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sport (pedagogico-pshycological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 116-121. DOI 10/14526/04_2017_273
DOI 10/14526/04_2017_274
ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS CONTROL OF YOUNG SKI JUMPERS
Georgiy K. Lebedev - Teacher Physical Culture, Sport and Youth Policy Institute of Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Komintern str., 14, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
E-mail: g.k.lebedev@urfu.ru
Annotation. Sport success in ski jumping is mainly conditioned by morphological characteristics of sportsmen. Anthropometric parameters control among young ski jumpers is necessary for the most prospective sportsmen selection, the level of physical development taking into consideration during adequate training means and methods, training and competitive loads selection. Material. This article presents the results of comparative analysis of male and female ski jumpers' morphological characteristics from the groups of initial training and educational-training stage, received during the offered by the author control system of anthropometric parameters use. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, anthropometric parameters of sportsmen measuring with the help of mechanical instruments, created on the basis of research works by Rudolf Martin, morphological indices calculation, comparative analysis, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. In order to solve the set problems the research works were held with 149 young ski jumpers of different age groups. Asthenic type of constitution was revealed among all sportsmen. Bodymass index (BMI) gradually increases among young men with age. The sportsmen are revealed at the stage of initial training with extended, ordinary and shortened variant of biological development and skijumpers at educational-training stage of training, who have lagging, normal and advanced physical development. More female juniors are revealed in puberty period of development during the first age, among male juniors- during the second educational-training stage of training, the sportsmen are revealed with earlier and late term ofpuberty periodfrom 6 months till 2 years. Special indices value comparison among ski-jumpers during the final years of educational-training stage of training with the results of the best jumpers at the stage of training sportsmen of the highest sportsmanship helped to reveal the most talented sportsmen, taking into account their morphological characteristics. Conclusion. The presented system of anthropometric parameters estimation is objective and informative enough, is based on popular morphological indices calculation, doesn't demand difficult equipment use and can be recommended to trainers during training young ski jumpers. Keywords: sports reserve training, ski jumping, morphology, comparative analysis.
Urgency. Ski jumps belong to individual, difficult-coordinating, speedpower kinds of sport, for which training sportsmen is realized mainly on the basis of individual-typological approach application. At the initial stage of training sportsmen the methodologies of sports selection are used [4,7], at further stages it is necessary to orient oneself at individual peculiarities of a definite
sportsman taking into consideration during adequate training means and methods, training and competitive loads selection[1,8].
In ski jumping results of a sportsman are first of all conditioned by morphological, motor and psychological factors. In particular, with the help of factorial analysis Jost B. [11] stated that morphological parameters condition sport success of ski jumpers to 20-25%, as
body morphology is an important part of ski jump technique, its influence is important at all phases of a jump, especially during the phase of a flight.
Testing ski jumpers according to different parameters of readiness is an integral part of the training process abroad. For example, in Slovenia testing is held almost during 30 years, great information base is formed, which is useful for the training process among children and adults [12]. In Russia such kind of bases only started to form [6].
Federal standard of sports training in ski jumping (FSST) [9] sets the range of requirements for training sportsmen in this kind of sport, determines requirements for sports training programs (STP) creation and realization in physical-sports organizations. The obligatory unit of STP is the system of control and examination demands, which provides the main qualitative characteristics of sports training registration and analysis and also necessary additional parameters, which reflect the peculiarities of training in this kind of sport at the definite stages of training. However, morphological parameters control among sportsmen in FSST in most created STP in Russia is not provided.
According to FSST in Russia the duration of stages of initial sports training for ski jumpers is 3 years for sportsmen from the age of 9 and educational-training stage -4-5 years for the sportsmen from the age of 11 to 15. In practice age bound between the stages of a long-term sports training can shift because of individual characteristics and abilities of sportsmen: biological age, tempo of physical development, time period of going in for sports, readiness, sports activity conditions and organization [8]. It should be taken into consideration that children of the same age very often differ from each other according to individual characteristics of organism development, it means that biological maturation, the degree of an actual maturation among children of the same age are very often different. Taking into account biological age should form the base of sports selection and the training process organization [4]. It is
important to take into consideration differences in the tempo of physical development among girls and boys. That is why an objective estimation of morphological parameters is especially urgent for the level of physical development determination among young ski jumpers at every stage of training.
