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0ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF CHANGES IN POPULATION EMPLOYMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF SAMARKAND REGION
Musayeva Shoira Azimovna
Professor of Samarkand Institute of Economic and Service https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10714676
Abstract. In this article, the high final results of hired labor in rural areas, how high the results of the worker's labor are, his income, how to get a hired worker to work, the effect obtained as a result of incentives is well taken into account.
Keywords: rural area, labor, income, motivation, attitude, entrepreneurship.
Introduction. The market economy requires fundamental changes in ownership relations and the formation of a multi-ownership system. Accordingly, a person's role in social production and living conditions, his attitude to his work and its results, forms of assimilation of the results of the use of property will also fundamentally change. In the conditions of the market economy, a person can buy or sell the means of production and labor in the free market, fully and freely use their ownership rights. Being the owner of private property is one of the most important features of the market economy, which ensures its superiority over the planned economic system. Ownership of private property is the basis of business activity and plays a very important role in its development.
In the conditions of the market economy, a person can first of all freely use his labor power, his labor capacity according to his wishes, and use it for his own purposes. becomes a worker. It is self-evident that, based on the principles of the market economy, the owner of the labor force tries to sell his commodity, i.e. the labor force, at the highest possible prices in the market and to get more income from it. Whoever pays him more for each labor input, finds that job more preferable, tries to get hired by that entrepreneur.
In the process of work, a hired worker realizes his work ability and potential, affects the objects of work with the help of labor tools and creates a new product (service). This is reflected in the amount and quality of the work performed by the hired worker. If an entrepreneur appreciates the high labor results of a hired worker, pays a fee commensurate with the quantity and quality of his work, the hired worker will be materially (partly morally) encouraged to improve labor results, and will try hard to improve labor indicators and his final results. Naturally, motivation from the results of such efforts and work leads to an increase in the volume and quality of produced goods and services.
Research methodology. Systematic approach, abstract-logical thinking, grouping, comparison, factor analysis, selective observation methods were used in the research process.
Analysis and results. The higher the final results of the hired worker's work is in full accordance with the material interests of the entrepreneur. Because the higher the labor results of the hired worker, the higher the mass of added value absorbed by the employer, the higher his income. (result) is divided between both parties in certain proportions. The wage earner benefits as additional wages, and the entrepreneur benefits as additional income. As a result of this, both sides strive for continuous improvement of labor indicators. This natural desire, along with increasing production efficiency and achieving economic growth, causes serious problems in ensuring the employment of the population.
1-table
Changes in the number of employed people in cities and villages in Samarkand region in
2018-2022
Years Total The A Villagers, A The share of
population, population thousand one thousand the rural
thousand of the city of them thousand of them population in
people is one are people are the total
thousand employed employed population,
people %
2018 3651.7 1372.8 266.9 2278.9 1256.1 62
2019 3720.1 1390.8 269.7 2329.3 1197.1 63
2020 3798.9 1414.7 269.4 2384.2 1186.3 63
2021 3877.4 1438.3 261.9 2439.1 1148.9 63
2022 4031.3 1483.1 279.9 2548.2 1161.3 63
In 2018, 62.4% of the region's population lived in rural areas, and in 2022, 63.2% live in rural areas. 201In 8 years, the population employment in rural areas was 55%, but in 2022, it decreased to 45.6%. This means that it should be possible to increase the employment of the population by creating new jobs, paying more attention to entrepreneurship in rural areas.
In the years of independence, as a result of economic reforms in agricultural production and settlement of market relations in the industry, labor productivity increased significantly. According to the theory of marginalism, entrepreneurs in agriculture, like in all major sectors of the economy, tend to hire workers until the level of marginal utility decreases from each additional hired worker. In the conditions of the market economy, agricultural entrepreneurs have no choice but to use labor resources productively and economically, like all other resources. Intense competition in the market, the risk of bankruptcy, make them to act rationally, to pursue the pursuit of efficiency, to achieve higher results for each unit of expenditure. forces to act diligently. It is these factors (intense competition in the labor market, the risk of becoming unemployed) that make wage workers employed in agriculture seek to improve their personal labor performance as much as possible in accordance with market requirements. Due to the improvement of labor results, wages of hired workers will increase, and the demand for labor force in the labor market will decrease accordingly.
