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UDC 364.35+331.25(477) doi: 10.12958/1817-3772-2020-4(62)-155-160
O. Poznyakova,
PhD (Economics),
N. Panchuk,
O. Burtseva,
PhD (Economics), ORCID 0000-0002-8916-7151, e-mail: [email protected], Donbass State Engineering Academy, Kramatorsk
ANALYSIS OF REFORMING THE PENSION SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
Formulation of the problem. Pension provision is an element of the pension system that ensures sustainable socio-economic development of the state as a whole. In today's conditions, the issue of reforming the pension system of Ukraine in order to increase the level of social security of citizens and protection from financial and economic troubles is becoming relevant. Ukraine's pension system has been operating in its current form since 2004 and formally consists of three levels of pension provision. The three-tier pension system will allow to distribute between its components the risks associated with changes in the demographic situation and with fluctuations in the economy and capital market.
This distribution of risks will make the pension system more financially balanced and sustainable, which insures employees against lowering the overall level of income after retirement.
Characterizing the demographic situation of the country, it should be noted that today the birth rate is too low, and the migration of able-bodied people has increased significantly. The share of pensioners in the total population is 26%, and by 2050 it will increase to 38%, i.e., there are 4 pensioners per 10 working people, in the future the forecast ratio will be 10 : 8. [1].
Thus, the high level of demographic burden on the working population, the presence of a significant number of working benefits to pay contributions to the Pension Fund of Ukraine and low wages, which in one third of workers is not higher than the subsistence level, currently cause imbalance of the solidarity system. pension insurance systems and the development of private pension provision.
Raising the minimum old-age pension to the subsistence level, which is not in line with wage growth and the real financial capabilities of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, may lead to a financial crisis in the pension system [1].
The existing problems of pension provision of citizens actualize the topic of this study and will allow to focus attention on the strategic direction of reforming the pension system of Ukraine.
Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of reforming the pension system was covered in the research of such domestic scientists as: O. Vysh-
nevska, who paid great attention to the analysis of international experience in reforming the pension system [1].
In her works, she analyzes the experience of European countries in reforming the pension system in the context of the possibility of its application in the realities of modern Ukraine; considers the pension systems of individual EU countries, which are based on three-tier models, which include a solidarity-distribution scheme with a basic level of pension and accumulative and are combined in different versions; Determines that for all countries of the European Union, one of the most painful issues of pension reform is the issue of retirement age, as it affects the interests of several generations of current and future retirees.
The general tendency to increase the retirement age, the author proposes to be under the influence of a number of demographic, economic and social factors. The author's position on the development of Ukraine's pension system is that for our country further study of the experience of European countries and successful design solutions will be useful for their application in building and reforming their own pension system, which will avoid negative trends due to socio-economic realities of modern society.
M. Grabovska and V. Zaika, who in their works carefully studied the organization and activities of private pension funds [2] noted the following: the definition of the term "accumulative pension system" and the mechanism of legal regulation of the accumulative pension system; the expediency of paying attention to the possibility of applying different doctrinal approaches to the explanation of the concepts of the accumulative pension system and the application of the legal mechanism to these concepts is emphasized; also proved the need to finalize our Ukrainian legislation for the viability of the funded pension system as a private pension fund, and, as an alternative to the solidarity pension system, in today's world. R. Picus, A. Chemistry in the works of which the issue of reforming the pension insurance system was studied was noted in the following [3]. Namely: the study reveals the factors that determine the structural pension reform in Europe, and the possibility of its implementation in Ukraine; the historical stages of origin and development of pension insurance in the world are determined; two main models of pension systems have
been identified; the change of economic opinion of leading European scientists on pension insurance under the influence of time and transformations in economy is considered; the reasons on the basis of which in the postwar period the reform of pension insurance systems in Europe took place are studied; the history of the emergence of the first accumulative programs and the creation of private pension insurance, which led to structural reforms in Western Europe; various factors influencing the probability of structural pension reform in any country and the possibility of such a reform in Ukraine are studied.
