to forms of intellectual process reflecting a person's worldview. Language mirrors the world around a person, shapes the personality of the native speaker, determines his behavior, lifestyle, mentality, value system, contains various types of information, and stores it in the meanings of lexical units.
Topicality of the present research lies in the fact that the limited scholarly attention has been paid to anthroponyms and toponyms in names from different areas of sports in the English language. This lacuna creates a language barrier for effective communication.
The main goal of the study is to determine the peculiarities of anthroponyms and toponyms in names from different areas of sports using the material of the English language through their etymological analysis.
The method of continuous sampling from dictionary sources and the method of etymological analysis were used in the work.
The role of sports and physical culture is increasing in the life of modern society. Sport is inherent part of political, cultural and social life of society and is of interest to linguists in connection with the emergence of sport science.
Proper names are words or phrases that serve to name an object, distinguish it from other objects, individualize and identify it. Proper names include anthroponyms and toponyms [7, p. 182].
Anthroponyms encompass all types of personal names: first names, surnames, as well as their derivatives used in sports names.
Toponyms are a collection of geographical names of countries, cities, states, regions, parks, mountains, etc. Toponyms include choronyms (names of countries, counties, large regions, geographical, economic, and historical entities), comonyms (names of rural settlements), astionyms (names of cities), oronyms (names of mountains), etc. [3, p. 54].
For the correct understanding and usage in the process of communication of the names of sports such
as volleyball, tennis, hockey, sailing, water skiing, aviation, skiing and snowboarding, bobsleigh, wrestling, rock climbing, basketball, fencing, comprising an anthroponym or toponym, it is necessary to know their etymology.
Next, we present the results of analysis and thematic classification of sports names in the sports disciplines such as volleyball, tennis, hockey, sailing, water skiing, aviation sports, skiing and snowboarding, bobsleigh, wrestling, rock climbing, basketball, fencing, and equestrian sports based on the English language.
Anthroponyms
Volleyball
Jones: middle hitter runs a one, when the outside hits "back 2" and the weakside gets around to hit "outside 3". The setter can choose any of the three options to hit the ball. This move is designed in such a way that the setter can place the set according to the location of the block (named after David Jones, a Canadian volleyball player) [1, p. 594].
Tennis
Kenin-Hold: description of a game in which a server goes from 0-40 down in a game, and hits 5 straight wins in the proper process of holding the serve (named after 2020 Australian Open champion Sofia Kenin, who infamously held her serve with a score from 0:40 down in the final against two-time Grand Slam champion Garbine Muguruza).
Mac-Cam: a high-speed video camera used for television instant playback of close-range photographs taken on the baseline (named after John MacEnroe, an American professional tennis player and world number one).
Hockey
Gretzky's office: an area on the ice immediately behind the goal (named after NHL legend Wayne Gretzky, who was able to organize the game and score from that zone) [2, p. 583].
Zamboni: a popular brand of ice resurfacing machine, an ice polishing machine (named after Frank Joseph Zamboni Jr., an American businessman and inventor whose most famous invention is the modern ice resurfacing device, and whose name is trademarked for these devices).
Sailing
Marconi rig: a mast and rigging configuration for a specific type of sailboat and is the typical configuration for most modern sailboats. This configuration was developed in Bermuda in the 1600s (named after radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who developed this configuration in the early 1900s because the cables stabilizing the installation's mast reminded observers of the wires on early radio towers).
Water skiing
Danforth anchor: a stock used on the crown of the head, to which two large flat triangular legs are attached. The buttstock is hinged in such a way that the paws can be directed downwards (and in some models the optimal angle can be adjusted depending
Anthroponyms and toponyms in sport names _(based on the English language)
on the type of bottom). Stumbling palms on the top of the head cause the flukes to topple to the seabed. The design is a recessed grade and once well cured can develop high resistance. Its lightweight and compact flat design makes it easy to remove and relatively easy to store. Some anchor rollers and fair leads can accommodate a claw-type anchor (named after American Richard Danforth, who invented the anchor in the 1940s for use aboard landing craft).
