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ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE AND PROMISING DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF
FERROUS METALLURGY
Poletskov P.,
DrSc (Eng.), Director of the Engineering Center, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia.
Emaleeva D., PhD (Eng.), Junior Researcher, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia.
Gulin A.,
PhD (Eng.), Junior Researcher, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia.
Kuznetsova A.,
Junior Researcher, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia.
Alekseev D.
Research Engineer, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia.
Abstract
The paper presents the results of the analysis of the current state of the world ferrous metallurgy. Topical problems in the area under consideration are identified, including: a general decline in production and a decrease in demand for metal products in the world market, an excess of production capacity in the metallurgical industry, as well as an increase in protectionism. Special attention is paid to the developments of Russian scientists in the field of creating promising materials for extreme operating conditions.
Keywords: ferrous metallurgy, steel, state of the art, promising developments.
Metallurgy is one of the leading sectors of the world economy, an instrument for ensuring national security, a source of employment and income for a significant part of the population. This is confirmed by the
information of the international metallurgical association World Steel Association (Worldsteel) on the contribution of metallurgy to the world economy (table 1).
Table 1
Information on the contribution of metallurgy to the world economy
№ n/n Index Value
1 Share of metallurgy in GDP, including related areas, % 3,8
2 The number of jobs in related fields due to the creation of 1 job in metallurgy, pcs 14,7
3 How much $ 1 GDP in metallurgy creates in related industries, $ 4,8
4 The share of metallurgy in the total number of employees, including related industries,% 2,9
One of the main indicators of the affective activity of ferrous metallurgy is the amount of smelted steel. Figure 1 shows the results of the analysis of global steel production in the period from 1950 to 2020.
Figure 1 - World crude steel production 1950 to 2020 (million tons) (source: Worldsteel)
As shown in Figure 1, in the period since 1950 there has been a steady trend towards an increase in the volume of steel production on a global scale. At the same time, at the end of 2020, the world leaders in steel smelting were China, India and Japan, the USA and Russia (Table 1).
Table 1
№ Country Annual production, million tons
1 China 1064,8
2 India 100,3
3 Japan 83,2
4 USA 72,7
5 Russia 71,6
6 South Korea 67,1
7 Turkey 35,8
8 Germany 35,7
9 Brazil 31,0
10 Iran 29,0
As follows from table 1 and the statistics of the Worldsteel association, over the past decade, China remains the world leader in steel production (Figure 2).
a) b)
Figure 2 - Crude steel production and use: geographical distribution in 2010 & 2020
a - 2010 b - 2020 г.
(source: Worldsteel)
The Worldsteel Association has prepared a rating of the largest metallurgical companies that smelted more than 3 million tons of steel in 2020. The indicated rating includes 107 manufacturers from 21 countries of the world. In terms of the number of representatives, the leaders of the rating are Chinese companies, which
took 64 places in it. In addition to representatives from China, the rating includes two companies from Japan and South Korea and one from Luxembourg, India, the United States and Iran. Information on the Top 10 global steel producers in 2020 is shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Top 10 Global Steel Producers in 2020
№ Manufacturer Country Annual production, million tons
1 China Baowu Group China 115,29
2 Arcelor Mittal Luxembourg 78,46
3 HBIS Group China 43,76
4 Shagang Group China 41,59
5 Nippon Steel Corporation Japan 41,58
6 Posco Korea 40,58
7 Ansteel China 38,19
8 Jianlong China 36,47
9 Shougang China 34,00
10 Shandong Steel Group China 31,11
In the course of analyzing the current situation, special attention should be paid to the problems in the field of the world ferrous metallurgy. As an example, the following should be noted:
1. General decline in production and decrease in demand for metal products in the world market. This is one of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the unprecedented crisis in the global economy. In 2020, in the largest developed countries of the world, the decline in GDP was much more significant than during the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, and in a number of countries it became a record for the entire post-war history [1].
2. Excess production capacity in the metallurgical industry. In world practice, there is an excess of pro-
duction capacity in all major segments of steel and metallurgical production. In particular, the world's steelmaking capacity is designed to produce 2.3 billion tons of steel, and the annual steel output is about 1.7 billion tons [2].
3. Strengthening protectionism, including in the metallurgical industry. In recent years, the metals industry has faced a number of trade restriction measures. More and more countries are using various measures to combat unfair competition that restrict the import of metal products. This leads to a distortion of competitive advantages, volatility in prices for metal products, increased competition in barrier-free markets, as well as a decrease in global economic growth [3].
As for Russia, the metallurgical industry is the basic industry that determines the development of
many industries. In terms of iron ore reserves, Russia ranks third in the world, behind only Australia and Brazil. The amount of proven reserves of iron ore reaches 25 billion tons, which in terms of pure iron is 14 billion tons [4]. At the end of 2020, the contribution of metallurgy to Russia's GDP amounted to 4.9%.
