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UDC 338.28
ANALYSIS OF USING OF ENERGY RESOURCES BY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION
Sbitnev E.A., Post-graduate student Osokin V.L., Candidate of Technical Sciences
Nizhny Novgorod State Engineering-economic Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Mikhaylova O.V., Doctor of Technical Sciences Chuvash State Agricultural Academy, Cheboksary, Russia E-mail: schkolamolen@rambler.ru
ABSTRACT
In work the analysis of use of energy resources is carried out. Object of research were educational institutions of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Result of research is the revealed potential of irrationally used volume of energy resources in the form of thermal energy, the electric power, firm and liquid types of fuel, motor fuel, and also water. Capital costs of energy saving actions will make about 239,644 million rubles, with a payback period is about 3.64 years. These figures show the enormous potential which can be used in educational institutions having aimed it at the development of material base for the purpose of improvement of quality of rendered educational services.
KEY WORDS
Energy efficiency; Energy audit; Energy carriers; Protection device; Region; Economic potential; Efficiency.
The state program of the Russian Federation «Energy-saving and increasing of energy efficiency for the period till 2020» (in edition of Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation from 18.08.2011 N 688) is defined that the main aim of economic and social development of the country is essential decrease in the share of energy cost, decrease in loading on payment of services on the budgetary system and enhance the competitiveness and financial stability of the Russian economy, providing the population with high-quality power services at reasonable prices [1].
Due to the above it is extremely important to study the influence of technical solutions during operation of urban, regional and other kinds of energy systems and complexes, their financial, economic and investment indicators and regional economy. For the evaluation of such impact the staff of the Center of energy audit of the Nizhny Novgorod state engineering-economic institute investigated energy efficiency of educational institutions of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.
The survey was carried out in 138 institutions of various forms of education: professional schools; technical schools; colleges; institutions of additional education; boarding schools; orphanages. The complete list of institutions that received energy survey is given in the report on research work № 1/01201279101 [2].
Rules for conducting an energy survey imply that as fiscal (basic) year you select the last full calendar year before the date of preparation of energy passports, in accordance with the Decree the Ministry of energy of Russia № 182 from April 19, 2010 « On approval of the requirements to the energy passport, compiled on the results of mandatory energy audit and energy passport composed on the basis of the project documents and rules of sending a copy energy certificate based on the results of mandatory energy survey» [3].
During the preparation of energy passports the following systems were analyzed: power supply, heat supply, water supply, and consumption of motor fuel and gas. As an example, the characteristics of energy and water consumption of «Nizhny Novgorod pedagogical college after the name of K.D. Ushinsky» are given.
Table 1 - Energy and water consumption in 2011
Year Electric energy Heat energy Household and drinking water
K.W.H thousand rubles Gcal thousand rubles m3 thousand rubles
2011 98024 419,8 1057 907 2196 84,5
On Figure 1 the percentage ratio of expenditure on energy and water consumed in 2011 is clearly shown.
Household
64,3%
Figure 1 - the Ratio of expenditure on energy and water in 2011
Based on a survey of educational institutions of Nizhny Novgorod region, the following conclusions were made:
- in educational institutions of average 5 groups of electricity consumers are prevailed: lighting (50-70 %); consumers with electric motors (10-30 %); heating installation (10-20 %); office equipment and laboratory stands (10 %).
- Registration of energy consumption is made by using meters of active energy.
- Electric energy supply of consumers: from its TA are 12 objects, from TA, which is on the balance of power suppliers are 103 objects and combined method are 5 objects.
The results of energy audits and the analysis of the received data helped to rank institutions according to the following criteria: specific energy consumption, specific consumption of heat energy, specific consumption of water and specific fuel consumption by boiler-houses.
As an example, the data for ranking of children's homes according to the specific consumption of electric energy is given (Fig. 2). If you take a longer period, for example for five years, you can follow the dynamics of consumption and energy costs and water.
