CC BY
1ANALYSIS ON CHINA-BELARUS HEALTH DIPLOMACY IN THE
CONTEXT OF COVID-19
HUANG KUNPENG Belarusian State University,
Minsk, Belarus,
This article will analyze the development history, reasons, and characteristics of health diplomacy between China and Belarus, combined with the background of the COVID-19, and explore the anti-epidemic history and measures of the two countries, so as to predict the future development of health diplomacy between the two countries.
Key words: health diplomacy ;COVID-19; China-Belarus relations
In modern times ,with the developing of the economy ,the human is noting the health problems[16]. the international community is more closely connected, and globalization affects the field of public health. Due to climate change, environmental damage, human beings are facing severe health problems, large-scale infectious diseases (plague, AIDS, malaria, etc.) With the trend of global spread, in order to solve global public health problems, the topic of health diplomacy, a low-political field, has become a hot topic today [1].
As the world's second largest economy, China is actively strengthening economic and trade ties with other countries in the context of globalization and under the principle of non-interference in other countries' internal affairs. Belarus is located in the middle of Europe. The people of China and Belarus have had close exchanges since the Soviet Union, and the traditional friendship is strong. Chinese scientists call Belarus "white iron"(relationship looks like iron), and Belarusian scholars call China "third neighbor"(across the Russia ,China is Belarus' neighbor). The field has huge potential. With the smooth progress of the "Belt and Road" construction, China-Belarus trade exchanges are frequent and cultural exchanges continue to deepen. The diplomatic relations between the two countries have developed into a "China-Belarus Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in the New Era". The COVID-19 that broke out at the end of 2019 has spread globally, causing heavy damage to the world economy. The COVID-19 has shown the world the global and important characteristics of public health events, and brought challenges to the health diplomacy of countries around the world. . In this context, how China and Belarus can continue to promote the development of health diplomacy on the basis of consolidating the existing development achievements of both sides is a question worthy of our deep consideration and discussion.
Global Health Diplomacy
Global sanitary diplomacy since the 1990s [14].Public health is traditionally considered a purely medical issue or a public governance issue that has no intersection with diplomacy. But since the beginning of the new century, specifically since the G8 summit in 2000, important changes have taken place in the field of global public health, and foreign policy and global public health have been closely linked. In September 2006, the foreign ministers of Brazil, France, Indonesia, Norway, Senegal, South Africa and Thailand launched an initiative on "Global Health and Foreign Policy" in New York, which was held in Oslo on March 20, 2007. A special meeting, which jointly issued the Oslo Ministerial Declaration[2], pointed out that in today's era of globalization and interdependence, there is an urgent need to expand the scope of foreign policy, public health is currently the most important, but still One of the long-standing foreign policy issues that has been widely ignored. The declaration emphasizes that public health issues must be on the agenda of foreign policy makers and the UN General Assembly. As a result, they launched the Foreign Policy and Global Health Initiative (FPGH), which seeks to promote global health governance through diplomatic cooperation. In this context, the concept of global public health diplomacy came into being. In April 2009, participants at the WHO Meeting on Global Health Diplomacy discussed and adopted the definition of "global public health diplomacy": global public health diplomacy refers to "states, intergovernmental
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organizations, and Consultation with non-state actors on responses to public health challenges, or decision-making processes that use public health concepts or mechanisms in policy formulation and negotiation strategies to achieve other political, economic or social goals”[3]. The functions and roles of global public health diplomacy are multiple. It can affect a country's soft power and image building, it can also be used as a tool for a country to implement its foreign policy, and it can also affect a country's foreign relations, and so on.