The aim of this research work is experimental substantiation of created by the author system of anthropometric parameters control for ski jumpers at the initial training and educational-training stage.
The objective of this research work was the level of physical development revelation and comparison among young ski jumpers of different age groups - girls and boys and also their prospectivity determination for further training.
Research methods and research organization. The research works were held on the basis of the State Autonomous Establishment of Additional Education of the Sverdlovsk Region Sports School of the Olympic Reserve for Children and Teen-agers "Aist" (Nizhnij Tagil) and the State Autonomous Professional Educational Establishment of the Sverdlovsk Region "The Olympic reserve college №1". 149 young ski jumpers took part in the research: from the initial training group (IT1-IT3) - 64 (boys-44, girls-20), first years of training at educational-training stage (ET1, ET2) -57 (boys-39, girls-18), the final years of training at educational-training stage (ET3, ET4) -28 (boys-19, girls-
9).
Anthropometric parameters in centimeters were measured: height (standing and sitting); body length, the length of the left and the right hand, the left and the right leg, the length of the hip; acromial diameter (shoulder breadth); intertrochanteric diameter (width of pelvis); chest girt, shoulders in a calm state; circumference of the left and the right hip. For anthropometric measurements a set of mechanical instruments KAFA was used, which was created on the basis of research works by Rudolf Martin.
The choice of biological development variant (extended, ordinary and shortened) of
sportsmen-teen-agers at the stage of initial training was realized according to maturity index HBI according to Zaytsev A.A. methodology [5] and somatic maturity estimation (lagging, norm and advancing) at
the training stage according to the index of physical development IPD according to Vucherk method [2], calculated according to the following formulae:
HBI=[BWX(AOPX0.5ADR+AOSX0.5ALL)]/[BHX(AGS+AGM)X0.5BL)] (1),
where: BW - body weight (kg), AOP - the upper biceps circumference, ADR - hand length, AOS - the upper hip circumference, ALL - legs length, BH - a sportsman's body height standing, AGS - shoulder circumference, AGM - pelvis girth, BL - body length;
IPD = [0,5(ASR+ASM)xBH]/[(ADRxAOP+ALLxAOS)xBW] (2),
where: ASR - shoulder breadth, ASM - width of pelvis, BH - body height standing, ADR -hand length, AOP - the upper biceps circumference, ALL - legs length, AOS - the upper hip circumference, BW - body weight.
The results of anthropometric measurements were used for morphological indices calculation
[3,13]:
- Body mass index BMI, kg/cm2:
BMI = BW / BH2 (3),
where: BW - body weight (kg), BH - a sportsman's body height standing (cm);
- mass index MI, kg/cm2 :
MI=0,28 BW / BS2 (4),
where: BW - body weight (kg), BS - body height sitting (cm);
- Pignet constitutional type index:
IP = BH - (BW+ AOG) (5),
where: BH - a sportsman's body height standing (cm), BW - body weight (kg), AOG - chest circumference at rest (cm) (constitutional type was stated according to V.M. Chernorutskiy classification - asthenic, normosthenic or hypersthenic);
- body surface area index (according to Izakson formula), m2:
BSA = 1+ (BW+ABH) / 100 (6),
where: BW - body weight (kg), ABH - deviation of body height standing (with(±) from 160 cm towards (+) or (-).
Special morphological indices for ski jumpers of the final years of educational-training stage of training were calculated according to the following formulae [11]:
- aerodynamic index:
IA = (ASR+ASM) x BH / 2 BW (7),
where: ASR - shoulder breadth (cm), ASM - width of pelvis (cm), BH - a sportsman's body height standing (cm), BW - body weight (kg);
- rotation index:
IR = BL / ADS
(8),
where: BL - body length (cm), ADS - the length of the right hip (cm);
- repulsion phase index MITO:
MITO = BH / ALL
where: BH - a sportsman's body height standing (cm), ALL - legs length (cm);
- ascensional power index:
ILF = BL / ALL
(9),
(10),
where: BL - body length (cm), ALL - the Results and their discussion. As a
result of anthropometric parameters study among young ski-jumpers at the end of a yearly training period the changes of body mass index and mass index, constitutional type, the variant of biological development of sportsmen at the initial stage of training were stated, somatic maturity at educational-training stage was estimated, body surface area indices of sportsmen of different training groups, sportsmen in pubertal period of development and also special anthropometric indices of ski-jumpers were revealed.
