CC BY
17
ANALYSIS OF THE OZONATION PRODUCTS OF FISH OIL WITH IR-SPECTROSCOPY AND GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
A.S. Gorodetsov1, S.P. Peretyagin2, S.A. Sokolov2, S.V. Zimina1, M.S. Piskunova1, I.A. Potapova3, O.E. Zhiltsova2, E.M. Zharkova3, O.V. Krasnikova1
1 Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia;
2 Association of Russian Ozone Therapeutists, 9 Boris Panin St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603089, Russia;
3 FB SI "Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute for Hygiene and occupational Pathology", Rospotrebnadzor, 20 Semashko St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia.
* Corresponding author: lala-g@yandex.ru
Abstract. The aim of the study was the IR spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis of products formed during the ozonation of fish oil. Fish oil samples were ozonized using an ozone therapy apparatus with an ozone destructor "Medozons - O3" (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia). The study of the chemical composition of fish oil ozonolysis products was performed on a Shimadzu IR Prestige 21 (Japan) infrared Fourier spectrophotometer in the region of wave numbers 4000 - 400 cm1 in the form of liquid films in KBr, NaCl, or ZnSe windows. Chromatographic study of the composition of fatty acids was carried out on an Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector 5977A. Qualitative and quantitative determination of propionic acid was carried out on the gas chromatographic complex "Chromosome GC - 1000". Chromatographic data processing was performed on the hardware and software complex "Chromatek-Analyst". The dynamics of IR spectra and quantitative composition of fatty acids (chromatographically) of the studied samples before and after ozonation were evaluated. The concentration of reactive oxygen species was controlled by iodometric titration according to the interstate standard GOST ISO 3900 - 2013. The acid number and saponification number of reaction products were determined by chemical methods. It was found that during the processing of fish oil, the reaction with ozone mainly proceeds locally along the ra-3 double bonds, leading to the formation of hydroperoxy-esters and hydroperxy acids, as well as propionic acid. It is shown that the number of fragments of ra-6, ra-7 and ra-9 fatty acids practically does not change.
Keywords: IR - Fourier spectroscopy, gas chromatography, ozone, hydroperoxyesters, fatty ra-3 acids.
Introduction
Currently, ozone therapy technologies are successfully used for therapeutic purposes in various fields of medicine (dermatovenerol-ogy, gynecology, dentistry, and combustiol-ogy) (Cattel et al., 2020; He et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2019; Chemical encyclopedia, 1992; Knerel'man et al., 2008). The production of medicinal preparations and cosmetic products for external action containing ozonated olive oil has already been implemented in many countries of the world (Russia, Ukraine, Italy, Cuba, Spain, Turkey, USA, Mexico, etc.) (Ti-relli et al., 2019; Mishina et al., 2014). We have previously shown that the predominant role in ensuring the effect of these drugs is played not by ozonides, but by hydroperoxy-esters and hydroperoxyacids, which are formed during ozonation of ro-9 fragments of oleates and oleic acid, respectively (Sen, 2020).
The clinical and economic validity of ozonide-containing drugs and cosmetic products is associated with a wide range of biological and sanogenetic effects of ozone. They include bactericidal action, antioxidant and antihypoxic properties, the ability to stimulate blood microcirculation. An important clinical effect of ozone therapy is a positive effect on the regenerative potential of cells and tissues due to the activation of the antioxidant system, as well as the intensification of aerobic metabolism (Corteselli et al., 2019).
The use of fish oil as a substrate for ozonation is due to the fact that it contains a large amount of esterified ro-3 unsaturated acids (Zeng & Lu, 2018; Gordetsov et al., 2019; Peretyagin et al., 2007; Razumovskii & Zaikov, 1980). It is known that such features of the component composition of fish oil make it possible to widely use products based on it (Masan et al., 2021; Peretyagin et al., 2007;
Philibert et al.., 2019; Razumovskii & Zaikov, 1980), however, for full use, in-depth physico-chemical studies of fish oil ozonation products are required. As a result, the purpose of this study was the IR spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis of products formed during the ozonation of fish oil.
Materials and Methods
Fish oil samples were ozonized using an ozone therapy apparatus with an ozone destructor «Medozons - O3» (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia).