Although the concept of "global public health diplomacy" only emerged in the twenty-first century, the practice of public health diplomacy began before the twentieth century. Margaret Chan, former director-general of the World Health Organization, believes that international health diplomacy dates back to at least 1851, when European diplomats and doctors met in Paris to find ways to cooperate in the fight against repeated plagues to protect population and commercial interests. It can be called health diplomacy. At the beginning of the 21st century, due to the rapid development of economic globalization, public health and diplomacy were closely linked, and the concept of global public health diplomacy was born. After entering the 21st century, economic globalization has reached an unprecedented level, which has had a profound impact on many fields, and its impact on public health problems has even shown a magnifying effect. The main feature of economic globalization is the free flow of commodities, capital, technology, labor and information on a global scale, and the whole world has become a "global village". The characteristics of infectious diseases are rapid epidemics, which spread rapidly in the era of globalization with the high-speed international flow of people and goods. Therefore, in the era of globalization, people's fear of the rapid spread of infectious diseases is an important factor that makes public health and diplomacy closely linked.
It can be said that the 21st century is an era of great development of global health diplomacy. Governments, enterprises, civil society and international organizations have made use of their respective advantages to carry out intricate competition and cooperation at different levels. Health diplomacy is increasingly becoming an important part of diplomatic activities that should not be underestimated.
China's health diplomacy
Health care is not only one of the key areas of China's foreign aid, but also an important area in which China has deeply participated in global governance in recent years [4]. In 2016, the Outline of the "Healthy China 2030" Plan clearly stated that it is necessary to use the national high-level strategic dialogue mechanism to incorporate health into the diplomatic agenda of major countries and actively participate in global health governance [5].
Entering the 21st world ,"peace" and "development" are the themes of the new century[17].From the founding of PRC in 1949 to 2019, China's participation in public health diplomacy can be roughly divided into four main stages:
1949-1963: The stage of public health diplomacy between China and socialist countries. During this period, influenced by the Cold War between the East and the West and China's "one-sided" foreign policy, China's public health diplomacy mainly took place between China and other socialist countries, and was a means for China to strengthen close relations with other socialist countries.
Take China-Vietnam relations as an example. In the 1950s and 1960s, the relations between the two socialist countries of China and Vietnam were close. Whenever a party or state leader in Vietnam suffers from a serious illness, China will send medical experts to Vietnam for treatment, or send patients directly to China for diagnosis and treatment. In August 1969, when the Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh was dying, China sent four groups of medical experts to Vietnam for treatment. Although it failed to save the life of President Ho Chi Minh in the end, it became a historical story of Sino-Vietnamese friendship.
1963-1972: The stage of China's unilateral medical assistance to third world countries. At this stage, China's public health diplomacy was mainly manifested in the unilateral dispatch of foreign aid medical teams to third world countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
In July 1962, the Chinese government obtained information from two channels that the Algerian government sought medical assistance from the international community. One channel was the
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International Red Cross Society, and the other channel was the Algerian government's Minister of Health directly requesting the Chinese government for medical assistance. In January 1963, China had just got rid of three years of natural disasters. Despite its own difficult circumstances, China was the first to respond to the request of the Algerian government. In March of that year, China dispatched a health mission and quickly formed a team of 24 medical staff. Medical team composed of experts. After receiving the task, the Chinese medical team rushed to Algeria against the clock. From the 1960s to the early 1970s, China sent foreign aid medical teams to many countries, including Zanzibar, Laos, Somalia, and Yemen.
1972-2002: China began to cooperate with the World Health Organization and played an important role in the field of international health. During this period, while providing unilateral medical assistance to third world countries, China began to cooperate with the World Health Organization (WHO), a professional international public health organization, and played an important role in the field of international health.
The 1970s was a period when the number of Chinese foreign aid medical teams increased dramatically. At the same time, another step forward in China's public health diplomacy is the start of cooperation with the World Health Organization. This is an important step for China to begin to integrate into the international system. China made important contributions to the establishment of the World Health Organization in the late World War II. At the United Nations Conference on International Organizations held in San Francisco in 1945, the "Declaration on the Establishment of an International Health Organization" submitted by Chinese representatives laid the foundation for the eventual establishment of the World Health Organization. Although China is the founding country of the World Health Organization, it has been excluded from the World Health Organization for a long time. It was not until the 25th World Health Assembly on May 10, 1972 that a resolution was passed, restoring China's legal status in the World Health Organization. seats. Since then, China has attended all WHO congresses and regional committee meetings, and was elected as a member of the Executive Board. China and the World Health Organization signed the "Memorandum of Understanding on Health Technology Cooperation" in Beijing in October 1978, which was a milestone in the history of bilateral relations. China is a founding member of the WHO[15]. The WHO Representative Office in China was established in Beijing in 1981. In 1991, the Chinese Minister of Health, Chen Minzhang, received the World Health Organization's highest honor, the Gold Medal for "Health Care for All".