The received results analysis helped to reveal the following:
length of the right leg (cm).
1. Asthenic constitutional type (Pignet index more than 30 according to V.M. Chernorutskiy classification) had almost all sportsmen from the groups of the initial training and educational-training stage, but there were some differences of Pignet index values among sportsmen of different groups of training with the tendency of decrease among boys in the final years of the training stage towards normosthenic constitutional type (picture 1). Ski jumpers with asthenic constitutional type, who have high values of speed-power "explosive" qualities in terms of relatively low volumes of own weight, have, as a rule, higher sports-technical results [10].
Picture 1 - The average values of Pignet index among ski-jumpers of the initial training groups and educational-training stage
2. Body mass index BMI, with the help of which acceptable sizes of inventory are set, gradually increased among boys-jumpers with age (picture 2).
3. The sportsmen with extended, ordinary and shortened variant of biological development at the stage of the initial training and ski-jumpers at educational-training stage of training, who had lagging, normal and advanced physical development were revealed.
4. Great number of female juniors in puberty period of development during the first year was revealed, among boys - during the second year of educational-training stage, the sportsmen with earlier and later state of puberty and also differences in puberty period duration from 6 months till 2 years were revealed.
5. Body surface area index, calculated according to Izakson formula, characterizing sportsmen's physical development, changes irregularly in terms of aging (picture 3).
6. The change analysis of body surface area index (in%) among ski-jumpers from the group of training ET4 during previous years of training (picture 4) revealed the periods of irregular change of the index and a considerable increase of the index during puberty period, the speed of index change among some sportsmen during this period also was different and it corresponded with the advanced early, normal, late and slow physical development of sportsmen.
25
20
15
10
M
Hni m=12, w=5
Hn2 M=17, w=7
Hn3 M=15, w=8
yT1 m=21, w=11
YT2 m=17, w=6
yT3 m=10, w=6
YT4 M=9, w=3
5
0
Picture 2 - The average values of body mass index BMI among ski-jumpers of the groups of the initial training and educational-training stage, kg/cm2
2 1,8
1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0
M
Hni
m=12, w=5
Hn2
M=17, w=7
Hn3 M=15, w=8
yT1 m=21, w=11
YT2 m=17, w=6
YT3 m=10, w=6
YT4 M=9, w=3
Picture 3 - The average values of body surface area index, calculated according to Izakson
formula, m2
7. The change analysis of body surface area index among ski-jumpers, who were not selected after training in ET1 group, showed that in some cases (example- sportsmen picture 4) the reason for giving up training could be
early puberty period and accelerated physical development, which was proved by sharp change of body surface area index among sportsmen.
Picture 4 - the value of changes in % of body surface area index, calculated according to Izakson formula, during circannian cycles of training among ski-jumpers, boys (A) and girls (B), from the group of educational-training stage of training ET4 and sportsmen, who stopped going in for ski jumping during the first years of educational-training stage
Table 1 - The examples of results of body mass and mass indices calculation among ski jumpers
from groups ET3 and ET4
Body mass indices, kg/cm2 Groups of training
ET3 ET4
Boys Girls Boys Girls
EKB EnM EAA TAB EfflB EAA EBA EME KEC EEE EnM
BMI 19,4 1 17,51 23,94 18,62 19,24 21,56 20,72 18,20 19,40 17,96 20,02
MI 9,74 9,28 10,57 8,63 9,21 11,29 9,62 9,43 9,50 8,68 8,77
8. Mass indices comparison BMI and MI (MI coefficient indirectly takes into consideration individual length of legs and their influence on relative body weight) among some sportsmen of groups of training ET3 and ET4 (table 1) showed, that sportsmen, in terms of almost equal values of MI have considerable difference in BMI. Correspondingly, according to the rules of competitions, the second ski jumpers in these pairs had to
138% of own height, which can influence their competitive ability during competitions.
