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Section 3. Innovation management
https://doi.org/10.29013/EJEMS-20-4-17-25
Bayu Joko Mulyono, Doctoral Programs of Public Administration, Faculties of Social and Political Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
Sri Suwitri,
Faculty of Social and Political Science, Tidar University, Magelang, Indonesia Endang Larasati, Doctoral Programs of Public Administration, Faculties of Social and Political Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
Kismartini,
Doctoral Programs of Public Administration, Faculties of Social and Political Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF E-GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN SALATIGA CITY GOVERNMENT
Abstract. E-Government is a city government effort to moderate the order of local governments, especially in Salatiga City. Through this system, community can access all information and procedures of public service easily. The System can be accessed in every public place and only requires an Internet connection. In addition, people can also organize their aspirations regarding the procedures of implementing Government as well as the work patterns of government organizations. Based on existing empirical data and the research results show that high analytical ability of e-government mission vision. Almost every e-government proj ect inevitably involves an external government environment consisting of various parties that partner with the government. The implementing network of e-government projects must consist of various parties that are not only working together to build existing applications, but furthermore must complement each other so that the implementation can continue to be sustainable. Management dimension is the determining factor for empowering the dimension of resource capacity of a local device.
Keywords: E-Government; Salatiga City; Organization; Various Parties; and Resources.
I. Introduction
The implementation of e-Government is a demand that must be fulfill by a Local government in order to realize public services that are fast, effective and efficient. In order to facilitate the achievement above, the local government must carry out the transformation to E-government.
Recognizing the importance of institutional capacity for e-Government development, the Ministry of Information formulates indicators that are the main pillars of Indonesia's e-Government implementation including five dimensions namely (1) Policy, (2) Planning, (3) Infrastructure, (4) Application, and (5) Institutional [1]. These five dimensions become mutually supportive elements and evaluation elements necessary for Technology Information (IT) development and utilization.
In principle, institutional capacity in the context of e-government is an effort to prepare management, working procedures supported by human resources, infrastructure and budget facilities to produce a more flexible, efficient, and effective mechanism of action so that it becomes easier to transform into E-government.
Empirical data shows that Salatiga City has been carrying out communication and informatics functions well in the framework of e-government implementation. Based on the rating of PeGi (E-Govern-ment Rating in Indonesia) as one of the methods developed by the government in an effort to further spur the growth of e-government at all levels of government, Salatiga City ranks 19th out of 35 Districts/ Cities. A good index in the implementation of government affairs and the implementation of the process of transforming various affairs into the e-government system makes the reason Salatiga City become a locus of research.
Various shortcomings in the implementation of E-Government in Salatiga City must be addressed in an appropriate way, namely by knowing the conditions that require handling. One aspect that needs to be considered is the capacity of resources in the
institutional context of E-Government because it plays a strategic role. The availability of adequate information technology infrastructure is 50% of the key to successful implementation of E-Government concept[2].
Capacity building is an ongoing process in which people and systems, operating in a dynamic context, enhance their ability to develop and implement strategies in achieving their goals for continuous performance improvement [3].
Empirical data shows that the institutional performance of government affairs in Salatiga City is very good, including the implementation of E-Government based on PeGi rating which ranks 19th among 35 Districts / City around Central Java Province. Empirical problems that still occur are not yet one of the elements of institutional capacity of e-Government implementation, namely resources.
This study chose Salatiga City as a locus for several reasons. First, Salatiga City has a very good performance in the implementation of mandatory affairs related to basic services as well as non-basic services. Second, the implementation of e-government based on PeGi rating, Salatiga City ranks 19th so that it can be said to be good, so that some Regional Device Organizations abbreviated as (OPD) that has, implemented e-government well can be used as a role model for other (OPD). Components assessed through PeGI are aspects of Policy, Institutional, Infrastructure, Application and Planning. Third, the transformation process towards e-government should run smoothly but in reality, there are still obstacles.
Novelty expected from this research is a thorough review of the preparation of resource capacity in a Local Government in an effort to accelerate the process of transformation of e-government implementation. Based on the background of the above problem, the problem that will be reviewed in this study is: How does the capacity of resources that Salatiga City Government has in supporting the process of e-government transformation in the Regional Device Organization in Salatiga City?