A decrease in the demand for labor force in the labor market means an increase in unemployment. In fact, in the years of independence, the number of people employed in agriculture, which was flooded with artificial jobs created without reason as a result of the above-mentioned processes, has sharply decreased, and this has caused the unemployment problem in the agrarian labor market to worsen.
Based on this, reduction of informal employment as one of the conceptual directions of productive use of labor force located in the national and regional economy, especially in rural areas and currently occupying a significant place in the structure of the country's gross labor resources, in the path of socio-economic development of the country, and formal employment regulated by law an effort was made to develop scientifically based and practical suggestions and recommendations for converting to employment, raising the level of official employment. In our opinion, in order to evaluate the positive and negative aspects of informal employment, which is constantly changing in terms of its content and all dimensions in the market economy, and which today attracts the attention of many researchers, it is necessary to first of all deeply study the reasons for its origin and expansion.
The research carried out for this purpose showed that in the published literature, there are mainly two conflicting points of view in the assessment of the role of informal employment in socio-economic development, the effectiveness of the use of labor resources, and the impact on important indicators that shape the standard of living of the population. In accordance with the first point of view, informal employment is interpreted as a negative reality. In this approach, which is supported by the majority of economists and sociologists, the negative aspects of informal employment are the reduction of taxes and other payments to the state budget from employment and wages, the national legislation of the informally employed and the ILO ( It is indicated that they will be deprived of the guarantees of social protection reflected in the documents of the International Labor Organization.
In accordance with the second point of view supported by a relatively small number of researchers, informal employment is evaluated as a factor that has a positive effect on the processes of social and economic development of the country. The authors of this concept consider aspects such as the positive, positive effect of informal employment: its positive effect on the level of unemployment, its role in maintaining the labor and intellectual potential of the enterprise, its importance in increasing the wages of the enterprise and personnel. A.N. Tarasova - helps to reduce unemployment and alleviate the situation in the labor market, provides an opportunity to earn income, fills low-status jobs, opens wide opportunities for efficient use of labor force, has a positive effect on the development of competition in the labor market." Similar fics can be found in other sources. Researcher A.A. Terekhova pointed out 3 positive aspects of informal employment in the labor market.
First, informal employment helps to reduce unemployment and alleviate the situation in the labor market.
Second, it gives the population the opportunity to earn a good income, that is, to earn a much higher average income than those in formal employment.
Thirdly, it helps to strengthen competition in the labor market. According to him, informal employment served as a means of adapting to the changes in the economic and institutional environment during the complex transition of market subjects, alleviating its unexpected strong shocks. It is for these reasons that gradually it began to take on a normal tone, everyone got used to it, and most people became indifferent to it. In short, it has become an institutional norm of labor relations accepted by all parties. Informal employment has become one of the unique means of getting out of the difficult economic situation that may arise in the society during the transition period to the market economy, ensuring social stability in the country, and reducing the level of unemployment. Informal employment can be seen as a kind of rapid mechanism of self-regulation of the labor market in the transition period. In the conditions of transitional difficulties, in the conditions where jobs are reduced and the number of unemployed is increasing, it is a matter for a part of the population to solve the problem of employment on their own without officially addressing the state authorities: the unemployment rate will decrease, and the state's expenses will decrease (paid to the registered unemployed manuals and etc.).
Summarizing the opinions expressed in various sources showed that the following aspects are taken as a basis for the positive impact of informal employment on socio-economic development:
increase in income of the parties due to saved payments, relative improvement of standard of living;
saving time related to employment and dismissal, and for those who are self-employed, saving time related to formalization of their activity on a legal basis, saving expenses related to paperwork and other formalities;
use of opportunities of family and kinship, mutual trust and cooperation in attracting resources, improving activity efficiency;
a tool for social protection of wage workers and entrepreneurs (including self-employed entrepreneurs, their family members), unemployed people who are looking for work, who are unable to carry out formal activities within the framework of the current legislation and have no choice but to engage in informal employment to meet their most necessary physiological needs; achievement of high flexibility (elasticity) in the inter- and intra-industry competition of the labor force and in the transfer of personnel;
that it is one of the factors of achieving a balance between labor supply and demand in the labor market;
helps to strengthen the competitive environment in the labor market, goods and services
market;
the fact that the labor relations between the employer and the hired worker are not formalized in writing with an employment contract and an order, and that they are based only on verbal agreement, that the parties develop a culture of going beyond their word and keeping their promises;
decrease in the unemployment rate in the country.