Aviation sports
Nesterov loop: a dead loop that for some time was calculated only theoretically on paper and was practically not carried out. That is why it is called "dead". Earlier horizontal turns on airplanes were made without roll. The author's merit is that he began to use the lift of the wing for maneuver in both horizontal and vertical planes. He trusted his calculations so much that before performing the "loop" he did not fasten his seat belts to the plane. The calculations turned out to be correct, and at the top point of the loop he did not fall out, as some had warned - the centrifugal force pressed the pilot to the seat. With this maneuver Nesterov marked the beginning of aerobatics (named after Peter Nikolaevich Nesterov, Russian pilot, who, for the first time in the world, performed the dead loop on August 27, 1913 in Kiev over the Syretsky field).
Pegoud loop: a dead loop, S-shaped, for a short time ending up head down (named after the French pilot Adolphe Pegoud, who performed the stunt on September 6, 1913 on the Bleriot XI plane).
Skiing and snowboarding
Allais chicane: a combination of horizontal gates, a special slalom figure in alpine skiing, which is usually placed on steeper slopes. It consists of a series of horizontal gates, the internal flags of which outline the trajectory of a regular "snake". The passage of such a "snake" allows you to make wide braking approaches (named after Emile Allais, the French champion in alpine skiing. He won all three competitions at the 1937 World Championships in Chamonix and gold in the combined event in 1938).
Bobsleigh
Nansen sled: a polar sled that was an experimental sled based on the Norwegian farm sled with long, ski-like runners on an iron base. For each individual expedition, Nansen developed a special modification of the sled for the specific conditions and tasks of the future trip. The sled was a complex and heavy structure and resembled a caterpillar tractor (named after Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian polymath and Nobel Peace Prize winner. He gained fame at various points in his life as an explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanist and became a co-founder of the Fatherland League).
Wrestling
Andre shot: a camera trick that makes a wrestler appear larger by placing the camera below the wrestler and shooting upward (named after the giant Andre, a frequent object of such shots).
Bret's rope: the second rope of the wrestling ring, the middle rope, is often considered the most dangerous (named after wrestler Bret Hart, who often landed punches from this rope).
Dusty finish: a finish in which a wrestler appears to win a big match, but the decision is later overturned due to some technical issue, such as interference from other heels to save the heel champion, as in most federations the title cannot change hands after such disqualification. It can also refer to the controversial finish of a match in which neither wrestler can claim the title of winner (named after Dusty Rhodes, who chalked up many such finishes in the National Wrestling Alliance).
Rock climbing
Bachar ladder: a piece of training equipment used to improve walking performance and strengthen the muscles of the body and arms (named after John Bachar, an American rock climber known for his prowess in free soloing. He eventually died while free soloing).
Gaston: one-handed lifting grip with thumb down and elbow out, as in a reverse pull-up. The grip maintains friction against the grip by pressing outward towards the elbow (named after Gaston Rebouffa, a French mountaineer, mountain guide and writer. He is well known as a member of the first expedition to the summit of Annapurna I in 1950 and as the first person to climb all the six great northern slopes of the Alps).
In the group of "Anthroponyms" (Table 1) 16 units denoting sports names were found. The most numerous is the subgroup of "wrestling". The least numerous are subgroups of "volleyball", "sailing", "water skiing", "skiing and snowboarding" and "bobsleigh".
Table 1
Anthroponyms
N/n Number
Volleyball 1
Tennis 2
Hockey 2
Sailing 1
Water Skiing 1
Aviation Sports 2
Skiing and Snowboarding 1
Bobsleigh 1
Wrestling 3
Rock climbing 2
Total 16
Toponyms
Volleyball
Vegas line: a dead serve resulting from a powerful hit from a hard line that breaks through the opponent's line block. Named after Sean Rosenthal, the AVP who made the memorable serve in Las Vegas in 2005 (named after the city in the western United States).
In the "Volleyball" subgroup, one unit with an astionym component was found.
Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Лингвистика». 2024. Т. 21, № З. С. 1З-18
Tennis
Canadian doubles: an unofficial and unsanctioned form of tennis played by three players (two on one side of the court and one on the other). A team of two players can only hit the ball within the single player's single lines, while a single player can hit the ball to the entire doubles court on the doubles team's side (named after the state in North America).
In the "Tennis" subgroup, one unit with a choronym component was found.