2003-present: China's comprehensive and in-depth participation in global public health diplomacy. During this period, the world has entered the stage of global public health diplomacy. China's all-round and in-depth participation in global public health diplomacy is manifested in: not only participating in multilateral international cooperation, mainly the cooperation of the World Health Organization, but also participating in regional cooperation in East Asia, including bilateral cooperation and unilateral medical assistance and other forms. It is playing an increasingly important role in the field of international public health.
The 2003 SARS incident was an important turning point in China's participation in global public health diplomacy. The unfavorable early prevention and control of the "SARS" epidemic has negatively affected my country's international image, which has made China deeply aware of the importance of participating in international public health cooperation with a positive attitude.
Multilateral international cooperation based on cooperation with the World Health Organization: In 2003, China first launched the "Strengthening Global Public Health Capacity Building" initiative at the UN General Assembly. Ms. Margaret Chan was elected Director-General of the World Health Organization in November 2006. Since then, the cooperation between China and the World Health Organization has reached a new level. China actively participates in international health and development platforms and provides donations to multilateral institutions. China is a member of the Executive Committee of the World Health Organization, a board member of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). On July 5, 2017, the World Health Organization awarded the "Outstanding Model Award
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for Social Health Governance" to the Chinese government to commemorate the 65th anniversary of China's patriotic health campaign. So far, China has 69 World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centers, the largest number among countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region.
Regional health cooperation: At the regional level, China's public health diplomacy during this period was mainly manifested in its active participation in the public health security cooperation mechanism in East Asia. China has played an important role in the public health security cooperation mechanism in East Asia, and is the main initiator and advocate of the existing public health security cooperation mechanism in East Asia. The existing public health security cooperation mechanisms in East Asia mainly include three categories—permanent mechanisms (such as the China-ASEAN Public Health Fund), regular mechanisms (such as the China-ASEAN Health Ministers Meeting mechanism), and emergency and irregular mechanisms ( Such as: China-ASEAN Special Summit), these mechanisms were gradually developed after the SARS epidemic in 2003.
Bilateral cooperation: China has vigorously carried out bilateral public health cooperation and signed bilateral health cooperation agreements with many countries. For example, on October 30, 2005, China and the United States signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Cooperation Project on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases between China and the United States. In June 2009, the Chinese and Canadian governments signed the 2009-2011 Action Plan for Health Cooperation between Canada and China. China has also signed a cooperation agreement with the AU, actively supports and participates in the construction of the AU CDC headquarters and regional CDCs, and helps the AU train staff. So far, China has established all-round and multi-level partnerships with African countries in the field of medicine and health.
Unilateral medical assistance: China has sent foreign medical teams to Africa many times to train local medical staff. China also provides timely assistance when outbreaks occur in other regions and countries in the world. Taking the Ebola outbreak in 2014 as an example, China provided more than 120 million US dollars worth of material assistance to the three West African countries where the outbreak occurred, and sent more than 1,200 medical personnel to the affected areas. Chinese medical experts also trained 13,000 local medical and nursing staff in nine African countries on Ebola treatment.The COVID-19 may become a mutation point in the historical process of international relations[20].
In short, after decades of hard work, China's global health diplomacy has become increasingly mature and stable, and has become an important part of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics and active participation in global health governance. Compared with developed Western countries such as the United States and Japan, China's global health diplomacy started relatively late. However, China's health diplomacy has continuously developed, enriched and matured in practice, forming a concept and temperament of health diplomacy with Chinese characteristics.
