CC BY
23
DOI: 10.22363/2312-797X-2016-4-75-84
ANALYZING THE INFLUENCE OF DIATOMITE AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE FEATURES OF CADMIUM-CONTAMINATED URBAN LAWNS
D.D. Gosse1, V.I. Vasenev23, A.K. Afonina2,
^S. Shepeleva23
'Moscow State University
Leninskie gori str., 1, building 46, Moscow, Russia, 119991
2RUDN University
Miklukho-Maklay str., 8/9, Moscow, Russia, 117198
3Russian State Agrarian University
Timiryazevskaya str., 49, Moscow, Russia, 127550
Contamination with heavy metals is among key anthropogenic pressures, experienced by urban lawns. It results in depletion of their environmental quality and functions. Implementation of fertilizers, containing silicon, is a promising approach to increase urban lawns' sustainability to heavy metals' pollution. Based on the field experiment, an influence of cadmium contamination on the chemical features and biomass quality of modeled urban green lawn ecosystems was studied. We demonstrated an increase of cadmium consumption by biomass on the second year of observations as the result of diatomite implementation together with mineral fertilizers. Both total sugar and disaccharides' content in biomass was 15—20% higher for the contaminated plots where diatomite was implemented together with mineral fertilizers, compared to the uncontaminated control. This evidences a positive effect of the implemented reclaiming on stress tolerance of the green lawns.
Key words: heavy metals, pollution, urban lawn ecosystems, environmental functions, silicon, field experiment, sugar, stress tolerance
INTRODICTION
Urbanization is a global trend of the 21st century [22]. Land conversion into urban results in semi-natural and artificial ecosystems, characterized by specific vegetation and soils [5; 9; 34]. Urban lawns play a key role in the structure of urban ecosystems. Many studies report on the substantial areas, covered by urban lawns in settlements (up to 40% unsealed areas) [33; 29] and the diversity of their functions. Along with the obvious ornamental function, lawns increases the deposition of fine dust, participate in filtration of surface waters, contribute to carbon sequestration and together with plantations increase the effect of noise absorption [31]. The specific features of urban soils and soil constructions under lawn ecosystems were also investigated [1; 16], in particular the high content of organic carbon and nutrients, lightweight, particle size distribution, increased average temperatures (especially in summer), intense emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2, and in some cases N2O and CH4 [24; 27; 2]. The implementation of environmental and aesthetic functions of urban lawns largely depends on their resilience to ongoing anthropogenic pressures in the urban environment.
The main types of anthropogenic impact on urban lawns are compaction, salini-zation and pollution [9; 10]. Among them, the cadmium contamination is one of the most negative impacts, as this metal has a high toxicity to living organisms even at low
concentrations [12; 7; 15]. So far, there is no consensus on the effects of cadmium on the properties and functions of soils and vegetation. For example, depending on the concentration, salts of cadmium had an inhibitory and a stimulating effect on the microbiological activity of soils and growth of plant biomass [35; 17]. At the same time, cadmium along with lead, arsenic, and mercury is among the pollutants of the first class of danger. Environmental and health risks associated with cadmium pollution, raises the importance of selecting the optimal fertilizers and reclaiming substances (meliorates), reducing the negative impact on soil, plants and the environment [11].
Agrochemical methods of reclamation of polluted soils are mainly based on i) the transfer of heavy metal cations to the inaccessible for plants forms by increasing the physico-chemical adsorption capacity of soils; ii) the creation of conditions for the deposition of metals in the soluble for the antagonism of ions manifestation. The application of fertilizers and meliorates containing silicon, is a promising method of increasing the stability of plants in conditions of contamination [21]. An ability of siliceous materials (diatomite, zeolites) to provide a beneficial effect on the resistance of plants to abiotic stresses (drought, salinity) is widely accepted [20; 28]. Many studies claim the impact of silicon on the toxicity of heavy metal compounds in higher plants, for example barley [23; 26; 6], maize [25] and vegetables [32]. At the same time, the effectiveness of silicon-containing meliorates on urban lawns contaminated with cadmium, remains poorly studied [4].