Hockey
Michigan: a high throw or catch in lacrosse. The maneuver of lifting the puck with his stick and throwing it to the top corner of the goal while skating behind the net while the goalie defends the bottom corner. Bill Armstrong invented the move, but Mike Legg turned it into a permanent fixture while playing for the University of Michigan. Using Michigan in a full-speed variation, Mikael Granlund scored a goal in the semifinals of the 2011 IIHF World Championship against Russia, helping Finland advance to the final (named after a state in the US Midwest).
In the "Hockey" subgroup, one unit with a choronym component was found.
Basketball
Princeton offense: an offensive basketball strategy that emphasizes constant movement, passing, backdoor shooting, rebounding and tackling, and disciplined teamwork (used and refined at Princeton University, it is specifically designed for teams of five players each of which can pass, shoot and dribble at an above-average level) (named after a city in the USA).
In the "Basketball" subgroup, one unit with an astionym component was found.
Sailing
Genoese jib sail: a jib, a type of large jib or staysail that extends beyond the mast and thus overlaps the main sail when viewed from the side, sometimes to the exclusion of it. It was originally called the overlapping jib and later called the Genoa jib. It is used on single-masted sloops and two-masted boats such as yawls and ketches. Large surface area increases boat speed in light to moderate winds. In strong winds, it is usually substituted with a smaller jib; in downwind, a spinnaker is used (named after a city in northern Italy).
Finn dinghy: single-handed sailboat with a cat rig, former Olympic class for men's sailing. Since her debut at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finn has competed in every Summer Olympics, making her the longest serving dinghy in the Olympic regatta and one of the most prolific Olympic sailboats. The Finn is a physically demanding boat for racing at the highest level, especially since the class rules now allow unlimited boat rocking and sail inflation in wind speeds above 10 knots (named after the state in Europe).
In the subgroup "Sailing", two units were found with a choronym component and an astyonym (one unit each).
Skiing and snowboarding Arlberg technique: a progressive system that guides the skier from snowplow turn to parallel climb through specific stages of improvement. The system or slightly modified versions are still widely used today. Modern ski equipment also allows for a more efficient style of turning known as carving, which uses completely different techniques and movements. Some ski schools have begun moving students directly from snow plowing to carving as early as possible, avoiding habits that may be difficult to break. The technique was popularized in Europe in a series of films in the 1920s and 1930s (named after the Arlberg mountains in Austria).
Telemark skiing: a skiing technique combining elements of alpine and Nordic skiing, using the back foot to maintain balance while pushing off with the front foot to create a carving turn on tip-only alpine skis (named after the Norwegian region Telemark where the discipline originated).
In the subgroup "Skiing and snowboarding" two units were found with a comonym and an oronym component (one unit each).
Fencing
French foil: a piercing weapon, a sword with a rangoose hilt, a necklace (named after a state in Western Europe).
Italian grip: traditional grip with finger rings and crossbar; only used in foils and swords. The Italian grip provides more grip than the French grip, but less grip than the pistol grip. The finger rings and crossbar are descendants of swords that used feathers (named after a state in Southern Europe).
In the "Fencing" subgroup, two units with a choronym component were found.
Horseback Riding English riding: a style of riding common in the British Isles and other parts of Northern Europe and widely practiced in other parts of the world, especially in the disciplines of dressage, show jumping, crosscountry, etc.; characterized by the use of a relatively flat seat. The bridle usually has a Cavesson-style noseband, the reins are held in both hands and are usually used in constant contact with the horse's mouth (named after the country within the United Kingdom) [4, p. 694].
Liverpool bit: A type of adjustable bit used on harness horses, allowing the horses in the harness to be controlled with equal rein tension (named after a city in the UK).
In the subgroup "Horseback Riding" two units were found with a choronym component and an astionym (one unit each).
Rock climbing Australian rappel: skydiving, deep diving and rap jumping. A type of parachute descent technique performed facing forward; used for military purposes (named after the state in the Southern Hemisphere) [5, p. 347].
Anthroponyms and toponyms in sport names _(based on the English language)
Table 2
Toponyms
N/n Choronyms Astyonyms Comonyms Oronyms
Volleyball - 1 - -
Tennis 1 - - -
Hockey 1 - - -
Sailing 1 1 - -
Skiing and Snowboarding - - 1 1
Fencing 2 - - -
Horseback Riding 1 1 - -
Rock climbing 7 - - -
Total 13 3 1 1
American death triangle: a dangerous anchor that is created by connecting a closed loop of ribbons between two points of protection (named after the part of the world).