COVID-19 outbreak opens new phase of China's engagement in global public health
diplomacy
Today's globalized world transnational infectious diseases have caught humans into a single microbial ocean [12].The COVID-19 outbreak has become a turning point in China's participation in global public health diplomacy, which has brought China's participation in global public health diplomacy into a new historical stage. The new phase is characterized by China's significant influence in global public health diplomacy and an active leadership in global public health cooperation.
The emergence of COVID-19 has ushered in a new phase in China's engagement in global public health diplomacy[18]. After the outbreak of the COVID-19, China showed the world the attitude of a responsible major country. On January 3, 2020, China began to regularly inform WHO and other countries about the epidemic. On January 11, China uploaded five complete genome sequences of the COVID-19 to its website and shared data with the World Health Organization and other countries around the world. On January 21, China announced the sequences of primers and probes for nucleic acid detection of the novel coronavirus. On January 23, China took decisive measures, the strong man broke his wrist, and Wuhan "closed the city". On February 24, UN Secretary-General Guterres pointed out that the Chinese people have made huge sacrifices to prevent and control the epidemic. On March 7 and April 23, the Chinese government responded to the World Health Organization's appeal for funding twice, donating a total of US$50 million to the World Health Organization to support the World Health Organization's international cooperation in the fight against the COVID-19 and help developing countries improve their response. Epidemic capacity, strengthen the construction of public health system.
Viruses know no borders. The COVID-19 outbreak has once again proved that mankind is a community with a shared future that shares weal and woe. In the process of preventing and controlling the COVID-19, China has been practicing the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, actively leading the international community's anti-epidemic cooperation, and made outstanding contributions. China actively shares prevention and control information and experience with countries around the world, and provides medical support to other countries. This foreign antiepidemic assistance is an emergency humanitarian operation with the most concentrated time and the widest scope since the founding of the People's Republic of China. From the perspective of aid objects, it includes not only countries with severe epidemics, but also countries with relatively weak public health systems and epidemic prevention capabilities, as well as international organizations such as the European Union, the African Union, and the ASEAN. From the perspective of assistance methods, it mainly includes two forms of medical material assistance and medical technical assistance. The aid materials mainly include testing reagents, masks, protective clothing, isolation goggles, forehead thermometers, medical gloves, shoe covers, and ventilators and other diagnostic equipment. Medical technical assistance takes the form of dispatching medical expert groups and video conferences to exchange experience and provide diagnosis and treatment advice. China has established an online knowledge center for the prevention and control of the COVID-19, which is open to all countries. The National Health and Health Commission compiled the diagnosis and treatment and prevention and control plans and translated them into three languages, and shared them with more than 180 countries and more than 10 international and regional organizations. China is working overtime to produce much-needed medical supplies for the world, and the world's factory has become the world's pharmacy.
Chinese President Xi Jinping attended the G20 Special Summit on COVID-19 in Beijing on the evening of March 26, and delivered an important speech entitled "Join Hands to Fight the Epidemic and Overcome the Difficulties Together", and put forward four proposals on the topics of the meeting. Point initiative: Resolutely fight the global fight against the COVID-19 prevention and control; effectively carry out international joint prevention and control; actively support the role of international organizations; strengthen international macroeconomic policy coordination. On May 18, President Xi Jinping attended the opening ceremony of the video conference of the 73rd World Health Assembly and put forward relevant suggestions. These measures and initiatives of China have been
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highly appraised by the international community. At the regional level, following the China-ASEAN Special Foreign Ministers' Meeting on COVID-19 held in Vientiane, Laos on February 20, 2020, and the issuance of the Joint Statement of the China-ASEAN Special Foreign Ministers' Meeting on COVID-19, On April 14, Li Keqiang attended the ASEAN-China-Japan-ROK (10+3) Special Leaders' Meeting on Fighting the COVID-19, and put forward important proposals. The meeting issued the Joint Statement of the Special ASEAN-China-Japan-ROK Leaders' Meeting on Fighting the COVID-19. Now that the COVID-19 is still spreading around the world, I believe that China will fulfill its commitment and continue to play a major influence and a key leading role in global public health diplomacy [6].