The aim of this study was to examine an influence of silicon-containing meliorates of diatomite in combination and without mineral fertilizers on the uptake and redistribution of cadmium in urban lawns, as well as on the quality of model biomass in urban lawns.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Taking into account the high spatial diversity of lawn ecosystems and the abundance of different factors of possible influence, a multi-factor field experiment was carried out. The experiment was conducted in the period from 15 July 2012 to 15 September 2013 at the soil experimental station of Lomonosov Moscow State University (LMSU) (55°42' N; 37°31). The experiment included model turf ecosystem, representing 'constructozems' (urban constructed soils), with growing lawn grass mixture. The sand-peat mixture was used to create the organic layer of the constructozems. The mixture included 30% of bank sand and 70% of lowland peat. The principal chemical features of the mixture were in accordance with the requirements of the certification system "Moscow Environmental Registry" (MER). Lawn grass mixture was chosen in accordance with existing standards (Rules.., 2002). Each experimental plot covered 2 m2. Lawn grass was seeded in May 15, 2012. Cadmium was applied in the form of salt Cd(N03)2x4H20 at the rate 19.8 g per plot. The diatomite was added in the amount of 120 g per plot. Among the mineral fertilizers diammonium phosphate (N : P : K = 10 : 25 : 25) was used (48 g per plot) and ammonium nitrate (34% N) was implemented (21.2 g per plot). The final ratio of N : P : K in mineral fertilizers was 60 : 60 : 60 kg of active agent per 1 ha. Fertilizers, cadmium and diatomite were added 3 days before sowing, with minimal surface sealing. In the second year of the study, mineral fertilizer were added on April 25, diatomite and salt of cadmium were not re-introduced.
The following treatments were studied: I) control (without cadmium and fertilizers) (K); II) cadmium with fertilizer (KCd); III) cadmium and diatomite (Cd^,); IV) cadmium and fertilizers (CdNPK); and V) cadmium, diatomite and mineral fertilizers (CdNPKD). As an external control uncontaminated plots with the introduction of diatomite (KD), mineral fertilizers (KNPK) and their joint introduction (KNPKD) were considered. All the options were in three replicas. Meteorological conditions were monitored according to the weather station of LMSU, and were later adjusted according to RusFluxNet monitoring network (Vasenev et al., 2014). During growing season irrigation and mechanical weed control were performed. Grass samples were collected 8 times in 2 vegetation period with limited frame (0.25 m2), two replicas per plot to account for the biomass and further research in the laboratory. The 2nd and 4th mowing were selected from each year since the plants in these periods are the least susceptible to influence of uncontrollable factors in the external environment. Mowed part of lawn grasses were weighed and fixed for 10 minutes at 90 °C, then dried at room temperature. All measurements were carried out in three replicas (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Sampling scheme for biomass (B) and soil (C) in multi-factor field experiment (A)
Contents of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were analyzed in the biomass samples by conventional methods [14]. Atomic-absorption method after dry combustion and dissolving the ash with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was implemented to analyze the content of Cd in plants. The content of total sugars, mono — and disac-charides were determined by the method of Bertrand with picric acid. All the measurements were carried out in three replicas. The results were processed and presented in MS Excel 2010.
А
C
Вестник РУДН. Серия: Агрономия и животноводство, 2016, № 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Climatic conditionsof the experiment
The meteorological conditions over the growing period of the lawn were similar to the long-term trends. Dynamics of air temperature and precipitation were, on average, corresponding to long-term data, which allows considering the results of the experiment as representative. On average, the summer-autumn period of 2013 was more humid than the same period in 2012. The average annual temperature in 2013 was 1.5 °C higher due to warmer winters, however, statistically significant differences of air temperature in the summer-autumn period between the years was not identified (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Air temperatures (T) and precipitation (P) for the whole period of the experiment in comparison to the long-term trends ^LT) and precipitation (PLT)
The effect of contamination with cadmium on the grass biomass properties
The introduction of cadmium led to the increase in the grass biomass. A significant difference with the control was shown in 2012 (especially in the second harvest, when it exceeded the control 14 times). In 2013, an increase of cadmium content was obtained for the biomass of contaminated sites (particularly in the fourth mowing — 2.5 times compared to 2012). The absolute values of the average content of cadmium in the samples of biomass from the contaminated sites were similar, however the relative content compared to the control increased threefold (Table 1). The differences between the content of macro elements in biomass of the polluted and control sites were not significant.
In 2013, a silicon content in cadmium-contaminated variants increased 20% compared to control in the second mowing, and 2.5 times in the fourth mowing. The increase in silicon content in 2013 compared to 2012 was found for the control as well (3— 8 times), however, for the contaminated samples the annual growth was much more significant (in 11—13 times). Apparently, in the process of growth and maturation of the lawn the accumulation of silicon in cell walls occurred. Silicon participates in the formation of skeletal parts of plants, strengthens the stem and root system.