The study of the chemical composition and structure of ozonolysis products containing ROS was performed on a Shimadzu IR Prestige 21 (Japan) infrared Fourier spectrophotometer in the region of wave numbers 4000 - 400 cm-1 in the form of liquid films in windows made of KBr, NaCl, or ZnSe. ROS was identified by comparing the IR spectra of samples of the studied substances before and after ozonation. The concentration of ROS was also determined by the method of iodometric titration according to the Interstate standard GOST ISO 3960 -2013 (Grechkaneva et al., 2018).
Chromatographic study of the composition of fatty acids was carried out on an Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector 5977A. Capillary column 60 m long, inner diameter 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 microns with a fixed phase - 5% phenylmethylpolysiloxane. The regime in accordance with ASTM D5974 «Standard method for the quantitative determination of the content of fatty and resin acids in the products of fractionation of tallow oil». Sample preparation was carried out according to GOST 31665-2012, item 6.
The laboratory sample was thoroughly mixed. (0.1 + 0.02) g of the product was taken into a test tube and dissolved in 2.0 cm3 hexane. 0.1 ml of methanol solution of potassium hydroxide was added to the resulting solution, the tube was closed with a stopper and intensively mixed for 2 minutes. Then, for 5 minutes, the solution was settled to separate the glycerin. The top layer containing methyl esters was filtered through a paper filter. In the
presence of fatty acids with the number of carbon atoms less than 8 in the mixture of methyl esters, filtration was replaced by centrifugation.
The qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids, obtained by saponification of fish oil before and after ozonation was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GC) on the Chromos GC - 1000 gas chromatographic complex equipped with both a flame ionization detector and a capillary column with a polyethylene glycol phase modified with nitrophthalic acid (ZB FFAP 50 m x 0.32 m x x 0.5 |im). The analysis was carried out at the following parameters: column temperature -150 °C, evaporator - 200 °C, detector - 150 °C; flow division - 10:1.
Results
We have previously shown that as a result of ozonation of olive oil, namely oleates (i.e., triacylglycerides of oleic acid), which are part of it, hydroperoxyesters or hydroperoxic acids are formed in large quantities. (Sen, 2020). It is worth noting that as a result of ozonation, the formation of ROS in high concentrations is observed.
When ozonating fish oil (RYE) under similar technological conditions, it was assumed that the treatment of oleates would give a similar positive result. However, analysis of the data obtained using IR spectroscopy and GC methods showed that ozone reacted mainly by the ro-3 double bonds of linoleic, eicosantrienoic, eicosanpentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) residues. This fact is confirmed by their total decrease in concentration by 4-5 times compared to the initial level and the appearance of a large amount of propionic acid as one of the main reaction products. Its concentration increased 4.5-6 times, respectively. At the same time, ro-6, ro-7 and ro-9 double bonds of fatty acids in esterified and free form (linoleic, oleic, palmitoleic, heptadecene) were oxidized less actively. Their concentration during ozonation practically did not change, and the amount of carboxylic acids remained within 0.1-0.7 mass percent (for comparison, propionic acid has
19.2%) (Table 1, 2). Based on the above, due to a decrease in the concentration of ro-3 acids, the relative concentration of marginal fatty acids increases: myristic, palmitic and stearic (Table 2). At the same time, the possibility of direct conversion of unsaturated acids into limiting ones (for example, oleic acid into stearic acid) should be completely excluded due to the absence of hydrogen in the reaction system. Thus, it became necessary to set up additional experiments related to the search for short-chain fatty acids, the hypothetical formation of which is assumed during the ozonation of ro-3 double bonds of fatty acids.
So, if during the ozonation of oleates, nonanoic and pelargonic acids were previously found as one of the main products (Sen, 2020), then propionic acid prevails during the ozonation of RYE (Fig. 1).
According to Fig. 1, the active oxygen form (ROS) is hydroperoxyester (GPE), which, according to researchers (Chemical encyclopedia, 1992), has sufficient thermodynamic stability due to the formation of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between UN groups and ester groups -C=O. GPE is determined using the peroxide number index and the IR spectrometry method. Thus, the peroxide number of fish oil before ozonation is 11.17, and after ozonation - 103.4. These data show that the composition of ROS is chemically stable, however, over time their concentration decreases (by 20% within a month).