In the fight against the COVID-19, traditional Chinese medicine has played an active role: according to foreign needs, China supports relevant institutions to donate traditional Chinese medicine products to more than 10 countries and regions; provides medical guidance, selects traditional Chinese medicine practitioners to join the foreign medical expert group, and helps local The government is preventing and controlling the epidemic, and so on. During this process, the international community has gained a new understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese culture, and the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine is ushering in an unprecedented historical opportunity. During the protest, China actively shared its anti-epidemic experience with other countries and is committed to building a community of human health.
Health diplomacy in Belarus
The activities of the Belarusian Ministry of Health in the field of foreign relations are aimed at improving the health of the people, improving the level of health care by introducing advanced international experience into the health care practice of the Republic, attracting foreign funds for the implementation of medical projects in close cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In cooperation with the Russian Federation, the main focus is to ensure equal rights for Belarusian and Russian citizens to access health services. On January 24, 2006, the Government of the Republic of Belarus and the Government of the Russian Federation signed an agreement on the procedures for the provision of medical services to citizens of the Republic of Belarus and Russian citizens in medical institutions of the Russian Federation. Issues in the field of health care in the CIS countries were successfully resolved within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States Cooperation Committee on Health Care. Attaches great importance to cooperation with authoritative international organizations such as the United Nations and specialized agencies belonging to their structures.
The main focus is on cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO). Specific activities are carried out under a two-year collaborative plan with the WHO European Office. Joint projects have been carried out in the fields of medical reform (primary medical care, financing), environment and health, and tuberculosis prevention and treatment, with positive and fruitful results. In the 2006-2007 cooperation programme with the WHO European Office. The following priority areas were introduced: improving primary health care; reproductive health; improving drug policy; preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases; improving blood and product safety systems.
In collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the project "Expanding Youth Access to Services and Information in the Field of Reproductive Health" is being successfully implemented. Currently, youth health centres are already operating in Mogilev and Soligorsk. Preparations are under way to open youth health centres in Grodno, Gomel and Vitebsk.
Within the framework of the IAEA Technical Cooperation Programme 2005-2006. The project "Establishment of a Quality Assurance (Quality Control) System for X-ray Computed Tomography Scanners in the Republic of Belarus" is being implemented.
In conjunction with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the project "Development and Strengthening of Services and Organizations Related to HIV Prevention and Drug Use Treatment for Drug Users in Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine" is being implemented.
The project "Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS in the Republic of Belarus" is being implemented under the auspices of the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
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The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Belarus country programme for 2006-2010 has been developed. On the basis of this programme, an action plan is being developed within the framework of the 2006-2010 country programme of the Government of the Republic of Belarus and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
In full accordance with the implementation plan, work continued within the framework of the Belarus-US project to study thyroid cancer and other diseases of the Belarusian population affected by the Chernobyl disaster.
Key trends in population health. Thus, the formation of human and population health depends on many factors: lifestyle, genetic predisposition, environmental conditions, medical activities of the population, health care status, etc. [7].
The Belarusian health diplomacy is based on its own national conditions. While retaining the high-quality health diplomacy experience of the former Soviet Union, it has also created a people-oriented health diplomacy with Belarusian characteristics.
Cooperation between China and Belarus during the COVID-19 pandemic
COVID-19 which appeared in December 2019,has been designated by WHO as a "Public Health Emergency ".It was the most severe viral outbreak to have affected people since World War II[19].At the beginning of the outbreak in China, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko immediately instructed the Belarusian government to use military aircraft to provide humanitarian aid to China twice. The Belarusian government officials, business representatives, college teachers and students also recorded videos and wrote letters to support the Chinese people's fight against the epidemic, which is impressive.