Table 1
Dynamics in contents of macro elements and cadmium in the biomass of the studied lawn ecosystems (the second and fourth harvests (H2 and H4, respectively))
Treatment Ntot (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%) Si (%) Cd (|jg/kg dry matter)
H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4
2012
K 3.36 1.86 1.45 1.28 3.46 3.27 0.06 0.05 0.53 2.15
KCd 2.79 2.7 1.41 1.11 3.11 4.13 0.06 0.05 8.34 3.01
CdD 2.7 1.78 1.4 1.16 3.29 2.9 0.05 0.05 9.41 6.05
CdNPK 3.04 6.34 1.43 1.24 3.40 4.13 0.06 0.05 16.28 5.96
CdNPKD 3.17 2.31 1.55 0.91 3.35 2.98 0.06 0.06 4.41 5.81
KD 2.61 3.51 1.34 1.06 2.99 3.34 0.06 0.05 1.55 3.43
KNPK 3.11 4.34 1.38 1.25 3.43 2.92 0.06 0.05 2.06 2.09
KNPKD 2.88 3.37 1.48 1.18 3.62 3.63 0.06 0.05 1.45 2.76
2013
K 1.92 2.28 1.49 0.32 3.04 4.1 0.56 0.21 0.1 0.1
KCd 2.23 2.55 0.13 0.41 2.77 3.4 0.71 0.73 3.13 8.25
CdD 2.13 2.38 1.12 0.28 2.93 3.8 0.79 0.73 2.13 6.88
CdNPK 1.81 2.20 2.22 0.32 2.66 3.70 0.52 0.78 1.50 4.00
CdNPKD 2.16 2.18 0.82 0.18 2.51 3.4 0.64 0.88 0 9.38
KD 2.22 2.8 1.5 0.24 3.12 3.5 0.61 0.72 0 0
KNPK 1.86 2.97 1.19 0.3 3.19 3.9 0.58 0.41 0 0
KNPKD 1.68 2.21 1.01 0.23 2.87 4.1 0.7 0.29 0 0
Surprisingly, the cadmium pollution didn't decrease total biomass and in some cases even stimulated the growth. This corresponds to literature data that show that some doses of heavy metals are able to have a complicated and stimulating effect on the plants conditions [17]. Besides, considering the deficit of microelements in the investigated const-ructozems, cadmium could have a stimulating effect on plants, replacing some metals with similar chemical properties [8]. The cadmium pollution didn't result in significant changes in the amount of sugars in biomass, but the proportion of disaccharides in the biomass of the autumn harvest has decreased 15%, which may indicate a stressed condition of the lawn grasses (Fig. 3).
Content, % 16
14
□ monosaccharides
disaccharides
12
10
6
2
KCd
CdD CdNPK CdNPKD KD
KNPK KNPKD
Fig. 3. The total sugar content, mono- and disaccharides in the biomass of experimental plots in autumn (3rd and 4th) mowing of 2013
8
4
K
Biomass, g/m 900
800
700
600
500 400 300 200 100 0
Harvest 2
Harvest 4
A
t
-n J) 1 II ■
.11
K KCd CdD CdNPK CdNPKD KD KNPK KNPKD 2012
Biomass, g/m2 900 800 700 600
500 400
300
200
100
Harvest 2
Harvest 4
B
ill
I l
A
I
I
K KCd CdD CdNPK CdNPKD KD KNPK KNPKD
2013
Fig. 4. Dynamics of the biomass of experimental plots in 2012 (A) and 2013 (B), respectively
In general, the average biomass of the lawns in 2013 increased 5—8 times, which could be explained both by favourable weather conditions and the maturation of the lawn. The increase of biomass from contaminated sites in 2013 compared to 2012 was less than for the control (Fig. 4).
