28ANALYSIS OF THE SEMANTICS AND FREQUENCY OF THE USE OF DIMINUTIVE SUFFIXES IN MODERN RUSSIAN
Shakhnozahon Numanovna Saminjonova
Master student of Ferghana State University saminzhanova@bk.ru
ABSTRACT
The article describes the phenomenon of "diminutivity", its functioning in the language, and provides an explanation of the degree and frequency of the use of diminutive suffixes in modern Russian. The semantic analysis of diminutives is carried out.
Keywords: semantics, diminutive, suffix, modern Russian language, lexeme, context, discursive context, actualization, tonality of speech, pragmatic function.
INTRODUCTION
Cute tend to be small - with such a maxim, the description of words with diminutive suffixes usually begins. These suffixes are the most important specifics of the Russian language. The term "diminutivity" has a Latin origin - "diminuere" - to split, reduce, weaken. In Russian linguistics, this term has the meaning of "diminutiveness".
Diminutives are words with diminutive suffixes, defined the originality of the vocabulary of folklore, are widely represented in the dialects of the Russian language, and are firmly established in modern intra-family and industrial speech.
The following indicators can be attributed to diminutives:
1. a specific morphological indicator - for example, a noun suffix expressing the meaning of "diminutiveness",
2. a derived word form formed using an indicator of this type,
3. the word-formation value transmitted by the corresponding indicator,
4. a complex semantic category that combines particular meanings expressed using various linguistic means.
METHODOLOGY
In the process of word formation of diminutive and affectionate forms of nouns and adjectives, including proper names, various diminutive suffixes take part (-och-, -ech-, onk-, -enk-, -usk-, -yushk-, -yush-, -yash-, -ush-, -ul-, -un-, -us-, -k-, -ik, and others), and as the bases for word formation are both the bases of full names, and
short forms of personal names. For example, from the full forms of the common Russian name Maria and Marya, the diminutives Maryunya, Marunya, Marusya, Maryusha and Maryushka, Maryasha are formed; From the standard short form Masha > Mashka, Mashenka, Mashulya; from the short form of the same name Manya > Manechka, Manyusya, Manyusha, Manyasha, etc. In the process of communication, the speaker's choice of the diminutive form of a personal name in speech depends on the feeling he feels towards the named person, on the closeness of their relationship. The variety of the bases of names is due to the many short forms of names in the Russian language, as well as suffixes. In live speech, diminutives and pet names allow you to express an extremely wide range of emotions and colors.
Diminutive own names formed with the suffix -to-bear a certain shade of neglect, derogating called (for example, Sasha, Grisha, Sveta, etc.). Historically, it is associated with the existing once in Russia the tradition of using such "Polimeni" formed with the suffix -K-to-abasement when referring to the distinguished person of a higher class. At the same time, among the common people, when people of equal social status communicate with each other, this form of the name most often did not have any disparaging connotation, but only testified to the simplicity of treatment and intimacy. Nevertheless, in modern Russian, such diminutive names with the suffix-k (Vaska, Marinka, Svetka) are considered stylistically reduced. It is considered that this form of treatment is contrary to the principles of politeness, equality and respect in communication. It is also pointed out that the form of names using the suffix-k-served in the folk environment as an analogue of diminutive names with the suffixes-och -, - yechk -, - onk -, - enk- (Verochka, Olenka, Pashenka); the use of such forms was peculiar in the 19th century only to the educated classes.
RESULTS
The suffix-ik- (Pavlik, Vitalik) is also referred to exclusively urban, intellectual markers of names, but this correlation is not entirely accurate. The diminutive forms of names with the suffix-ik-were quite widely used in the vernacular dialects of the western regions of Russia. It is believed that the influence of the Polish language, which is characterized by diminutives with the suffix-ek- (Wladek, Zdenek), may have contributed to their spread. Accordingly, diminutive proper names can carry not only an emotional coloring, but also denote the social status of their bearer, as well as the social status of the calling, hailing.
In the formation of diminutives from adjectives and adverbs in the Russian language, the most commonly used suffixes are-enk-(yellow, round, young, strong), -onk- (light, poor), - ovat- (thin, thin, cold), as well as their combinations (reddish).
Diminutives are characteristic of children's speech and of speech addressed to children. According to M. D. Voeikova, diminutives (diminutive names) are one of the signs of the so-called "language of nannies" of the speech register that is used by adults to communicate with young children and in certain child-centered situations.
A large number of diminutives in the speech of young children is usually explained by the fact that adults, when talking to a child, widely use diminutive forms. This property can be attributed to the specific features of family communication, since not every family uses a similar style of communication. There is also an opinion that a large number of diminutives in speech is more characteristic of the older generation, grandmothers, while parents, especially young ones, avoid this "nanny language"in their speech. However, even in those families where the "nanny language" is not too encouraged, children in any case regularly hear more diminutives than adults. The significance of the use of diminutives in children's speech also lies in the fact that diminutives unify the endings of nouns and allow the speaker to merge the ending with the last syllable, which simplifies speaking for the child (grandfather-ka for rep-ku, bab-ka for grandfather-ku, etc.).
Among the diminutive nouns denoting a person, 3 lexical and semantic groups are distinguished: 1. naming kinship relations; 2. names of persons and their characteristics; 3. anthroponyms.
