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194 East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Li Zengrong
Zhejiang Yuexiu University
ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RUSSIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN THE ENERGY INDUSTRY
Abstract. Affected by economic sanctions in Europe and the United States, Russia's original economic development model that relied on the export of primary energy products exposed many problems. To achieve stable economic growth, it is necessary to quickly promote the transformation of the economic structure. The energy industry can be appropriately adjusted to reduce production costs and increase industrial productivity through corresponding technological innovation activities, and then promote the evolution and upgrade of the energy industry. In fact, Russia has always attached great importance to the development and evolution of the energy industry, such as the exploration and development of the marine continental shelf in the Arctic in recent years. The implementation of these projects requires the support of advanced technology. This article analyzes the relationship between Russia's economic growth and technological innovation in the energy industry, hoping to learn from Russia's experience and provide a reference for the development of my country's energy industry and economy.
Keywords: Russia; economic growth; energy industry; technological innovation; relationship
Foreword: In 2014, the crisis in Ukraine made the Western world more strongly opposed to Russia's political attitude. The United States united multiple allied countries and implemented a series of political and economic sanctions against Russia. Correspondingly, Russia also adopted anti-sanctions. But even so, it is still impossible to change the formation of long-term stabilization policies of the United States and EU countries against Russian sanctions and blockades. Under this background, Russian oil and gas companies began to shift the direction of market development and cooperation to Asia, and negotiations with Chinese companies became more and more active. Through cooperation with China, Russia can open up new energy product sales markets and also obtain Corresponding technical support to achieve technological innovation and evolutionary upgrade of its own energy industry.
1 Defects in the Russian economic growth model 1.1 The energy industry relies too much on the export of fuel raw materials
Relevant survey data shows that Russia's GDP has declined significantly since 2014 due to the joint
economic sanctions imposed by European and American countries. Whether it's oil or petroleum products, export revenue has fallen by nearly 50%, while the number of exports and the proportion of related products in export commodities have not great changes have taken place, which also shows that the supply of Russian oil and gas resources in the face of changes in international oil prices lacks flexibility and cannot adapt well to the requirements of international market development.
1.2 The technological innovation capability is relatively weak
If the output of the country's technological innovation capacity is set to independently produced new commodities and independently provided hightech services, according to the data provided by the Russian Federal Statistics Office, the innovative output of the resource extraction industry is significantly lower than the average water quality. It is far worse than processing and manufacturing. From 2010 to 2016, the changes in the proportion of independent innovation products and independent innovation services in different industries in Russia are shown in Figure 1.
Overall innovation ratio
0.14
o.i : o.i 0.08 0.0 G 0.04
o.o : 0
Innovation ratio of resource extraction Innovation Ratio
Machining fabrication
к--
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Figure 1 Changes in the proportion of independent innovation products and independent innovation services
in different industries
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After 2014, because government departments increased research funding and formulated import substitution policies, Russia's oil and gas production has increased slightly, but the high-tech output level of the resource extraction industry has shown a significant downward trend. The reasons for analysis are mainly Developed countries in Europe and the United States have imposed a double blockade of capital and technology on the Russian oil and gas industry, which has led to the suspension of plans to jointly develop new oil and gas blocks by Russian oil and gas companies and Western companies. As a result, oil and gas companies have reduced their capital investment in technology research and development. The existence of Western economic sanctions has further exacerbated the dilemma of Russia's lack of funds and technology, and has also restricted the technology research and development capabilities of the energy industry.
1.3 Technological progress depends on foreign technology diffusion
From 2013 to 2017, Russia's imports of high-tech products accounted for about 60% of the total imports, and the highest year reached 63.8%, especially in 20162017. With the rise in oil prices, Russia's overall economy situation has improved, and the import value of high-tech products has gradually increased, which also shows that at least in a relatively short period of time, Russian domestic products cannot replace some imported products with higher technological content. Compared with the Technology Gap theory, it can be seen that the leading technology countries will take the lead in realizing the export advantages and scale of innovative products. If the export of high-tech products is used as an indicator to measure the country's technological progress, it can be found that there is a
East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 5 strong correlation in Russia's high-tech product exports and intellectual property use fees.