At the same time, the value of the acid number (k.h.) before and after ozonation indicates that the native fat contains only 1-2% of free acids (k.h. 1.94), while the products of the ozonation reaction have an acid number of 20.82 (an increase of 10 times is recorded). k.h. during storage (within 2-3 months) of ozonated fat increases. These changes also correspond to Fig. 1 and are justified by the accumulation of low molecular weight acids (mainly propionic) as a result of the oxidation of their double bonds.
When analyzing the data of the Table 2 it should be noted that the initial composition of RYE (in our experiment, RYE-1 and RYE-2)
does not significantly affect the dynamics of changes in the concentrations of saturated and unsaturated acids. So, if the total mass percentage of ro-3 acids in the composition of RJ-1 before ozonation was 36.68%, then after ozonation it was 7.48% (a decrease of 4.9 times is recorded), and in RJ-2 the results are as follows: before ozonation - 52.61%, after ozonation - 14.41% (a decrease is recorded 3.7 times). At the same time, the amount of propionic acid during ozonation of RJ-1 increases by 6.5 times, and RJ-2 - by 4.7 times. At the same time, the relative concentrations of ro-6, ro-9, and ro-7 acids either do not change or increase. It should be borne in mind that in the process of ozonolysis, the participation of these fragments of molecules is negligibly small. In general, the total percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in RYE-1 before ozonation was 68.2%, after ozonation 38.8% (a decrease of 1.8 times), in RYE -2 - 76.8 and 47.6, respectively (a decrease of 1.7 times). For saturated acids, the opposite trend was observed: for RJ-1 before ozonation, 28.4%, after ozonation -57.8% (an increase of 2 times), for RJ-2 before ozonation, 12.9%, after ozonation - 38.3% (an increase of 2.9 times).
The analysis of IR spectra of reaction mixtures (Fig. 2) also confirms the theoretical positions. The following absorption bands were found in the IR spectra, cm-1: 3485 - 3468 (v OOH), 1743 -1738 (v C=O in peroxyesters and lipids [8]), 1160 (v C-O of triglycerides), 1101 (v COO), 885 (v O-O, shoulder) (GPE), 1040 (v O-O of ozonide [2, 4, 16]).
It should be noted that the peak with a maximum of 3012 cm-1 (v =CH) present in the initial substance practically passed into a small shoulder, and 720 cm-1 (out-of-plane deformation vibrations of C-H in cis isomers [10]) passed into 723 cm-1 with a significant decrease in intensity. By the method of subtraction of IR spectra [4,13,20], the main absorption peaks of GPE were confirmed and refined (Fig 2b, c), cm-1: 3480 (v OOH), 1739 (v C=O), 1103 (v COO). Thus, the main carrier of ROS in this case is hydroperoxy derivatives of lipids of the GPE type (Sen, 2020).
Table 1
Experimental data of GC chromatograms for short-chain carboxylic acids
Initial unsaturated residues Carboxylic acids formed after ozonation FISH OIL-1 % by weight FISH OIL-2 % by weight
Before ozonation After ozonation 1 month after ozonation Before ozonation After ozonation 1 month after ozonation
œ 3 Propionic (C3) 2.94 19.2 3.75 14.8
œ 6 Nylon (C6) - - - 0.10 - 0.28
œ 9 Nonanova (C9) - 0.15 - 0.19 0.71
Table 2
Experimental data of GC chromatograms of compositions «Fish oil-1» (RJ-1), «Fish oil-2» (RJ-2)
Acids FISH OIL-1 (% by weight) FISH OIL-2 (% by weight)
Before ozonation After ozonation 1 month after ozonation Before ozonation After ozonation
Saturated
Palmitic 16.72 33.24 47.40 8.18 18.22
Myristic 6.33 15.42 20.68 0.50 1.38
Stearic 3.97 6.94 10.00 3.37
Margarine 0.85 1.11 - - 6.77
Pentadecane 0.43 1.11 - - 0.13
Eicosan - - - 0.80 1.95
Total % 28.36 57.82 78.08 12.85 38.28
Unsaturated
œ 3