Table 2 - Energy and water consumption in 2007-2011 GKOU «Gorodetsky children's home»
Name Unit of measurement Analyzed period
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Energy power
Consumption thousand K.W.H 93,918 107,118 88,875 89,040 68,000
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 236 268,1 288,3 336,3 280,7
POL
Consumption Thousand L 5,994 8,9125 11,5357 10,7209 8,14696
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 95,017 169,36 200,184 217,189 190,544
Heat energy
Consumption Gcal 658 660 587 935 715
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 617,6 750,2 755,6 1328,4 1152,5
Cold water and wastewater
Water consumption thousand m3 1,977 2,765 2,102 2,529 2,981
Amount of wastewater thousand m3 2,193 2,976 5,077 5,076 4,296
Costs with VAT of cold water thousand rubles 23,8 39,8 38,3 51,0 68,8
Costs with VAT of wastewater thousand rubles 36,1 57,9 118,8 133,3 129,6
Total costs thousand rubles 1008,517 1285,36 1401,184 2066,189 1822,144
energy
® GKOU Children's home""Topolek
1 GKOU Bolshemurashkinskij children's home
^ GKOU Pravdinskij special (correctional) children's home
“ GKOU Special (correctional) children's home № 1"
° GKOU «Bolshemakatelenskij children's home»
“ GKOU Kstovskij children's home
GKOU «Ostankinskij children's home» GKOU «Gorodetsky children's home» GKOU Moiseevslij children's home = GKOU Children's home №2
Q.
to GKOU Children's home №5
(a GKOU Verkhovskij children's home
o GKOU Children's home Rodnik
GKOU Varnavinskij children's home GKOU Children's home NiGres 0 GKOOU Taremskij sanatorium children's home
GKOU Special (correctional) children's home Bogorodsk to GKOU Vadskij children's home
o GKOOU Dzerzhinskij sanatorium children's home
E? GKOU Dalnekonstantinivskij special (correctional) children's w GKOU Sanatorium children's home
T3
® GKOU Krasnobakovskij children's home
51 GKOU Knyagininskij children's home
§ GKOU Poshatovskij children's home
w GKOOU Pavlovskij sanatorium children's home
3 GKOU Children's home №6
"§■. GKOU Kurmyshskij children's home
GKOU Urenskij children's home GKOU Bogoyavlenskij children's home S' GKOU Neklyudovskij children's home
2. GKOU Perevozskij children's home
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Analyzing the data from all objects we can conclude that 63 % of the costs necessary for heat energy, 15 % for electricity, 11% for cold water and wastewater, 11.5 % for fuels and lubricants. Figure 3 shows the analysis of the total cost of energy and water for 2007-2011.
Figure 3 - Analysis of the total cost of energy and water during the accounting period (2007-2011)
On the graph you can see the theoretically constructed smoothing approximate curve described by polynomial equation with the size of reliability and approximation. We also analyzed the costs of energy and water of institutions of one kind. As an example, the costs of children's homes are given. During the accounting period we can see increasing in energy costs. In 2011, compared with 2007, expenses in the amount increased on 55.33 %. Increasing in energy costs associated primarily with the growth of tariffs and their irrational using.
Changing in the volume of consumption of heat energy by institutions is characterized by duration of heating period and the average outside temperature during the heating period. The value of annual heat energy consumption directly depends on weather conditions during the year, as well as the state of the enclosing structures. In the period from 2007-2009 costs increased due to the growth of the tariff for heat energy, as well as with increased consumption in the analyzed period due to the heat loss through the destruction of enclosure in the process of exploitation. In 2011, the reduction in consumption is determined by the partial repair of buildings and constructions in the institutions and also by individual starting in some institutions by their own boiler rooms using as fuel - natural gas. In figures 4-5 the typical heat loss through the building enclosure is illustrated.