II. Literature review
[4] formulated the notion of capacity as an ability, skill, understanding, attitude, values, relationships, behavior, motivation, resources, and conditions that enable each individual, organization, network of work/ sector, and broader system to carry out their functions and achieve established development goals over time. Furthermore, [5] mentioned capacity building as a special task, because the specific task is related to factors in a particular organization or system at a certain time [5].
Another definition of capacity understanding according to [6] was "Capacity building is a process
that increases the ability of persons, organizations or systems to meet its stated purposes and objectives" [7] interpreted institutional capacity as the potential to implement its skills and resources to achieve its goals and satisfy the expectations of stakeholders. The purpose of capacity building is to increase the potential performance of the organization as reflected in its resources and management.
The organization's performance is influenced by its capacity, by its internal environment, and by the external environment in which it operates. This is clearly formulated within the organizational assessment framework as shown in the table below.
Figure 1. Framework for organizational assessment
[7] explained that this theory looks at institutional capacity through capacity elements namely resources and management. Furthermore, each component is broken down into specific sections as supporting components. The first component is resources, consisting of human resources (employees) and non-human resources that can be in the form of infrastructure, technology and finance. While the management component consists of three parts namely leadership, programs and processes, as well as a network of cooperation. More clearly can be seen in the table below: According to [8] in the human resources component the most important things are hiring proce-
dures, availability and competency of employees, as well as employee training. Resources include what has traditionally been considered "difficult" capacity, such as infrastructure, technology, finance and staffing. The organization's resources include personnel, facilities, vehicles, equipment, and funding available to it. Training remains a top priority for most organizations involved in the study, as does improving financial resources.
This study focused on the capacity of E-Govern-ment maintenance resources. Review and analyze resource capacity that influences the direction of the organization in realizing E-government.
Figure 2. Types of
[9] considered that providing the facilities and infrastructures that are in the context of institutional development is a process that can improve the organization's ability to achieve its goals. Strengthening organizational capacity is a process at all levels of the organization at both the individual, organizational and system levels. Furthermore, [10] stated that capacity is built on five core capabilities in all organizations or systems: namely the ability to act, the ability to achieve development outcomes, the ability to relate, the ability to adapt and ultimately, the ability to integrate. This capability improvement process certainly requires infrastructure as a tool to support individual performance.
The development and implementation of E-Government from the resource aspect includes the human resources element, the infrastructure element and the financial resource element. The human resources elements (staff) in the development of E-Government include as follows 1) managing organization E-Government; 2) Increasing human resources capacity; 3) utilization of educational resources and training; 4) development of training guidelines; 5) awarding. Elements of pre-facility facilities include: 1) infrastructure; 2) application/
Institutional Capacity
software and; 3) utility. The third element is the financial resource element. Here is an analysis and discussion of the results of the research related to the above elements [11].
III. Research method
The research results, discussion and analysis related to the capacity of e-government resources in Salatiga City are as follows:
The institutional capacity of the e-Government in Salatiga City is seen in the ability of very large resources, including staff elements, infrastructure, and financial resources. The capacity of these resources is expected to be optimally used in supporting the institutional capacity of e-Government so that the implementation of e-Government can run effectively and efficiently. The implementation of e-Gov-ernment is expected to maximize public services in accordance with the duties and functions of regional devices, therefore the institutional capacity must be adequate in order for the implementation of e-Government to run optimally.
IV. Result and discussion
The institutional capacity of e-government in Salatiga City is the institutional capability of Salatiga City in the implementation of e-Government
consisting of resource and management capacities. The elements that are part of the resource capacity, which becomes the object of research, are as follows:
1. Staff Elements
The human resources elements (staff) in the development of E-Government include as follows: 1) managing organization E-Government; 2) Increase human resources capacity; 3) utilization of educational resources and training; 4) development of training guidelines; 5) awarding.
One of the important elements in the development of e-Government is the organization of e-Government management. All regional devices have obligations in the implementation of e-Government, however, as mandated in [12] on e-Government, the Communication and Informatics Office has the authority to foster and supervise the implementation of e-Government by other Regional Devices as the length of the hand of the Mayor. After several structural changes, this organization can only be realized in the form of Office (Echelon II) in 2017.
The pattern of E-Government Organization in Salatiga City in accordance with [13] was that there are five main parts that form the organizational structure including: Strategic Apex (Regional Head); Middle Line (Regional Secretary); Operating Core (Regional Office); Techno Structure (Body/Supporting Function); and Supporting Staff.