2 The relationship between Russian economic growth and technological innovation
The analysis of the relationship between Russian economic growth and technological innovation can be achieved with the help of corresponding technological innovation models. Technological progress will have a positive impact on Russian economic growth. However, in the face of the technological gap with the technological frontier countries, although Russia has tried to catch up, However, it has not been possible to achieve this. During the period of high international oil prices, Russia's technological innovation system mainly relied on the diffusion of foreign technological knowledge, its domestic technological innovation capacity was seriously insufficient, and its ability to utilize advanced technology was relatively weak. For the construction of technological innovation models, we need to pay attention to several core issues: 2.1 Variable selection
When a country's technological level is high, its high-tech products will have a higher share in the international market. Here, the high-tech difference frequency export is used as a variable representing technological progress, which belongs to the interpreted variable Y, according to the Technology Gap theory, the influencing factors of the national innovation system include the diffusion of foreign technology, the growth of domestic technological knowledge, and the growth of the national ability to use technological knowledge. Taking the World Development Index provided by the World Bank as an example, five indexes were selected for analysis, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Influencing factor index of the innovation system
X2 IPR royalties, payment (balance of payments, current US$) Technology diffusion abroad
X3 Number of patent applications, domestic residents + foreign residents National technical knowledge growth
X4 GDP growth rate (annual percentage) country's ability to use technological knowledge has grown
X5 R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP
X6 Net FDI inflows (BoP, current US$)
For a country, the increase in the use of knowledge capacity belongs to an abstract concept, which can be understood as the increase in the country's technological innovation capacity and the improvement of technological innovation output. Feigberg proposed that national innovation capacity and innovation system, government management, the degree of
national openness is closely related.
2.2 Regression results
With the help of the corresponding EViews software analysis and the corresponding estimated model parameters, the corresponding regression results are obtained, and according to the regression results, the model estimation results are:
Yi = -3.038022 + 0.837040X2 + 0.074824X3 + 3.667214X4 - 0.051881XS + 0.060304X6 t= (1.2519) (4.8267) (0.9633) (1.3571) (4.0530) (1.2898)
R2=0.8948 F=25.5096 n=21
2.3 Statistical significance test Combining the above regression results, the coefficient of determination is relatively high. The F-test value is 25.5096, which is obviously significant. When a=0.05,ta/z(n - k) = t0.025(21 - 6) =
2 131
,The estimated values of X2 and X5 coefficients are significant;
when a=0.20Mn - k) = tooio(21 - 6) = 1.341, The coefficient of X4 is 1.3571>1.341, the
6 East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 result is significant;
when a=0.50,ta/z(n - k) = t025(21 - 6) =
0.691, Constant, X3 and X6 coefficients are relatively significant.
Using EViews software to implement the White test, you can get the auxiliary heteroscedasticity test results, the statistical test values and F, t values are not significant, which also shows that the model does not have heteroscedasticity.
2.4 Economic significance test
Test the model in terms of economic significance, assuming that other variables remain unchanged, for each billion US dollars in intellectual property use fee payments, Russian high-tech product exports increase by 0.84 billion U.S. dollars; the number of domestic patent applications in Russia each increase by 1,000, Russian high The export of scientific and technological products increased by 0.07 billion US dollars; for every percentage increase in the percentage of R&D expenditure in GDP, the export of Russian high-tech products increased by 3.67 billion US dollars. From the empirical analysis results of Russian technological innovation, Russia's technological progress depends on the application of intellectual property rights, that is, the diffusion of overseas advanced technology, while the domestic technological innovation capability has little effect on technological progress, and the contribution of patents is not significant; R&D investment in technology Progress contributes, the variable coefficient can reach 3.67, but there is still no significant contribution. Foreign direct investment has an obvious inhibitory effect on technological progress. At the same time, technological progress will be positively affected by the economic growth rate. The faster the economic development, the faster the technological progress.
3 The necessity of technological innovation in the Russian energy industry
The development of the Russian energy industry has had a huge impact on the innovation activities of enterprises in the industry. Like other resource-rich countries, the development of the Russian economy is also facing the problem of weak scientific and technological strength in resource development and utilization. Although Russia has a large amount of minerals and Oil and gas reserves, but the technological gap between mineral resources and oil and gas resource storage technologies and developed countries, and the stagnation of the industrialization process, have hindered the technological innovation of the energy industry to a certain extent. The scientific and technological achievements of the Soviet Union in the energy field surpassed many Western countries. However, due to various factors, the government at that time did not recognize the necessity of innovation and development, nor did it pay attention to technological innovation. The technological innovation capability is lacking, and only advanced technological achievements and equipment can be imported from abroad.