The first group included 10 single-root chains: mother - mother - mother -mother - mother; father papasena - dad - daddy - folder - daddy; father - tyatka; son - son - son; uncle - uncle - uncle; Dedkov - grandpa; aunt - Auntie - aunt; children, little children - kids; Granny - grandmother; wife - wife - fiancée. The words referring to kinship relationships occur 417 times in the analyzed stories.
The suffixes-sh-, -ok-, -ushkk-/-yushk-, -onk-/-enk-, -enk-, -k-, -ic-/- ec-, -enek-, -ochk-/-ecek-, -chik-, -ishk-are involved in the formation of this group: We held our guns and looked at them as lovingly as mothers look at their sons... ("June Twenty-ninth").
Diminutives that name kinship relationships are most often involved in creating a comic situation and the humorous context of the story as a whole ("Dad", "Brother", "All in the grandfather").
DISCUSSION
The group of diminutives that name and characterize a person includes words that denote: a) age (girl, boy, old man, old woman), b) social, property status, origin, occupation (aristocrat, high school student, merchant, cook), c) nationality
(Armenian, Jew, German), d) characterizing appearance, internal qualities that convey the attitude to the person (brunette, eccentric, rascal, little thing).
Diminutives denoting age are formed with the help of suffixes-k -, - ek -, - ik -, - ec -, - ok -, - onk-and-och -, giving words diminutive-affectionate and pejorative meanings. The most widely represented in the texts are the same-root words with the root star -: old man, old man, old man, old man, old woman, old woman, old woman, old woman. The word elder A. P. Chekhov calls a person disrespectful and unworthy: this is either an impudent stowaway ("In the car"), or an old man from the breed of Gogol stallions ("Goat or scoundrel?"). The diminutive old man is most often used to create an unattractive image: a small gray-haired old man with the face of a retired non-commissioned officer ("Swedish Match"). Often old men occupy a high position: in the old man Chervyakov recognized the state general Brizzhalov... ("Death of an official"). The old men at Chekhov's do not behave like an old man: they tell dirty stories ("Correspondent"). Only in one example does the old man evoke sympathy and sympathy in Chekhov. This is a blind, gray-haired widower-general, a serdyag and an eccentric, who has only one joy - a red general's lining ("Hero-Lady"). The word old man has more expressiveness, is distributed by definitions that reinforce the pejorative characteristic: old man ragged ("Correspondent"). The image of a touching old man is created in the story "The Baron": a small, thin old man of about sixty, his cheeks and bags under his eyes hang and tremble like rags suspended to dry. The image of the old woman in the stories is diverse: it is a bored lonely princess ("Once a year"), and a touching old woman who lost her daughter ("Dowry").
In the same-root group with the root star -, denoting male persons, derivatives are more often used as a negative characteristic of the person and in a negative context; feminine derivatives are more likely to cause sympathy, excluding the word old lady.
Among the diminutives denoting social, property status, origin, occupation, the same-root muzhichok, muzhichonok, muzhichonok. In the story "He Understood!" Chekhov uses diminutives to create a touching image of a mountain hunter-a peasant. And in the portrait (inflamed eyes, a thin, goatee beard trembles like a rag, a greasy rope belt), and in what he does (breaks some thread, bends the wire), and in the simple-hearted story of the peasant about his hunt (a blade of grass, the sun rises, birds, etc.), there are many diminutive nouns that convey the author's sympathetic attitude to his hero.
The diminutives denoting nationality (Armenian, German) convey a different attitude: affectionate-German ("Life in questions and exclamations") and dismissive-German ("Which of the three?").
The diminutives of the 2nd group are formed using the suffixes-ik -, - k -, - ik -, - usk -, - ik -, - enk -, - ok -, - ek -, - onok -, - enok -, - onok -. Nouns with suffixes-ishk -, - ik -, - k -, - ek-give words a pejorative connotation and are used to negatively characterize a person (aristocrat, lady, prince), and with suffixes-yushk, - k, - enk, -ok -, - onok, - onk -, - och-convey the affectionate attitude of the speaker to persons designated by diminutives (princess, knyazenka).
Diminutives that characterize the appearance, internal qualities, convey the attitude to the person, are used in a comic context: Next to him on the grass sat a little mermaid, young and so pretty that if I knew her exact address, I would give up everything-literature, my wife, and science - and fly to her... ("Naive leshy"). The diminutive man is used to refer to persons with different social status, with a pejorative-dismissive and less often - affectionate characteristic, and in different contexts (humorous, comic, satirical). This diminutive is often extended by the following definitions: small ("Mummers"); stunted ("Snack"); pock-marked ("Salon de Variety"); small plump ("He and she"); noticeably cleaned man ("In a landau"); denotes some insignificant person and is used to create a negative image: The man in a rabbit fur coat looked terribly like Ivan Kapitonovich...("Two in one"). This diminutive can also be used for satirical characterization of the character: Next to her sat Baron Dronkel, a freshly washed and too noticeably cleaned man in a blue coat and a blue hat ("In a landau").
CONCLUSION
Diminutives of different categories, having a great expressive and imaginative potential, convey various emotions, contain a positive and negative assessment of persons, mark the author's attitude.
REFERENCES
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