The condition of the organizational structure in the form of the Office has an impact on the budget of various activities needed in the development of E-Government. In the hierarchy, the Office has the great authority needed in carrying out the strategic functions of operating cores. The strategic function of operating core in the context of E-Government is important because it has to coordinate other agencies and techno structure functions contained in the application management organization. The way in which the E-Government is integrated is to coordinate regularly, provide guidance and supervision, education and training, and increase the professionalism of the implementing apparatus.
In the techno structure element, there are actually a lot of Technology Information (IT) personnel with computer arrangement positions, but uneven capabilities lead to the formation of application management teams implemented across Regional Device Organizations abbreviated as (OPD).
The management ofhuman resources in the field of E-Government in Salatiga City Government has been going well, although there are still obstacles. The increasingly transparent recruitment process results in better human resources. The development of computer device of arrangement capacity is well coordinated between Salatiga Regional Staffing Agency abbreviated as BKDiklata and Communicative Services and Information, thus contributing to the improvement of human resources quality of E-Government managers. Education and training to improve the capabilities of the computer device arrangement is carried out periodically and as needed. The selection and sorting of computer device arrangement that will follow the training is based on the role of the computer device arrangement in an e-government management organization in an Regional Device Organizations abbreviated as OPD. Computers device arrangements that are prioritized following the training come from Communicative Services and Information, Regional Financial Agency, BKDiklatda, Regional Secretariat.
The problem experienced by Salatiga Regional Staffing Agency abbreviated as BKDiklata in enabling the task of human resources development is the organizational structure of type B, so that Head of Subfield Level only handle the affairs of the training. This caused Salatiga Regional Staffing Agency abbreviated as BKDiklata not to carry out a careful analysis of the needs of training due to a lack of resources in the field of training needs analysis. The effort to overcome these constraints is the creation of technical instructions of training, especially functional technical training.
The improvement of training patterns with the creation of technical guidance is an effort to improve
the implementation and decision-making system implemented and will affect the capacity of training institutions. Salatiga Regional Staffing Agency abbreviated as BKDiklata has implemented mapping and assessment of the needs of training for computer device arrangement, and is the basis in putting together a training program for computer device arrangement, although it has not been poured in the form of Regional Head regulations.
The pattern of rewarding for Civil Servant staff work performance in the field of e-Government has been well underway, including through promotion, loyalty awarding, and the provision of additional income allowances. The provision of additional income allowance already uses the class of office, thus parallel to the promotion and promotion of the position of a Civil Servant staff. Promotion through Credit Score Assessment (PAK) of computer device arrangement functional office is regulated by the coaching agency in this case is the Central Bureau of Statistics. Based on the existing data, at this time as many as 3 computer device arrangement levels of implementers have successfully risen to the rank level above it namely computer device arrangement advanced implementing computer. A total of 1 computer device arrangement experts have been climbed to the level of computer device arrangement. Based on the above, it is very clear that the merit pattern system is already running for Civil Servant career patterns in the field of e-Govern-ment, more advanced than other fields.
The career pattern of Civil Servant Staffs in the field of E-Government is increasing the morale of employees in performing because the additional income allowance is based on the class of office [14]. The income allowance of a Computer Device Arrangement in Salatiga City is even higher than that of a structural officer in the echelon IV/a, which is Approximately IDR. 4,500,000.00 Per month.
Career patterns for structural officials are also going very well. The appointment of structural officials in the Communication and Informatics Office is already based on the competencies held, this is seen from the
competence of structural officials who are in office now and the educational qualifications of structural officials at the technical level come from Bachelor Degree and Master Program of computer science [15].
2. Facility and Infrastructures
Elements of infrastructure in the development of E-Government include as follows: 1) infrastructure 2) application/software 3) utility. The current condition of existing, as well as the results of PeGi assessment, shows that Salatiga City is at the level of eradication that is at the level where consist of a website that is a public service transaction and there is interoperability of applications and data with other institutions. One example of interoperability relationships intertwined with other institutions is a host-to-host project with Central Java Bank (Bank Jateng) that has increased the speed of budget disbursement. The quality of the infrastructure available on all regional devices now is excellent.