In worldwide, scientific research exploration and application of scientific research achievements in the energy field are the main directions of scientific and
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technological progress. For Russia's economic transformation, it has shifted from an energy-based export-oriented economy to a technological innovation-oriented development economy, and in the process The technological innovation of the energy industry plays an important role.For most developing countries, they are in the fifth technological-economic paradigm shift, from the fourth Kondratyev cycle with oil as the key element to the fifth with integrated circuits as the key element. The transition to the fifth Kondratyev cycle with integrated circuits as the key elements has shifted from an energy-intensive paradigm to an information-intensive paradigm. The replacement of the technology-economic paradigm is a critical period for the deep adjustment of the economic structure. The replacement process is difficult and long.For Russia, the old technology-economic paradigm has many problems, but the new paradigm has not yet been established. To save the technical and economic problems in the development of the energy industry through innovation is an effective measure to promote Russian economic development.With the improvement of the technology-economic paradigm, Russia can take advantage of the advantages of leading companies. Promote technological revolutions in other industries,achieve the transition of the overall economy to a new technology-economic paradigm. This is also an inevitable choice facing Russia's economic development.
4 Current status of technological innovation in the Russian energy industry
4.1 Technical level in the energy field
At present, the Russian energy industry has certain absorption and acceptance capabilities for the world's leading technologies, but it is limited by industrial technical conditions. Before the application of foreign new technologies, at least 50% of the secondary processing needs to be carried out.According to the estimation of relevant experts: it will take at least 5-10 years of development for Russia's oil and gas chemistry, geochemistry, oil mining, information technology and other related fields to truly reach the level of industrial production. At this stage, most technologies are still in the early stage of development.
4.2 Technical innovation organization form
In the "Summary of Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation before 2020" signed by the Russian government in 2008, it was clearly stated that in the next ten years, the main competitiveness of global economic development will be innovation.Many large enterprises in the fuel energy industry system, all combined with their own actual situation, drafted an innovation development plan before 2020, and has started innovation activities, In particular, after the release of the Energy Strategy and Energy Industry Technology Development Forecast Report before 2035,under the new development environment, Russian energy companies generally implement innovation plans within an open organizational framework and can interact with other innovative institutions. some basic and design scientific research projects can be handed over to professional
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scientific research institutions and universities to complete.n addition, many large enterprises in the energy industry have actively participated in the construction of industrial innovation infrastructure. For example, natural gas Gazprom and Gazprombank have established corresponding innovation technology venture capital funds, and state-owned enterprise Rosatom has actively borrowed the experience of other countries to build innovation Clustering, emphasizing technology connection and grafting, as well as the diffusion and transfer of technology in different fields.
4.3 Characteristics of technological innovation and development
Technological innovation in the energy industry has the characteristics of a long upgrade cycle and a long capital return cycle.industrial innovation projects lack investment attractiveness, and many small and medium-sized enterprises are unable to receive innovation activities that do not collect funds in the short term.because this may cause the capital flow of the company to break.affect the normal operation and development of the enterprise.all along, the development of the Russian energy industry is more inclined to obtain research results from abroad, because many energies companies have problems not only in terms of capital, but also the aging and lack of hardware facilities.In general, innovation activities in the Russian energy industry have always been dominated by several monopolistic enterprises. The federal government and local innovation management agencies have been insufficiently involved, and SMEs are unable to participate.at the same time, in innovation activities, the gradual type is the mainstay, and the blazing-fast reform-type innovation is rare.
4.4 Evaluation of the effects of technological innovation
Nowadays, in the Russian energy industry, many large companies have realized that if they want to establish a perfect business model to turn innovative ideas into reality, they need first establish innovation evaluation standards and management methods for innovative activities. Analysis from the national level, the evaluation indicators of innovation activities are reflected in the funding of scientific research projects and the revenue of innovation activities.Compared with developed countries, the innovation activity indicators of the Russian energy industry are lower. There are also certain differences in the intensity and characteristics of enterprise innovation activities, Moreover, the innovation evaluation of major companies has not been able to mention the specific evaluation criteria of the company's existing technology level and production capacity.It can be seen that, in the face of the new development environment, Russian energy companies should use international cooperation to acquire international advanced experience management experience in innovation activities and overcome their own development limitations.At the same time, the government should promote the improvement of the innovation system and related laws and regulations, through corresponding economic policies, improve the return on investment in the technology industry, tnsure
East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 7 that financial allocations and private investment can better support innovative projects.