Figure 4 - Thermovision shooting of enclosure of educational building
Figure 5 - Thermovision shooting of window opening of educational building
Consumption and costs of natural gas also in dynamics of the period under consideration grow.
Table 3 - Energy and water consumption of children's homes in 2007-2011
Name Unit of Analyzed period
measurement 2QQ7 2008 2009 2010 2011
Electrical energy
Consumption thousand K.W.H 3452,149 3359,604 3251,850 3282,048 3414,297
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 7456,385 9011,151 10786,829 12988,679 14755,122
Natural gas
Consumption Thousand m3 173,530 464,941 473,934 593,277 615,485
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 359,173 1438,134 1430,188 2334,490 2367,670
Heat energy
Consumption Gcal 10528,338 11304,410 12607,930 12516,687 11794,476
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 9864,860 12258,440 16932,421 18157,912 16230,072
Consumption (subabonents) Gcal 707,000 707,000 707,000 738,000 0,000
Costs with VAT (subabonents) thousand rubles 0,000 897,012 939,727 1011,692 1184,166
Hot water supply
Consumption Gcal 0,000 32,922 65,608 86,229 91,898
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 0,000 18,870 38,700 29,230 130,240
Coal
Consumption ton 448,660 397,300 518,035 574,655 595,480
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 1208,916 1079,227 1378,260 1365,190 1698,120
Consumption (firewood) ton 32,000 34,000 65,000 52,000 50,000
Costs with VAT (firewood) thousand rubles 13,000 14,300 35,750 28,600 27,500
POL
Petrol l 189245,7 198182,78 206879,24 204912,33 188739,178
Diesel oil l 659 636 732 273 532
Costs with VAT thousand rubles 3200,39142 3949,60166 3991,92841 4301,40577 4803,64035
Cold water and waterwaste
Water consumption thousand m3 2523,1056 2174,3322 2524,1724 3481,5138 1256,5083
Costs with VAT of wastewater thousand rubles 3042,439 3673,35 4648,467 5155,88 5430,479
Total cost thousand rubles 25145,164 31443,073 39242,543 44361,387 45442,843
Consumption and costs of natural gas also had grown in dynamics of this period. In dynamics of 2007-2011 the consumption of cold water decreased and increased, and then in 2011, there was a sharp decline due to the reduction of the indwelling children. The cost on cold water had increased because of increasing of tariff on cold water.
In the consumption and the cost of fuel in the analyzed period there was a growth in 2007-2009, then consumption began to reduce in 2009-2011. This process is connected with reduction of quantity of pupils and visits in accordance with the curriculum of institutions. The increasing of costs is directly proportional to the increasing of motor fuel cost.
In the balance of cost of institutions on energy and water the basic share is fitted on heat energy (35.72 %), then electricity (32.47 %), cold water (11.95 %), POL (10.57 %), natural gas (to 5.21 %), coal (3.74 %), water (0,29 %) and firewood (0.06 %).
Reduction of electricity consumption in the period from 2007 to 2011 is determined by reduction of children and using of energy saving lighting lamps.
Figure 6 - Analysis of the total energy and water cost of the children's homes during the analyzed
period (2007-2011)
Having analyzed the schedule of the total cost on Fig. 3 and Fig. 6 it is possible to make conclusion about steady increasing.
Figure 7 - The results of thermography RU-0.4 K.W.H
Figure 8 - The results of thermography RU-0.4 K.W.H
Energy audit of institutions allows revealing the factors determining the level and dynamics of the economic process, and also during the energy survey, the main aim is to identify potential energy-saving by reducing the consumption of resources without prejudice to the sanitary regulations and quality of educational services.
Deviations of protective devices were revealed during the occasional heat engineering measurements by portable devices and thermography. On Figures 7-8 the typical surfaces and the results of thermography RU-0.4 K.W.H are shown.
There is known protective device designed for protection from short circuit and large over-current, containing two motionlessly fixed contact sponges and fuse with a fusible insert ended at the ends of two round pins that are inserted into a motionless enshrined sponge.