Egyptian bridging: a natural way of climbing in which a person stands upright, rather than hanging by his hands with one leg in front and the other behind the body (named after a transcontinental state in North Africa).
French free climbing: the use of very simple climbing aids (i.e. A0 grade aids, such as pulling up the guard when climbing) to get around a short section that is not easy to climb, especially used in big wall climbing (named after the state in Western Europe).
French grade: French grading system for sport climbing, which is the most common grading system for sport climbing (named after the state in Western Europe) [6, p. 1337].
French start: a second grip without securing the starting grips, thus using the floor as a support (named after the state in Western Europe).
Yosemite Decimal System: An American grading system for hiking, trekking and climbing, it is the most widely used grading system worldwide for sport climbing (named after Yosemite Valley in the USA).
In the "Rock Climbing" subgroup, seven units with a choronym component were found.
In the group of "Toponyms" (Table 2) 18 units denoting sport names were found. The most numerous
is the subgroup of "rock-climbing" (7 units with choronym component). The least numerous are subgroups of "volleyball", "tennis", and "hockey" (one unit each).
The "Anthroponyms" group includes units that contain information about authors who have a connection with the designated phenomena, concepts and elements of physical culture, perpetuate their names, and convey the historical memory of generations.
Group "Toponyms" includes the names of sports such as volleyball, tennis, hockey, sailing, skiing and snowboarding, fencing, horse riding and rock climbing, which reflect the geographical names of the areas, cities and countries where they were created for the first time, and convey various kinds of information through the centuries.
As a result of the study the author comes to the conclusion that toponymic and anthroponymic names in such sports as: volleyball, tennis, hockey, sailing, water skiing, aviation, skiing and snowboarding, bobsleigh, wrestling, rock climbing, basketball, fencing, and horseback riding, help to determine the specifics of knowledge of the world. These names exhibit stability, reproducibility in speech, and a purposeful nature of manifestation. They are related to general cultural vocabulary and they exist in two or more cultures.
References
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2. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary Hardback (4th edition). Colin McIntosh, 2013. 1844 p.
3. Kuchesheva I.L. Linguistic and cultural analysis of everyday realities of toponymic origin (based on the material of English and German languages). Human Science: Humanitarian Research. 2017, no. 2, pp. 53-58.
4. Longman Collocations Dictionary and Thesaurus. Pearson Educated Limited, 2015. 1472 p.
5. Muller V.K. English-Russian and Russian-English dictionary. Moscow: Eksmo, 2015. 1120 p.
6. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (9th Edition). Margaret Deuter, Jennifer Bradbery, Joanna Turnbull. Oxford University Press, 2015. 1896 p.
7. Superanskaya A.V. General theory of proper names. Moscow: Nauka, 1973. 372 p.
Список литературы
1. Cambridge Learner's Dictionary. Colin McIntosh, 2012. 886 p.
2. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary Hardback (4th edition). Colin McIntosh, 2013. 1844 p.
Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Лингвистика». 2024. Т. 21, № 3. С. 13-18
3. Кучешева И.Л. Лингвокультурологический анализ бытовых реалий топонимического происхождения (на материале английского и немецкого языков) // Наука о человеке: Гуманитарные исследования. № 2. Омск, 2017. С. 53-58.
4. Longman Collocations Dictionary and Thesaurus. Pearson Educated Limited, 2015. 1472 p.
5. Мюллер В.К. Англо-русский и русско-английский словарь. М.: Эксмо, 2015. 1120 с.
6. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (9th Edition). Margaret Deuter, Jennifer Bradbery, Joanna Turnbull. Oxford University Press, 2015. 1896 p.
7. Суперанская А.В. Общая теория имени собственного. М.: Наука, 1973. 372 с.
Информация об авторе
Кучешева Ирина Львовна, доцент, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры общественных и гуманитарных дисциплин, Сибирский государственный университет физической культуры и спорта, Омск, Россия, [email protected]
Information about the author
Irina L. Kuchesheva, Associate Professor, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines, Siberian State University of Physical Education and Sport, Omsk, Russia, kuchesheva@rambler. ru
Статья поступила в редакцию 12.01.2024.
The article was submitted 12.01.2024.