It is difficult to deny the above positive aspects of informal employment. On the contrary, in addition to them, it is possible to show the participation of the informally employed in the creation of the country's gross domestic product, the saving of the state's financial expenses for social protection of the population and support of entrepreneurship, the reduction of the obligation and responsibility for creating new jobs for the unemployed and ensuring their employment, etc. . As with any economic event and event, there are both positive and negative aspects of informal employment, along with negative aspects, it has its positive aspects, of course. But in order to accept informal employment as a positive phenomenon and use it widely for the development of the society, it is theoretical and practical to put all the positive and negative aspects of this form of employment in the internal circuit of the scale and that its positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects, that it can bring more benefits than harm to the country. it will be necessary to justify. We will discuss the negative and positive aspects of informal employment in detail later, and we will try to justify our attitude towards it. But in advance, we would like to draw the attention of respected readers to one thing: in assessing the importance and place of informal employment in the development of society, first of all, it should serve as the main criterion for determining the principles of social justice in the country.
Before a detailed analysis of the scientific views of the supporters of both points of view and expressing some of our own opinions about them, it is necessary to correctly assess the role and importance of informal employment in socio-economic development, to which macroeconomic indicators and in what direction, and at the micro level, the final result of its economic activity. It should be noted that it is very important to reveal the mechanisms of influence on the results, the income of the employer and hired workers, and their mutual relations. The importance of these issues is explained by the fact that if we agree with the supporters of the first approach and consider informal employment as a negative reality, then in the future we will have to find measures to sharply reduce the share of informally employed people in the number of employed people in the economy, and gradually eliminate them completely. In other words, it becomes an urgent task for us to carry out a consistent fight
against informal employment. The fight against informal employment should take a strong place in the structure of the economic and administrative means of the state's economy regulation. Strict administrative and economic sanctions must be imposed on all persons, employers, and hired workers who are involved in informal employment and who allow it. On the contrary, if we recognize informal employment as a positive phenomenon, that is, if we support the manifestations of the second point of view on this problem. , we will have to develop and put into practice mechanisms to further expand this employment in the future, to develop it more than other forms of employment, to support and encourage persons using informal employment. The policy of the state to regulate the economy and labor relations should also be aimed at expanding the scope of informal employment and effectively supporting it in every way.
In our opinion, informal employment in Samarkand creates difficulties in the process of economic reforms. Today, it is not wrong to conclude that it causes more harm than good in the development of the region, including solving problems in the field of labor economy. However, we should not ignore the fact that , informal employment is not an economic reality unique to the national economy of Uzbekistan, which is experiencing transitional difficulties. Informal employment, as recognized by the UN, is an economic phenomenon that is expanding throughout the countries of the world and has a great negative impact on social and economic development. This form of employment is not only backward, but also developing and even developed countries are taking root more and more. Therefore, it will not be correct to connect the roots of informal employment only with transitional difficulties or the socio-economic situation of the country, with the economic helplessness of some entrepreneurs and hired workers. Both the employer and the hired worker benefit to a certain extent from this situation, which is common in labor relations in the field of the market economy, because the costs of various payments to the state budget and the employment fund are saved. However, such relations formed in the labor market of the agrarian sector bring economic benefits to a certain extent for the entrepreneur (employer) and the workers employed in the enterprise in return for not paying official fees and expenses, but from the point of view of society, such a situation leads to great losses and, ultimately, general inefficiency. In a country with established market relations, aiming at socio-economic development, experiencing stable and reliable economic growth, labor relations in all sectors and branches of the national economy are free from any disorder and defects, highly cultured and exemplary, the interests of all market subjects (only it should be effective from the point of view of the employer and not only the hired workers.
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