9. The values of special indices comparison among ski jumpers during the final years of educational-training stage of training with the results of the best jumpers at the stage of training sportsmen of the highest sportsmanship (HSM) (table 2) helps to reveal the most prospective sportsmen according to morphological parameters.
shorten the length of the skis from 144 till
Table 2 - The results of special indices calculation of ski jumpers from the following groups of
Special morphological indices Groups of training
ET3 ET4 HSM
Boys (n = 10) Girls (n = 6) Boys (n=9) Girls (n = 3) Men (n = 3) Women (n = 3)
170,70 ± 159,17 ± 167,11 ± 165,33 ± 192,67 ± 4,51 (p<0,001) 178,00 ± 6,65 (p<0,001)
Repulsion phase index MITO 6,52 (p<0,001) 6,74 (p<0,001) 6,19 (p<0,001) 5,03 (p<0,001)
46,90 ± 45,00 ± 50,56 ± 47,67 ± 3,51 (p<0,01)
Ascensional power 3,28 3,35 2,88 59,67 ± 3,51 58,33 ± 1,53
index ILF (p<0,001) (p<0,001) (p <0,001) (p<0,01) (p<0,001)
78,80 ± 72,67 ± 88,22 ± 90,00 ± 111,00 ± 9,54 (p<0,01)
Index of rotation IR 4,37 (p<0,001) 2,80 (p<0,001) 7,95 (p<0,001) 3,00 (p<0,001) 96,67 ± 4,16 (p<0,001)
1185,00 ± 1225,00 ± 1119,89 ± 1181,67 ± 1053,67 ± 112,34 1120,00 ± 57,66
Aerodynamic index IA 90,77 63,40 75,62 38,19
(p<0,001) (p<0,001) (p<0,001) (p<0,001) (p<0,01) (p<0,001)
Conclusion. The results of the held research works showed that anthropometric parameters control among young ski jumpers is a necessary condition for an effective training process taking into account individual characteristics of sportsmen- boys and girls. At the stage of the initial training and the first years of educational-training stage anthropometric parameters control should provide an objective selection of sportsmen for further training and their training individualization. During the final years of educational-training stage of training, after the end of puberty period in sportsmen's development, control is necessary for an individual optimal technique of ski jumping choice. The presented system of anthropometric parameters estimation is objective and informative enough, is based on popular morphological indices calculation, doesn't demand difficult equipment use and can be recommended to trainers during training young ski jumpers.
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Authors information:
Georgiy K. Lebedev - Teacher Physical Culture, Sport and Youth Policy Institute of Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Komintern str., 14, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia, E-mail: g.k.lebedev@urfu.ru
For citations: Lebedev G.K. Anthropometric parameters control of youth ski jumpers, The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Pshycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 121-129. DOI 10/14526/04 2017 274.
DOI 10/14526/04_2017_275
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPORTS TRAINING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AMONG
BOXERS
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - doctor of pedagogics, professor Igor S. Kolesnik - doctor of pedagogics, professor Dmitriy A. Osipov - postgraduate Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: ld nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. The effectiveness of competitive activity in boxing is provided by a constant development of educational methodology and training; by the search for the means of general physical and special readiness level increase; by the leading motional- coordinating qualities development, which condition the character of motional activity; by the working capacity of a sportsman, readiness to stand the attack of the opponent. During the process of sports training development among combatants great attention should be paid to psychological readiness improvement to struggle with the opponent, who is higher, stronger, and more aggressive. The skills formation of different defensive techniques effective use is very important for the sportsmanship improvement among boxers, as a rational use of these techniques helps to avoid timely the opponent's attacking actions.Material. Theoretical and methodical importance substantiation of physiological mechanisms use in the system of sports training development among boxers. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, pedagogical experiment, testing, method of expert evaluations, analytical methods. Results. The skills formation of motional actions afferent synthesis, the main components of which are motivation, memory, situational and start-up information, helps more effectively use motivation of going in for boxing as the means of many-sided harmonious physical and spiritual-moral development. Different kinds of memory use (mechanical, logical, short-term memory,long-term memory, motional) provides competitive activity experience formation, self-confidence increase, readiness to realize accumulated motional potential in difficult conditions of
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