We developed and declared in FIPS issue of the patent of the Russian Federation on useful model (registration No.2012126479 from 25.06.2012), the protective device. The construction of offered protective device is given in fig. 9.
Figure 9 - Construction of the proposed protective device:
1 - contact sponges; 2 - power pins; 3 - fasteners of protective device; 4 - round contacts
This construction is created on the basis of the switching device of manual control, capable of including, carrying and breaking currents in electric circuits with voltage up to 400 V, frequency 50 Hz, in normal operating conditions, in the conditions of work overload, and briefly hold supercurrents of short circuits.
Technical and economic effect of the offered device is that the modernization occurs almost without interruption of power, because the removable part of the device with automatic breaker mounted in advance and the whole process of modernization is reduced to removing of safety devices and insert of automatic breaker. Moreover the maintenance of the device is simplified. It should also be noted that unlike a fuse, the offered device is ready for the next use after cooling plate.
Let's consider the economic part using this device on the example of GBOU VPO NGIEI.The cost of a fusible insert of a safety device of PPNI-37, dimension 2, 40A IEK of DPP40-040 is from 152 to 213 rub/pieces, and cost of automatic breaker AE 2044 50A is 110 rub/pieces [5]. Costs are accepted in the amount of 30-40%, and the overhead costs - 1015% from price, respectively we receive 117000 rubles. Capital investments in the new technical will make 84700 rub. During transition, in process of failure of the known fuse, on the offered protective device we will receive economy of 32.3 thousand rubles.
Economic effect in a general view (rub) will make:
E= C1-C2=32.3,
where C1 - costs in the first variant, rub; C2 - costs in offered variant, rub.
Production effect in a general view (rub):
Epr= ADpr+Ec=18405+5522=23927,
where ADpr - the size of the reduced (probabilistic) material damage from application of technical solution, rub; Ec - economy costs for operation of electric networks (on transport costs, reduction of losses of electric power, etc.), rub.
Probabilistic size of reduction of material damage (rub):
ADpr = DSp- (CLb - CLp) • Ld = 18405,
where Dsp - specific probabilistic damage from breaks in electricity supply, rub/K.W.H. (ADpr = 4, rub/K.W.H.); CLb u CLp - the annual duration of clearings in all elements respectively in basic and project variants; Ld - design load, K.W.H. Average design load is 45 K.W.H.
One of the results of the conducted energy survey is revealed potential of irrationally used size of energy resources in the form of heat energy, electricity, liquid and solid fuels, motor fuel and also water.
On each resource institutions offered actions for reduction of their use. In general institutions of education have the potential to reduce the consumption of electric energy amounted in - 5021,844 thousand K.W.H.; heat energy - 23338,112 Gcal; natural gas -469,579 thousand m3; liquid and solid fuels - 824,402 tons; motor fuel - 335,02 thousand liters; waters - 115,41 thousand m3, worth in monetary terms - 65,885 million rubles.
Capital costs of energy saving actions will make about 239,644 million rubles, with a payback period is about 3.64 years. These figures show the enormous potential which can be used in educational institutions having aimed it at the development of material base for the purpose of improvement of quality of rendered educational services.
REFERENCES
1. The state program of the Russian Federation «Energy-saving and increasing of energy efficiency for the period till 2020». It is approved by Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation from 27.12.2010 №. 2446-r.
2. Report on research work № 1/01201279101»Monitoring of using energy resources and development of offers on energy saving educational institutions of Nizhny Novgorod Region». Knyaginino, GBOU VPO NGIEI, 2013. - 332 pages.
3. Methodology for conducting energy surveys of educational institutions. N.Novgorod, NGTU, 2009 - 189 pages.
4. The decision on issue of patent for useful model 28.03.2013, application № 2012126479/07(040871) from 25.06.2012.
5. Electronic source: http://perm.pulscen.ru/products.