Also, recently the process of pension reform is actively covered in publications in periodicals. The works of E. Libanova, T. Kiryan [4], M. Shapoval [5] are devoted to the study of pension system reform in terms of the introduction of the accumulative component. In the works of these authors the perspective directions of reforming the national pension system, ways of strengthening the stimulating role in the pension system, the impact of the introduction of the accumulative component of the state pension insurance system on increasing the level of social protection in Ukraine are considered.
The specific features of the national pension systems of different countries, the world experience of reforming the social sphere are described in detail in the works of these famous scientists. At the same time, there are still no established positions on the methodological basis for the introduction of the cumulative level - from the timing to the form and models of the cumulative component.
Selection of previously unsolved parts of the overall problem. Given the great theoretical and practical value of the work of scientists, the problems of the pension system remain insufficiently studied, in particular the achievement of strategic goals and objectives of reform.
The purpose of the article. Research of problems of realization of reforms of pension system of Ukraine and outline of prospects of its further development for achievement of strategic purposes and tasks of reforming.
The contribution of the main research material.
The deterioration of the socio-economic situation in Ukraine, at present, has dramatically changed the lives of the population and led to a deepening stratification of society in terms of income, as a consequence: to differentiate the living standards of the population.
Pension provision is the main form of social protection system. According to the Law of Ukraine "On Pension Provision", citizens of Ukraine are entitled to state pension provision by age, disability, in connection with the loss of a breadwinner and in other cases provided by this law. The share of retirees is 28.6 percent of the total population. The share of pension benefits reached 43 percent in total social transfers (social assistance and benefits from all sources of funding) and 21 percent in total household income.
The pension reform, which began in 2004, envisages the replacement of the current pension system with a modern three-tier insurance system.
The strategy for the development of the pension system in recent years has been aimed at changing the retirement age according to life expectancy; transfer of pension receipt through bank institutions; transfer of certain categories of pensions from the solidarity system to non-state pension funds; replenishment of PFC by registration of labor relations; reduction of underemployment and unemployment; increase in pension benefits, recalculation of the amount of pension provision for working pensioners.
However, the high level of demographic burden on the working population, the presence of a significant number of working benefits to pay contributions to the Pension Fund of Ukraine and low wages, which in one third of workers is not higher than the subsistence level, currently lead to an imbalance of the solidarity system. maintenance of the introduction of the accumulative pension insurance system and the development of private pension provision. Thus, the system of social protection in the context of transformation and reform of pensions has faced two different but major problems: the need to reduce poverty and the need to obtain financial resources for social purposes from the budget in the context of rising GDP and national income. Increasing the minimum old-age pension to the subsistence level, which is not consistent with the growth of wages and the real financial capabilities of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, may lead to a financial crisis of the pension system [3].
The state is trying to modernize the provision of minimum social benefits to the living standards of pensioners. Stages of reforming the pension system in Ukraine in recent years are aimed at people of retirement age to a fair and better life (Table 1).
Today, the priority tasks in the field of social protection and social security are to increase the efficiency of budget management. The legislation provides for the transition to the funded pension system from January 1, 2019, but the reform has not been implemented, as the IMF has recommended to refrain from plans to launch a funded pension system in 2019.
This recommendation is based on the fact that this reform will lead to a decrease in revenues to the Pension Fund, and a lack of funds in the 2019 state budget.
According to the Law of Ukraine №2148 "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning Pension Increase" (2017), the pension system should consist of:
- mandatory level;
- mandatory-accumulative level;
- voluntary-accumulative level.
The main direction of the savings system is to receive funds, mandatory contributions to the pension system, which in turn will be invested in the country's economy.
