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24concomitant methotrexate: a randomized phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group// Lancet.-1999.-Vol.354,N 9194.-P.1932-1939.
Anatomical and histological features ventilation phrenic department
of the left lung of rats
Popov S.V.1, Zinov'ev S. V. 1, Tseluyko S.S.1, Zhou X.D. 2, Li Q. 2
Amur StateMedicalAcademy, Blagoveshchensk, Russian Federation The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing MedicalUniversity, China
Abstratcs:For the purpose of the study was to investigate the anatomy of the left lung ventilation in rats. At 100 rats were studied cryostat and paraffin sections of the lung. Additional sections were stained with alizarin red and potassium antimonate. At the root of the left lung rats revealed cranial and caudal lobar bronchi. At the root of the left lung of rat discovered the mouth of the cranial and caudal pulmonary veins pool. Caudal lobe bronchus of the left diaphragmatic vents rat lung. When histochemical study in the terminal bronchioles is found expressed extima that prevents spadenie distal airways.
Key words.The left lung of rat, caudal lung bronchi, terminal bronchioles, extima.
Features of the structure of the rats described in the classical guidelines [5,6]. Rats are a classic model for the study of stress. Rat lung and trachea is investigated in order to study the mechanism of the impact of the adverse effects of the environment on the body. At the same time, the anatomical features of rat lung ventilation remains poorly understood aspect in the high resistance of rats to the effects of the pathogenic factors of the environment. For bronchospasm characteristic spadenie mucosa resulting in a strong deformation of the lumen of the small airways and terminal bronchioles. We are in their studies found no effects of bronchospasm distal airways during prolonged general cooling of rats at a temperature of 150 C [4]. In the lungs there are changes in focal light of terminal bronchioles shown desquamation mucosal epithelium [3,7]. This indicates the presence of rats morphological mechanisms that prevent bronchospasm distal airways. The study of these mechanisms is necessary to assess the representativeness of the results of the study of general hypothermia. The left lung of rat arranged easier than the right, it is easier to learn on the purpose of our study was to investigate the anatomy of the left lung ventilation in rats.
Materials and methods:
The experimental animals were housed in standard vivarium conditions Amur State Medical Academy. The object of the study were white mongrel male rats weighing 200-240 grams of 100 animals. For the overall histology lungs of experimental animals were fixed in formalin. After production of cryostat sections of lung stained with hematoxylin eosin Ehrlich. After staining of lung slices on a freezing microtome histological sections were made of light, a thickness of 15 microns. Histological sections were glued on gelatinized slides. Morphometric study of the lungs of rats was performed using the software-Optics Pro (Italy).
Additionally, we performed histochemical study of the rat lung. In order to study the localization of sodium ions and other cations, we stained lungs antimonates by Shiina, Midzuhira, Amakava and Futesaku [1,4]. After staining of lung slices on a freezing microtome histological sections were made of light, a thickness of 15 microns. Histological sections were glued on gelatinized slides. Cryostat sections of lung counterstained Azur 2. Additional histochemical detection of cations was carried out in a 5% alcoholic solution of alizarin red for 24 hours. [2] Results and discussion
Easy rats incorporates pneumatic and respiratory part.
The right and left lungs of rats differ in structure from each other. Right lung rats divided into three segments, which are anatomically segregated from each other. The left lung in contrast to the right consists of two lobes share. In the lateral projections of the left lung pulmonary root has a length of 28±3 mm, a width of 15±1.5 mm. Weight 1.25±0.3 g of the left lung. The left lung in the cranial department has a deep cutting. In the caudal region has a pointed end. From the cranial clippings kadualnom direction through the root of the lung is a groove that lies at the base of elevation that separates light into two equal parts. At the root of the lung revealed two pulmonary veins cranial and caudal. Caudal pulmonary Vienna located in the upper third of the left lung separating grooves into two parts.
In the study of cryostat sections of the left lung, Azure-2, drew attention to the absence of pronounced connective tissue layers separating the light into segments and lobes. The left main bronchus lung, dichotomously divided into equity lung bronchi, penetrate to the root of the lung, which is found cranial and caudal bronchi. The corresponding share of the pulmonary veins of the left lung of rats are found in the ventral root of the lung. The pulmonary artery is located in the dorsal root of the lung. Square cross rat lung eccentrically located, it is displaced to the upper third. Given that the average length of the left lung is 28 mm, the distance from the root pool caudal vein and caudal generation bronchus length>14 mm, hence they are longer than the corresponding cranial structures, whose length is less than <14.