The Chinese government and people will bear in mind the valuable support of Belarus. After the outbreak of the epidemic in Belarus, the Chinese government provided a large amount of medical assistance to Belarus. Chinese provinces, cities and enterprises that have friendly and cooperative relations with Belarus also actively extended a helping hand and donated anti-epidemic materials to Belarus. Medical experts from the two countries also We exchanged anti-epidemic experience through video connection many times.
It is worth mentioning that after the outbreak of the epidemic in Belarus last year, it was also faced with the problem of a shortage of masks, and a large number of sewing workers had to sew masks by hand. Under the coordination of the Chinese side, Belarus expedited the purchase of highspeed mask machines from Chinese companies, which effectively alleviated this problem. Belarus Deputy Health Minister Androsyuk praised: "The production speed of China's mask machine is super fast, and it is almost 'printing' masks."
On the day that the Chinese-aided COVID-19 vaccine arrived in Belarus, Belarusian Health Minister Pinevic said in response to a question from the local media that he believed that this batch of vaccines from China will help protect the lives of Belarusians.the characteristics of the level and filling of the volumes of bilateral aid are presented [21].
Pinevic also expressed his gratitude to the Chinese government for providing Belarus with valuable and important vaccines against the novel coronavirus. He said that China's move once again proved that Belarus-China comprehensive strategic partnership can stand the test of adversity, and the Belarusian people will always remember China's friendship.
In the view of Chinese Ambassador to Belarus Xie Xiaoyong, China's move is a vivid manifestation of the high level of China-Belarus relations and a concrete measure to implement the important consensus reached by the two heads of state. He said that in recent years, the comprehensive strategic partnership featuring mutual trust and win-win cooperation between China and Belarus has maintained a high level and stable operation. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19, China and Belarus have supported and helped each other, demonstrating the profound friendship between the two peoples.
Xie Xiaoyong emphasized that China is willing to continue to strengthen anti-epidemic cooperation with Belarus, continue to provide anti-epidemic assistance to Belarus to the best of its ability, and work together to promote the building of a community of human health [8].
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Therefore, Faced with the increasing number of global health issues, it has become a hot issue in global governance, as well as the characteristics of hygiene diplomacy and the increasing diversity of the soft power[13]. the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic has made countries realize that public health issues are not only a sovereign country's domestic security issue or its foreign policy issue, but a typical global health governance issue. In the face of the COVID-19, we must practice the concept of people first and life first, strengthen unity and help each other, uphold the spirit of science, give full play to the key leadership role of the World Health Organization, promote international joint prevention and control, and oppose politicization and stigma. China and Belarus have actively cooperated in the process of fighting the epidemic, and jointly committed to building a common destiny for mankind, which objectively promoted the long-term cooperation between the two countries in the post-epidemic era.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the practice of global health diplomacy has a long history, but it is only a matter of decades to come up with a clear definition for it. Different countries and institutions define global health diplomacy with different starting points and focuses. Global health diplomacy is rich in connotations, divided into broad and narrow senses, and integrates many aspects of health and diplomacy. As a practice that not only helps protect national public health interests but also promotes global health governance, global health diplomacy has seen a booming trend after entering the 21st century. Developed and developing countries have participated in this process in their own way, showing the coexistence of cooperation and competition. The “One Belt, One Road” initiative proposed by China is the first global initiative outside the framework of international relations established by Western countries for a century [9]. The main goal of the corresponding “Healthy Silk Road” is to improve the overall level of health and hygiene. China pays more attention to the needs of recipient countries or cooperating countries, and takes altruism and win-win spirit as the core[10]. The practice of "aiding according to needs" has made China's health development assistance to have a greater political influence in the international community[11], enriching the international aid model and the new global development partnership.
For both China and Belarus, it is necessary to attach great importance to global health governance and strive to improve the level of global health diplomacy. In the future, it is necessary to further strengthen the tracking and research of global health frontier issues, strengthen the multilevel capacity building of global health diplomacy strategy, talents, voice, institutional innovation, enterprise innovation, etc. Seize the opportunity in the field and win the initiative. Deepen the health cooperation between the two countries and jointly build a "Healthy Silk Road".
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