Effect of diatomite on the lawn properties that had been contaminated with cadmium
The introduction of diatomite in the contaminated areas contributed to the significant increase of biomass (50—70%). The exception was in 4th mowing of 2013, which recorded unusually high biomass of the polluted area without diatomite, 15—20% higher than the control (Fig. 4). The total number of sugars in the biomass plots CdD was 6% higher than for KCd, however, the proportion of disaccharides was less than 10—15% and 20—25% in comparison with the polluted and non-polluted control respectively,
0
for individual harvests and in average over the season (Fig. 3). Apparently, the introduction of diatomite in the specified concentrations without chemical fertilizers did not contribute to improving the sustainability of biomass to anthropogenic pressures, or the effect occurred later than the second year after application. Analyzing the effects of diatomite on the content of macro elements in biomass of contaminated sites, most notable is the decrease in the N content, which is probably associated with the "growth dilution", as well as the fact that the diatomite as silicon sorption type fertilizerthat absorbs nitrate and ammonia N from root layer. The phosphorus content in the biomass plots CdD was in average higher and potassium — lower than for KCd plots, however, a general reduction of elements content from 2012 to 2013 was also observed. The introduction of diatomite led to the increase in the silicon content in the biomass of contaminated sites, especially in 2013. The cadmium content in biomass of contaminated sites, where diato-mite was introduced, was significantly higher than without introduction (up to 100% on the 4th mowing), but in 2013, a statistically significant effect of the introduction of di-atomite on contaminated sites was not found (Table 1).
Dynamics of grass biomass properties contaminated with cadmium, with the introduction of diatomite and mineral fertilizers
Mineral fertilizers contributed to a visible increase in biomass (up to 4 times) compared with the control and contaminated sites (the exception was in 4th cut of 2013). Total sugar content increased by 13 and 19% compared to CdD and KCd. Moreover, an average content of sugars in the biomass in the autumn (3rd and 4th harvests exceeded those in unpolluted control by 18%. The application of mineral fertilizers without di-atomite on contaminated sites has also contributed to the increase in the proportion of disaccharides. At the same time, the maximum effect was achieved with the joint application. The content of disaccharides in the biomass plot CdNPKD increased by 12, 15 and 27% compared to the KCd, and CdNPK and CdD respectively (Fig. 3). The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the biomass of the polluted area with the introduction of diatomite with mineral fertilizers is higher than without those, but less than in the control plot.
CONCLUSION
Heavy metals pollution and, in particular, cadmium contamination is one of the most common pressures experienced by urban lawns, which can reduce the effectiveness of their environmental and aesthetic functions. It was shown that the cadmium pollution has led to a significant increase in the content of heavy metal and to reduction of macroelements' content in biomass of grasses, however the total biomass did not change significantly. In the result of the introduction of diatomite the uptake of cadmium by plants increased. When adding diatomite with the mineral fertilizers in the second year of the experiment the cadmium content in biomass increased 20—50%. The introduction of diatomite in combination with mineral fertilizers increases both the total sugar content,
and the content of disaccharides in the biomass, which indicates the increase of plant resistance to stress is revealed. At the same time, the use of meliorates together with mineral fertilizers stimulated the removal of cadmium by crop plants. This pattern is promising for the development of technologies for phytoremediation of urban soils contaminated with heavy metal, which is very important for modern cities.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by the RFBR projects №NK 15-54-53117 and № NK 15-34-70003.
© D.D. Gosse, V.I. Vasenev, A.K. Afonina, A.S. Shepeleva, 2016
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DOI: 10.22363/2312-797X-2016-4-75-84
АНАЛИЗ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ДИАТОМИТА
И МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА СВОЙСТВА ГОРОДСКИХ ГАЗОНОВ, ЗАГРЯЗНЕННЫХ КАДМИЕМ
Д.Д. Госсе1, В.И. Васенев2,3, А.К. Афонина2, А.С. Щепелева2,3
'Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова Ленинские горы, 1, Москва, Россия, 119991
2Российский университет дружбы народов ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 8/2, Москва, Россия, 117198
3РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева ул. Тимирязевская, 49, Москва, Россия, 127550
Загрязнение тяжелыми металлами — одна из наиболее распространенных нагрузок, испытываемых городскими газонами, которая приводит к снижению их экологического качества и выполняемых ими функций. Применение кремнийсодержащих удобрений и мелиорантов — перспективный способ повышения устойчивости газонных экосистем в условиях загрязнения. На основании полевого мелкоделяночного опыта изучено воздействие загрязнения кадмием на химические свойства и качество биомассы модельных газонных экосистем. Показано увеличение поглощения кадмия биомассой растений на второй год внесения диатомита на фоне минеральных удобрений. Как общая сумма сахаров, так и содержание дисахаридов в биомассе загрязненного участка с внесением диатомита на фоне минеральных удобрений было на 15—20% выше, чем в загрязненном контроле, что свидетельствует о благоприятном воздействии мелиоранта на стрессоустойчивость газонных трав.
Ключевые слова: тяжелые металлы, кадмий, загрязнение, газонные экосистемы, экологические функции, кремний, мелкоделяночный опыт, сахара, стрессоустойчивость