Table 1
Stages of reforming the pension system in Ukraine for 2019-2020
Name of pension 2019 year 2020 year Period 2019-2020
1 2 3 4
Retirement age, years 60 65 60 65 From January 1 to December 31
Insurance experience, years 26 from 15-16 years 27 from 15-20 From January 1 to December 31
Minimum pension, UAH 1497,00 1564,00 1712,00 From January 1
Maximum pension, UAH 14970,00 15640,00 16980,00 17120,00 From January 1 From July 1
16380,00 17690,00 1769,00 From December 1
Amount of contributions 22033,44 From January 1
to the solidarity system (to the PFU) - - -
Wages for calculating pensions, UAH 4173,00 9205.19 average salary 4723.00 9546,32 Minimum and average from January 1 for the whole year
One-time payment, UAH 2410,17 - 1000,00 - From January 1 to December 31
Indexing pension, % 100,00 14000,00 173,05 1600,00 From January 1
Enumeration pension 322,2 85% 43,7 75% From January
Working retirees, million UAH 2,5 - 2,7 - From January 1
* Built by the authors on the basis of sources [2; 3].
The introduction of an accumulative system will be most useful for those who are currently 30-35 years old. Under this system, citizens over the age of 40 will be required to set aside at least 10% of their income. Citizens aged 18-35 will become mandatory depositors in the savings system. The percentage of contributions to the mandatory savings system of the single insurance contribution will be 2-7% and will increase annually by 1%.
However, the issue of pension system development is becoming even more acute, it is necessary to assess
the impact of pension reforms on the insurance and banking market, so as not to worsen the conditions of their activities and competition.
As part of the pension reform, starting from January 1, 2018, the appointment of a pension at the age of 60 requires the presence of insurance experience with current accrual.
These changes took place after the entry into force of the 2019 reform, in accordance with Art. 1 part 26 of the Law of Ukraine "On compulsory state insurance" from 01.01.2019 the right to a pension (Table 2).
Table 2
Insurance length of service required for retirement by age *
Retirement period Age
60 years 63 years 65 years
1 2 3 4
With 01.01.2019 year to 31.12.2019 No less 26 years From 16 to 26 years From 15 to 16 years
With 01.01.2020 to 31.12.2020 No less 27 years From 17 to 27 years From 15 to 17
With 01.01.2021 to 31.12.2021 No less 28 years From 18 to 28 years From 15 to 18
With 01.01.2022 to 31.12.2022 No less 29 years From 19 to 29 years From 15 to 19
With 01.01.2023 to 31.12.2023 No less 30 years From 20 to 30 years From 15 to 20
With 01.01.2024 to 31.12.2024 No less 31 years From 21 to 31 years From 15 to 21
With 01.01.2025 to 31.12.2025 No less 32 years From 22 to 32 years From 15 to 22
With 01.01.2026 to 31.12.2026 No less 33 years From 23 to 33 years From 15 to 23
With 01.01.2027 to 31.12.2027 No less 34 years From 24 to 34 years From 15 to 24
Starting with 01.01.2028 year No less 35 years From 25 to 35 years From 15 to 25
* Built by the author on the basis of source [5]. At the same time, it is envisaged that from January 1, 2018. in the absence of the required length of service on the date of reaching the age, an old-age pension may be granted after the person has acquired the required length of service. That is, the availability of the required insurance record is determined on the date of reaching the appropriate age [6].
It is worth noting that thanks to the savings system, citizens will be more dependent on personal labor and financial contribution, but independent of the country's demographic situation, wages and subsistence level, which is undoubtedly a positive result.
Thus, the main strategic directions for improving pension reform are the introduction of changes in population demographics; the percentage of SDRs, when accrued for each entrepreneur separately (according to the group of individual entrepreneurs to the type of activity); open your deposit account for the accumulative system in free access; give the opportunity to work to retirees (improve their knowledge in practice, provide the opportunity to work with modern equipment, programs); determine the dates of introduction of the second level and the age category of participants; to establish and increase the work of the pension organization; to show confidence in the reforms of the Pension Fund to the population.
Conclusions and suggestions. Thus, the need for gradual transformation, modernization and reform of the pension system with increasing role of the funded system is due to the main European trends: increasing the revenue side of the budgets of state pension funds by increasing the demographic burden; increase in expenditures for the needs of pension protection, due to increased life expectancy; raising the general standard of living of the population, providing the population of the country with quality medical care, which will reduce the mortality of the population under retirement age.
Therefore, the constant monitoring of the achievement of the strategic goals of the reform of the pension system and pension provision and the adoption of sound decisions regarding the overcoming of strategic gaps is a rather topical issue and needs further research.