Docosahexaenoic 18.28 2.51 0.40 18.41 2.75
Eicosapentaenoic 11.86 2.23 0.90 6.85 10.42
Linolenic 2.65 1.57 0.20 - 0.14
Docozapentaenoic 2.19 0.32 0.30 6.24 0.73
Eicosatriene 1.70 0.85 - 1.11 0.37
Total % 36.68 7.48 1.80 52.61 14.41
œ 6
Linoleic 1.79 1.65 3.50 2.22 2.35
Eicosatetraene - - - 4.69 1.39
Eicosadiene - - - 0.80 0.35
Total % 1.79 1.65 3.50 7.71 4.09
œ 9
Oleic 18.29 19.95 5.10 12.49 22.35
Eicosene 2.57 0.47 - 3.48 3.92
Total % 20.86 20.42 5.10 15.97 26.27
œ 7
Palmitoleic 7.87 9.29 4.10 0.41 2.79
Hexadecene 1.02 - - 0.08 0.07
Total % 8.89 9.29 4.10 0.49 2.86
Total % Unsaturated acids 68.22 38.84 14.50 76.78 47.63
\
O
\
—~C—O-C-(X)-CH-CH-C2H5 —^ -C—
O3,O2
/
\ O OrO~ O
\ ii \ // a,O,
-C—O-C-(X)— CH + H5C2—C 3 2
/
OH
/
O—OH
C—O—C-(X) —CHO—C—C2H5
O
O
+
O
\ O O O
-C—O-C-(X)-C-OH + H5C2—C OH
(1)
Fig. 1. The proposed scheme is confirmed by experimental data obtained using the GC method
b)
c)
Fig. 2. The analysis of the IR spectra of reaction mixtures: a) - the fish oil before ozonation; b) - the fish oil after ozonation; c) - subtraction of IR spectra b and a
Conclusions
The main active form of oxygen formed during the ozonation of fish oil are hydroperoxy derivatives of lipids obtained by the predominant oxidation of ro-3 double bonds of ester residues, and ozonides are contained only in the form of impurities. Ozonation of the ro-6, ro-7 and ro-9 double bonds of fatty acids that are part of fish oil is difficult due to steric factors and the presence of enzymatic components in it. Ozonated fish oil retains the function of a carrier of ROS for 3-4 months. When stored, it records a slow decrease in the peroxide number and an increase in the acid number, which allows it to be used as a basis for the creation of medicinal products with biocidal and energy-stimulating properties that will be relevant in
dentistry, dermatology and cosmetology, to combat viral infections and their consequences. It is convenient to monitor the dynamics of chemical transformations involving ROS using the methods of GC and IR spectroscopy.
Author Contributions: A S. Gorodetsov, S.P. Peretyagin, S.A. Sokolov, S.V. Zimina, M.S. Piskunova, I.A. Potapova, O.E. Zhiltsova, E.M. Zharkova, O.V. Krasnikova.
Informed Consent Statement: Not
applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
CATTEL F., GIORDANO S., BERTIOND C., LUPIA T., CORCIONE S., SCALDAFERRI M., ANGELONE L. & DE ROSA F.G. (2020): Ozone therapy in COVID-19: A narrative review. Virus Res. 291, 198207. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198207. CHEMICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA (1992): Vol.3. Moscow: Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya entsiklopediya; 639 p. CORTESELLI E.M., GOLD A., SURRATT J., CUI T., BROMBERG P., DAILEY L. & SAMET J.M. (2020): Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids potentiates oxidative stress in human airway epithelial cells exposed to ozone. Environ Res. 187, 109627. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109627. GORDETSOV AS., PERETYAGIN S.P., KADOMTSEVA A.V., NOVIKOVA A.B., GRECHKANEVA O. & ZIMINA S.V. (2019): Reactive oxygen species of ozonolysis products of some unsaturated organic
compounds. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine 11 (3), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2019; 11(3).08.
GOST ISO 3960-2013 (2015): Animal and vegetable fats and oil.
GRECHKANEVA O.V., BITKINA S.A., PERETYAGIN S.P., PERETYAGIN P.V., GABASOV I.A. & RAZHEVA P.V. (2018): The usage of laser Doppler flowmetry for evaluation of the efficiency of ozone-containing drugs for extremal use. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 6(1), 32-38. https://doi.jrg/ 10.17265/2328-2150/2018.01.004.