In histological cross-sections of the caudal lobar bronchus of the left lung ventilated offices are located in the dorsal thorax. The lateral edge of the dorsal part of the left lung of rats pointed, and extends caudally to the diaphragm, which forms an acute angle. Therefore, in the lateral part of the diaphragmatic lobe of the left lung predominantly found more distal airways, which in respect of the proximal bronchi have a lower ventral position.
In the case of the serial histological sections generations caudal lobe bronchus of the left lung of rats, we found that the largest pulmonary bronchi (800-1200 um diameter), is eccentrically offset from the center, the edge portion of the medial-dorsal portion of the left lung, which extend caudally during 100 mm until the diaphragm edge. On this, histological study revealed that the rise in the caudal portion of the lung accompanying the caudal vein is formed by the caudal bronchus. This is not surprising, since the thickness of the left lung in this part is 5-7 mm.
The surface of the rat intrapulmonary bronchi has a folded surface. We found that the epithelium covering the folded surface of the lung bronchi 800-1200 microns in diameter, presented multi-row cylindrical epithelium, which are found in the ciliated cells, goblet, basal intermediate. Generate more distal caudal lobe bronchus covered with single-row cylindrical ciliated epithelium. Several generations of the bronchi dichotomous split into two or three of the bronchus, at the bifurcation angle of 30-60 degrees. Given the diameter of the bronchi between 800-1200 microns, and most distal bronchial diameter of 200-300 microns, bronchi are 400-600 microns in diameter should be said that they are represented by one generation bronchi, which continues into smaller bronchi.
Thus, the caudal lobe bronchus ventilates the diaphragmatic portion of the left lung.
In the study of the most distal airways in the diaphragmatic portion of the left lung is found that in the control of the diameter of the terminal bronchioles is 200-300 microns. In the case study of the diaphragmatic part of the lungs revealed that the surface of the most distal intrapulmonary bronchus of rats has a folded surface. Surface distal bronchi lined lower double-row cylindrical or cuboidal epithelium, as well as Clara cells, which form the second series of cells. The ratio of Clara cells to the cells of the columnar epithelium of 1:1. Muscle plate mucosa shows a row of smooth muscle cell elements. When painting Azur 2, alizarin, potassium antimonate observed a pronounced extima distal airways. The terminal bronchioles continue in one generation respiratory bronchioles, which open into the acinar alveolar ducts. The surface of the respiratory bronchioles is lined with single-row cubic epithelium. In turn, alveolar ducts going into the alveolar sacs, the wall of which is represented by the alveoli, separated interalveolar septum. Thus, in the left lung of rats there caudal and cranial pool of two pulmonary veins, which are found in the root of the lungs near the cranial
and caudal lobe bronchus. Attention is drawn to the morphological study of experimental animals is found ventral location more distal airways of the peripheral part of the diaphragmatic lobe of the left lung department in respect of proximal pulmonary airways.
Consequently, the ventilation-perfusion ratio in the diaphragm of the rat lung are essential features. In these areas of the airway revealed a well-developed extima, fibro-cartilaginous shell missing. In this case, attention is drawn to a very narrow lumen of terminal bronchioles, which determine the hyperreactivity of the respiratory system in human and mammals. At the same time, the distal bronchial mucosa of rats revealed only a single layer of smooth muscle cell elements. In the mucosa of the terminal bronchioles of rats contained a large number of Clara cells that have potent antioxidant activity and antiproteaznoy. In another study, we found that in the rat lung respiratory department revealed histochemically ascorbic acid. [3] Our results explain the high stability of the rats in the general cooling of the body. In the case of a general cooling of rats with cytological smears of bronchoalveolar lavage study, we find a weak expression of increasing the content of macrophages, nonsignificant change in the partial weight bronchial epithelium neresnitchatyh epithelial cells, the lack of reaction from neutrophils [2]. Several layers (two or three layers) of smooth muscle cell elements in distal bronchi mucous membrane occurs when the total cooling neostigmine administration in rats. At the same time, in this experiment, no bronchospasm morphological manifestations [5]. So if you have a well-developed adventitia in the distal airways of rats, it appears that it prevents the development of reactive bronchospasm, which we found in the experimental conditions [7]. In the case of a general cooling of rats revealed moderate hyperemia of the respiratory department of the lungs [3]. Thus, given the gulonolaktonoksidazy activity in the lungs of rats, which forms of ascorbic acid, glucose, a study of the left lung of rats to assess the true to oxidative stress.
Findings:
1. At the root of the left lung rats revealed cranial and caudal lobar bronchi
2. At the root of the left lung of rat discovered the mouth of the cranial and caudal pulmonary veins pool.
3. Caudal lobe bronchus of the left diaphragmatic vents rat lung.
4. When histochemical study in the terminal bronchioles is found expressed extima that prevents spadenie distal airways.
Referenecs
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