5 Evolution direction of the Russian energy industry
5.1 Evolution of the energy industry
Before 2014, European and American countries have not yet started economic sanctions against Russia. In the absence of international factors, Russian oil and gas companies preferred to cooperate with European and American countries' offshore equipment suppliers to formulate corresponding development plans, hoping to gradually achieve Front-end design, equipment procurement, technical cooperation, and joint production development of the marine continental shelf project.The emergence of economic sanctions made the originally planned commercial technology proliferation impossible to achieve. From 2014 to 2016, due to the dual impact of economic sanctions and falling oil prices, Russian oil and gas companies have been stranded on the Arctic Continental Shelf. Oil and gas companies have further reduced investment in low-yield projects, hoping to wait for oil prices to increase before investing.After 2017, oil prices began to rise slowly, the Arctic continental shelf development project was again on the agenda, and the energy industry began various innovative attempts, hoping to digest and absorb advanced technologies in a short period of time.
5.2 Learning from innovative experience
In recent years, Russian energy companies have shown a strong interest in China's technological innovation in the energy field, hoping to learn from China's technological innovation development model to achieve their own economic growth.Nowadays, Russia's terrestrial oil and gas resources are gradually depleting, and the development of the marine continental shelf in the Arctic has become more urgent.Not long ago, Russia began to research and develop and innovate offshore equipment, and it needs to acquire international advanced knowledge to enrich itself. Looking for high-tech development partners in the energy field to obtain more advanced technologies for digestion and absorption, which is also the main direction of the evolution of the Russian energy industry. From the perspective of mutual benefits and complementary advantages, China can gradually strengthen its technology export service trade with Russia, use China's advantages in technological innovation and R&D in exchange for a larger international market share, and further increase high technology in its trade with Russia Proportion of exports of products and services.
6 Conclusion
All in all, the economic sanctions imposed on Russia by Western countries have made it possible for technological innovation cooperation between China and Russia. The technological cooperation in oil and gas resources development in the Arctic region has become a new topic of cooperation between China and Russia in the energy field.At the level of technology research and development in the energy field, the policy departments, scientific research institutions and energy
8 East European Scientific Journal #1(65), 2021 companies of the two countries should strengthen exchanges and cooperation at all levels and build a good communication mechanism.through technology innovation and cooperation cut-in, expanding the cooperation framework in the financial field and all-round industrial chain cooperation to increase complementarity, in order to obtain greater space for development.
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Kitrish K.Y.
graduate student, Institute of Industrial Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: THEORETICAL ASPECTS
Китриш Екатерина Юрьевна
аспирант,
Институт экономики промышленности Национальная академия наук Украины
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЦЕПЯМИ ПОСТАВОК: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ
Summary. The term "supply chain management" has acquired particular relevance over the past ten years. Several authors have defined SCM in operational terms related to the flow of materials and goods; some viewed it as a philosophy of management; some have defined it as a management process as well as an integrated system. Supply chain management is needed for a variety of reasons: better outsourcing, increased profits, increased customer satisfaction, improved quality, competitive advantage, increasing globalization, the growing importance of e-commerce and the increasing complexity of supply chains in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Аннотация. Термин «управление цепями поставок» за последние десять лет приобрел особую актуальность. Некоторые авторы определяли SCM в операционных терминах, связанных с потоком материалов и товаров; некоторые рассматривали его как философию управления; некоторые определяли его как процесс управления, а также как интегрированную систему. Управление цепями поставок необходимо по различным причинам: лучший аутсорсинг, увеличение прибыли, повышение удовлетворенности клиентов, повышение качества, конкурентное преимущество, растущая глобализация, растущее значение электронной торговли и рост сложности цепей поставок в условиях пандемии COVID-19.
Key words: management, supply chain, competition, growth, concept, integration, model.
Ключевые слова: управление, цепь поставок, конкуренция, рост, концепция, интеграция, модель.