HE Y., PATTERSON S., WANG N., HECKER M., MARTIN J.W., EL-DIN M.G., GIESY J.P. & WISEMAN S.B. (2012): Toxicity of untreated and ozone-treated oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) to early life stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Water Res. 46(19), 6359-6368. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.004.
HE Y., WISEMAN SB., WANG N., PEREZ-ESTRADA L.A., EL-DIN M.G., MARTIN J.W. & GIESY J.P. (2012): Transcriptional responses of the brain-gonad-liver axis of fathead minnows exposed to untreated and ozone-treated oil sands process-affected water. Environ Sci Technol. 46(17), 9701-9708. doi:10.1021/es3019258.
JIANG Y., WANG C., LIN Z., NIUA Y., XIAA Y., LIUA C., CHENA C., GEA Y., WANGA W., YINA G., CAIA J., CHENA B., CHENA R. & KANA H. (2019): Alleviated systemic oxidative stress effects of combined atmospheric oxidant capacity by fish oil supplementation: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. EcotoxicolEnviron Saf. 184, 109598. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109598.
KNEREL'MAN E.I., JARULLIN R.S., DAVIDOVA G.I., STARTSEVA G.P., CHURKINA V.A., MATKOVSKII P.E. & ALDOSHIN S.M. (2008): Comparative features of IR spectra of C18 -carboxylic acids, their methylesters (biodiesel) and triglycerides (plant oils). Vestnik Kazanskogo tehnologicheskogo universiteta 6, 68-78.
MARTUSEVICH A.K., STRUCHKOV A.A., NAZAROV V.V., FEDOTOVA A S., ARTAMONOV M.Y. & PERETYAGIN S.P. (2022): Estimation of effectiveness of local reactive oxygen species for stimulation of regenerative processes in experimental burn wound. Appl. Sci. 12, 7638. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/app12157638.
MASAN J., SRAMKA M. & RABAROVA D. (2021): The possibilities of using the effects of ozone therapy in neurology. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 42(1), 13-21.
MISHINA N.E., ZILBERMAN B.Y.A., KOL'TSOVA T.I., LAMPOV A.A. & PUZIKOV E.A. (2014): Composition of precipitates of barium and strontium nitrates cristalliszing from nitric acid solutions. Radiochemistry 56(3), 252-261. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1066362214030060.
PERETYAGIN S.P., GORDINSKAYA N.A., STRUCHKOV A.A. & GORDETSOV A.S. (2007): Chemical properties, biological activity and bioavailability of ozonized oil. Kazanskij medicinskij zurnal 88(4), 101-102.
PHILIBERT D.A., LYONS D.D., QIN R., HUANG R., EL-DIN M.G. & TIERNEY K B. (2019): Persistent and transgenerational effects of raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected water exposure on a model vertebrate, the zebrafish. Sci Total Environ. 693, 133611. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133611.
RAZUMOVSKII S.D. & ZAIKOV G.E. (1980): Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of ozone with double bonds. Russian Chemical Reviews 49(12), 1163-1180. https://doi.org/10.1070/ rc1980v049n12abeh00253 5.
SEN S. (2020): Ozone therapy a new vista in dentistry: integrated review. Med Gas Res. 10(4), 189-192. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.304226.
SNOW S.J., HENRIQUEZ A.R., FENTON J.I., GOEDEN T., FISHER A., VALLANAT B., ANGRISH M., RICHARDS J.E., SCHLADWEILER M.C., CHENG W.-Y., WOOD C.E., TONG H. & KODAVANTI U.P. (2021): Diets enriched with coconut, fish, or olive oil modify peripheral metabolic effects of ozone in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 410, 115337. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115337.
TIRELLI U., CIRRITO C., PAVANELLO M., PIASENTIN C., LLESHI A. & TAIBI R. (2019): Ozone therapy in 65 patients with fibromyalgia: an effective therapy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 23(4), 17861788. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201902_17141.
VYTOVTOV A.A. (2010): Identification and detection of adulteration of food prodacts by the method of the infrared Fourier spectrometry. Uchenye zapiski Sanct-Peterburgskogo im. V.B.Bobkova filial Rossiiskoy tamozhennoy akademii 1(35), 193-196.
ZENG J. & LU J. (2018): Mechanisms of action involved in ozone-therapy in skin diseases. Int Immunopharmacol. 56, 235-241. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.040.