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Познякова О. О., Панчук Н. В., Бурцева О. С. Аналiз реформування пенсшноТ системи УкраТни: проблеми реа. мзацм та перспективи розвитку
У статп розглянуто сучасш проблеми пенсшно! системи в Укра!ш, шляхи подолання та напрями ii вдосконалення. Розглянуто загальнообов'язкову нако-пичувальну систему пенсшного забезпечення. Проана-лiзовано переваги накопичувально! системи, принципи нарахування пенсп, права на пенаю, пенсii за вжом, перерахування пенсп, мiнiмальний та максимальний розмiр пенсii пiд час реформ. Проаналiзовано змiни до деяких законодавчих аклв Украши щодо тдвищення пенсii. У статгi обгрунтовано стратепчш напрями сто-совно вдосконалення пенсшно! реформи Украши. На-разi постшний монiторинг досягнення стратегiчних щ-лей реформи пенсшно! системи та пенсшного забезпечення та прийняття грунтовних рiшень стосовно подолання стратепчних розривiв доволi актуальне питання та потребуе подальшого дослiдження.
Ключовi слова: пенсшна система забезпечення, пенсп, пенсшна реформа, пенсшний вiк, накопичу-вальна система.
Poznyakova O., Panchuk N., Burtseva O. Analysis of Reforming the Pension System of Ukraine: Implementation Problems and Development Prospects
Pension provision is an element of the pension system that ensures sustainable socio-economic development of the state as a whole. The article discusses the current problems of the pension system in Ukraine, ways to overcome and directions for its improvement. Determination of the further development and reform of the pension system aimed at ensuring the financial stability of the solidarity system. Introduction of the development of the pension system, taking into account the peculiarities of the current situation in the country, ways of reforming social insurance. The compulsory accumulative pension system is considered. Its introduction to retirees for two centuries. The advantages of the funded system, what it is based on, and its main contingent of citizens are analyzed. Principles of pension accrual, pension entitlements, old-age pensions,
pension transfer, minimum and maximum pension in the course of reforms. Analyzed, introduced by introducing amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine regarding the increase in pensions. The demographic state of the population is considered. The article proves that the main strategic directions for improving the pension reform is the introduction of changes in the demography of the population; percentage of ERUs, when calculated for each entrepreneur separately (respectively, from the group of an individual entrepreneur to the type of activity); open your deposit account for the savings system in the public domain; to enable pensioners to work (to improve their knowledge with practitioners, to provide an opportunity to work with modern equipment, programs) to determine the dates for the introduction of the second level and the age category of participants; to establish and improve the work of the organization of pension provision; to show confidence in the reforms of the Pension Fund bodies to the population.
Nowadays, constant monitoring of the achievement of the strategic goals of the reform of the pension system and pension provision and the adoption of fundamental decisions to overcome strategic gaps is quite an urgent issue and requires further research.
Keywords: pension system, pensions, pension reform, pensioners, pension reform, pensioners.
Познякова О. О., Панчук Н. В., Бурцева Е. Е. Анализ реформирования пенсионной системы Украины: проблемы реализации и перспективы развития
В статье рассмотрены современные проблемы пенсионной системы в Украине, пути преодоления и направления ее совершенствования. Рассмотрена общеобязательная накопительная система пенсионного обеспечения. Проанализированы преимущества накопительной системы, принципы начисления пенсии, права на пенсию, пенсии по возрасту, перерасчет пенсии, минимальный и максимальный размер пенсии в ходе реформ. Проанализированы введенные изменения в некоторые законодательные акты Украины относительно повышения пенсии. Обоснованы основные стратегические направления по совершенствованию пенсионной реформы Украины. Постоянный мониторинг стратегических целей реформы пенсионной системы и пенсионного обеспечения и принятие фундаментальных решений по преодолению стратегических разрывов довольно актуальный вопрос и требует дальнейшего исследования.
Ключевые слова: пенсионная система обеспечения, пенсии, пенсионная реформа, пенсионный возраст, накопительная система.
Received by the editors: 02.10.2020
and final form 29.12.2020