According to the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, metallurgical production in Russia has experienced an upsurge over the course of 5 years (Figure 3). An exception is the insignificant drawdown in 2017 [2].
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Figure 3 - Turnover of metallurgical production in Russia
At the end of 2020, the volume of steel production in Russia in 2020 amounted to more than 70 million tons. This corresponds to the 5th place in the ranking of world leaders in steelmaking. At the same time, the leading companies were (Figures 4, 5) [6 - 11]:
- Group of companies PJSC "Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant" (PJSC "NLMK" - 22nd place in the world in terms of steel production;
- Holding "EVRAZ" - 30th in the world in terms of steel production;
- PJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (PJSC MMK) - 37th in the world in terms of steel production;
- PJSC Severstal - 40th in the world in terms of steel production;
- LLC UK Metalloinvest - 72nd place in the world in terms of steel production);
- PJSC Mechel - 96th place in the world in terms of steel production). PJSC Mechel Group of Companies.
Figure 4
Dynamics of steel production by companies - leaders of the Russian ferrous metallurgy (in million tons)
Figure 5 - Dynamics of sales volumes companies - leaders of the Russian ferrous metallurgy (in million tons)
As it follows from Figures 4 and 5, despite the global economic crisis and the unprecedented recession in the global economy caused by the COVID 19 pandemic, the Russian metallurgical industry performed well.
Currently, the largest share of ferrous metallurgy products falls on [3]:
- finished rolled products (60.5 million tons),
- unalloyed steel (58 thousand tons)
- pig iron (52.1 thousand tons).
Examples of priority products of ferrous metallurgy, planned for production in the future, are shown in Table 3 [12].
Table 3
№ Product type Target values, thousand tons
1 Steel smelting by type 92690,1
2 Sheet metal 40609,5
3 Long products 34133,3
4 Cold rolled sheet products 18395,2
5 Coated sheet products 9633,3
6 Steel tubes 18150
According to the materials of the meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian scientists make a significant contribution to the development of the metallurgical industry and to the development of new materials and products from them [4]. At the same time, one of the priority tasks is to provide conditions for the development and sustainable development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation - an object of territorial, resource and strategic interests of a number of states, influencing the development of the world economy and energy in the coming decades. The peculiarities of the Arctic climate consist in the long-term impact on the material of low temperatures,
significant wind loads, high humidity, etc. The combination of the above factors gives particular severity to the Arctic climate [13].
An example of a promising development of Russian scientists in this direction is rolled metal made of multifunctional materials with a unique combination of high strength, ductility, and wear and cold resistance at temperatures down to minus 70 ° C. At present, a set of works on the organization of high-tech production of the metal products in question is being carried out by scientists of the FSBEI HE NMSTU on the initiative of PJSC "Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works" [14]. The main characteristics of the products being developed are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Main characteristics of the developed types of products
Main characteristics Rolled metal products from multifunctional materials
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5*
Tensile strength, MPa 580-950 950-1200 1200-1500 > 1500 > 750
Yield strength, MPa > 500 > 800 > 950 > 1100 > 700
Relative extension, A5, % > 20 > 14 > 13 > 10 > 12
Relative extension, A50, % > 22 > 15 > 14 > 12 > 14
Hardness, HBW 160-280 280-350 350-450 450-570 230-320
Impact energy, KV, > 80 > 40 > 30 > 20 > 40
at a temperature, t, °C - 70 - 70 - 70 - 70 - 40
* Material resistant to atmospheric corrosion
Materials with the specified characteristics can be simultaneously used for the manufacture of the following objects, operated, including in the conditions of the Far North and the Arctic:
- load-bearing welded frame structures;
- details of assemblies, frame and hull elements of a wide range of equipment;
- units subject to intense wear.
It should be noted that, in the opinion of experts in the area under consideration, in the future, the following factors will contribute to an increase in the competitiveness of metallurgical production [3]:
- growth in the volume of production with an increase in the depth of processing;
- increasing the efficiency of using raw materials and energy resources;
- increasing labor productivity;
- improving the quality of products, including through the development of new technologies.
The work is carried out at the FSBEI HE NMSTU with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia in the framework of the implementation of a comprehensive project for the creation of high-tech production (Agreement No. 075-112021-063 of June 25, 2021).
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10. Official site of LLC Management Company Metalloinvest. URL: http://www.metalloinvest.com.
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14. Analysis of current research trends in the field of production of multifunctional materials for extreme operating conditions / Poletskov P.P., Gulin A.E., Emaleeva D.G., Kuznetsova A.S., Alekseev D.Yu., Kukhta Yu.B. // Bulletin of the Magnitogorsk State Technical University. G.I. Nosov. 2021.V.19. No. 3. P. 109-115. https://doi.org/10.18503/1995-2732-2021-19-3-109-115