The results show that almost all regional devices have used computers and laptops with minimal Pentium IV computer specifications with Intel Core i3 processors up to Inter Core i5. The principle for use as mandated in [12] was implemented well by the Office of Communication and Informatics, proven that at this time the procurement of bandwidth has been implemented centrally. With the construction of data center, the Communication Office is able to facilitate the bandwidth needs of other regional devices by dividing 150 Mbps bandwidth each year through data centers. Data centers are also used to facilitate server needs for regional devices in need. The data communication network in Salatiga City Government is also well established with the support of infrastructure Company, namely PT Telkom. The selection of computer network topology adjusts to the needs of Regional Device Organizations (ODP) network in Salatiga City government, which on average uses network with Star topology.
Various data center requirements have been fulfill, for example in relation to the fulfillment of Indonesian National Standards, related to data center
design and data center management; the availability of facilities for use with central agencies and other local governments; there are security considerations from the head of the agency that conducts government duties in the field of cyber security.
Some strategic places in Salatiga City such as Ta-man Tingkir, Taman bendosari, Lapangan Pancasila, Library Agency have available Free Access Points with the aim of making it easier communities to connect with internet access to reduce the digital gap for the lower class who need free computer access. The effectiveness of free access point is seen with the number of people accessing the city government website that is about 1000 people accessing Free Access Point in the park.
The development of the application to the Salatiga City Government has not been fully aligned with the planning as outlined in the application development blueprint. The obstacles experienced by the Communication and Informatics Office in providing general applications as mandated by [16] on Electronic and Local Government System [12] on E-Government is the lack of sufficient human resources available to carry out such a large workload. This is because the computer device arrangement in the service is still carrying out many additional tasks. Nevertheless, the development application that occurred up to now shows a very positive chart. The results show that 33 Regional Device Organizations in Salatiga City Government, as many as 20 Regional Device Organizations have managed 51 applications used to carry out work and serve the community.
When viewed from the complexity and benefits of applications that have been built by Regional Devices shows that Salatiga City is dominated by interact stage applications. Interact applications are applications that have occurred in two-way communication between the government and those concerned. The Communication and Informatics Office of Salatiga City requires that all procurement applications must pass an audit of information and communication technology.
Most applications held by regional devices through third parties do not have complete documentation as stipulated in [12], including as follows:
a. Document software needs
b. Architectural or design documents
c. White paper
d. Manual documents, and
e. Other documents specified by the device of the relevant region
Incomplete documentation makes it difficult for the Communication and Informatics Office to carry out interoperability between systems, thus hindering the creation of the Executive Information System.
Three important elements of the utility in E-Government management are bandwidth, service desk and data maintenance. One-door bandwidth management has been done well, although there are certain regional devices that still carry out their own bandwidth procurement. Service desks have the potential to interfere with the performance of the programmers, due to the absence of special employees assigned as service desk officers.
3.Budget Recourses
The Office of Communication and Informatics in the implementation of E-Government in Salatiga City has a coordinated role. These roles include as follows:
1. Role in providing infrastructure to be more efficient and effective;
2. Role in providing data centers;
3. Role in domain name management;
4. Management of Salatiga.go.Id portal;
5. Role in the provision of general applications;
6. Supervisor in the development of special applications;
7. Implementation of interoperability between Regional Device Organization systems;
8. Salatiga City level data and information manager;
9. Implementing Monitoring and evaluation of application functions;
10. General coaching and supervision in the implementation of e-government.
The role of the Communication and Informat- activities directly related to e government, the Of-ics Office is supported by a large budget and always fice of Communication and Informatics manages the increases every budget annually. In order to manage budget as follows:
Table 1.
No. Budget Funding
2017 2018 2019
1. IDR. 2.156.844.000,- IDR. 3.233.500.000,- IDR. 13.217.000.000,-
These three empirical data above show that Salatiga City Government policy in supporting the implementation of e-Government, reviewed from financial resource benchmarks is very consistent, because there is an increase in the number of budgets each year.
V. Conclusion
The capacity of resources in the implementation of e-Government in a Local Government is part of the institutional capacity needed for the implementation of E-Government policy to run smoothly. Theoretically, resource capacity in the context of e-
government is no less important than management capacity, so both are key components in the successful implementation of E-Government. Empirically, the results showed that the capacity of resources owned by Salatiga City Government is very good, thus supporting the achievements of Salatiga City Government in the assessment of PeGi (e-Government Rating in Indonesia). In order to improve further the quality of e-Government implementation in Salatiga City, resource capacity must always be a concern in order to be continuously maintained following the rapid development of technology.
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