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UDC 613.73:796.8:613.956
ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Altai State Medical University, Barnaul
I.P. Saldan, A.P. Pashkov, O.V. Zhukova, N.Yu. Potseluev, S.P. Filippova, O.I. Shved, A.S. Nagornyak
The article presents the results of hygienic assessment of the dynamics of performance indicators of students engaged in amateur martial arts (in particular, Sambo), having mainly anaerobic loads with weighting and students of the main group, not involved in sports. The reasonability of inclusion of martial art amateur trainings in physical activity of students of higher educational institutions as alternatives to traditional approaches is revealed. During the research, 3 experimental groups were formed: students from Barnaul at the age of 19-21 years, engaged in Sambo at the amateur level for 2-3 years, engaged mainly in anaerobic exercise aimed at increasing muscle mass and students who are not engaged in any sport, while belonging to the main group of health. According to the results of the study, it was found that the indicators of physical fitness and performance are higher in experimental groups involved in sports. Anthropometric and somatoscopic indicators revealed that students engaged in Sambo do not show pathology of the state of the arch of the foot, growth and weight parameters and the percentage of adipose tissue in the body are observed in the optimal ratio. Indicators reflecting the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the body, revealed a greater fitness of the systems of students involved in martial arts, it was manifested by the optimal values of blood pressure and statistically significantly greater vital capacity of the lungs. Thus, the implementation of training process in combat sports (including Sambo) in the physical activity of students seems prospective.
Key words: students, performance, physical activity, Sambo.
One of the priority tasks of the state development is to strengthen and improve the health of young people. It should be noted that in recent years, there has been a negative trend in the health status of students. The share of diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system and alimentary-dependent diseases is becoming higher. Many Russian and foreign scientists connect this tendency, first of all, with low physical activity. Moreover, at the present time, incorrectly chosen physical activity without taking into account the functional capabilities of the body [1, 6-10] often contributes to disruptions in the state of health.
National and foreign studies show that physical activity, physical education and sports are one of the main ways of primary prevention of many diseases [2, 11-15]. According to observations, not more than 60% of students of higher educational institutions regularly attend classes in the discipline "Physical Education", of which a significant part belongs to the preparatory or special health group. Young people find an alternative to physical education lessons in gyms and sections of various kinds.
In the modern education system, there are a number of approaches to the prevention of hypodynamia and hypokinesia of students, one of which is the introduction of alternative methods of physical education, for example, it is recommended to introduce self-defense lessons. A promising direction is Sambo [3, 4, 5].
Analysis of the scientific literature has shown that the comparative characteristics of sambo and other types of physical activity, with the evaluation of a wide range of performance indicators and physical development (anthropometric, somatoscopic and physiometric) were not carried out. Therefore, the study and evaluation from a hygienic standpoint of the desirability of including amateur training in martial arts (sambo) in physical activity is relevant.
The research objective is to conduct a hygienic assessment of the physical development and performance of students by different physical activities.
Materials and methods
Two experimental groups of Barnaul students aged 19-21 years were formed: Group 1 - students practicing sambo at the amateur level for 2-3 years, Group 2 - students working at the amateur level mainly with anaerobic load, aimed at increasing muscle mass with a training experience of 2-3 years. As a control group, students who were not involved in any kind of sport, while belonging to the main group of health, were investigated.
Total body sizes and body fat percentage were determined using the Tanita system.
A wrist dynamometer was used to determine the strength of the hand flexors. Objectivity of the results was achieved by converting the values to the relative magnitude of the muscular strength of the flexors of the hand.
The level of general endurance was assessed using the Harvard step test. The speed indicator of the legs was evaluated by the Abalakov test, the dynamic strength of the muscles - by the standing long jump from the place with a double take-off. Speed-strength indicators were determined using the following methods: bending and unbending the arms in the rest position for a minute, squatting for a minute.
The strength of the back extensor muscles was estimated using a torso dynamometer (maximum number of kilograms).
In addition to strength indicators, there was examined the flexibility.
The state of the arch of the foot was assessed using plantography. Upon receipt of the imprint, a tangent was made to the most prominent points of the inner surface of the foot. From the middle of the tangent, the perpendicular was restored to the outer edge of the foot. There was calculated the percentage of that part of the perpendicular that has passed through the imprint to the entire length. If the isthmus is up to 50%, the foot is rated as arched, normal. In case of 50-60%, the foot is flattened. Finally, if the ratio is > 60%, it indicates a pronounced flatfoot.
Among the physiometric parameters, the vital lung capacity (VLC), blood pressure (BP) were determined. Blood pressure values were interpreted in accordance with the latest recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The vital capacity of the lungs was determined using a dry air spirometer, the study was conducted three times in a row, taking into account the maximum rate. The value calculated by the formula DVLC =
When determining the level of general physical fitness and working capacity (Table 2), it was found that the overall endurance index, assessed using the Harvard step test, is statistically significantly higher in both experimental groups compared to the control group. Also in the experimental groups, higher rates of speed-strength endurance (flexion and extension of the arms in the supine position), strength of the extensor muscles of the back and maximum flexor strength of the hands were noted. This pattern is quite understandable, considering
0.052 x (P) - 0.029 x (B) - 3.20 was taken as the due VLC. Deviation from the proper VLC more than 15% was interpreted as a pathology of external respiration.
Mental performance was assessed using V.Ya. Anfimov correction tables, where we determined the index of attention and speed of perception and processing of visual information. The attention indicator was interpreted as follows: low - less than 37%, medium - 37-50%, and high - more than 51%.
Results and discussion
Data on the results of the assessment of total body size and percentage of fat are presented in Table 1.
There were no statistically significant differences in growth among the groups. The second experimental group has a statistically significantly higher indicator of weight and body mass index compared with the control group (p <0.01). The indicator of the percentage of adipose tissue in the body of students who are engaged in mainly anaerobic loads at the amateur level, aimed at increasing muscle mass, is statistically significantly higher than the representatives of the CG and students engaged in sambo at the amateur level. The study revealed that students in the second experimental group had an excess of body mass index. The average BMI of Group 2 is 26.25 ± 1.12, which is an indicator of obesity of the first degree. The percentage of adipose tissue in the second experimental group constituted 16.82 ± 1.83, which is statistically significantly higher than this indicator in the first experimental and control groups.
the specificity of the training process of sambo wrestlers (long aerobic exercise during warm-up, exercises aimed at developing the muscles of the arms, back and shoulder girdle with a gripping and throwing technique) and athletes engaged in anaerobic exercise associated with weight lifting and aimed at increasing muscle mass (squatting with a barbell, deadlift, bench press).
The second experimental group has a statistically significantly higher index characterizing the speed force (Abalakov's test) 56.4 ± 3.7, which is due to
Table 1
Total body size and body fat percentage
Indicator Group 1 (n=20) Group 2 (n=20) Control group (n=20)
Body length, cm 176,43±2,4 175,1±1,9 179,3±2,7
Body weight, kg 76,21±2,1 80,34±3,7* 72,3±0,9
Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 24,44±0,71 26,25±1,12* 22,43±0,26
Percentage of adipose tissue in the body, % 9,23±0,74 16,82±1,83* ** 10,16±1,21
Note: Statistically significant differences in mean values: * - in relation to CG (p <0.01) ** - between experimental groups No. 1 and No. 2 (p <0.01)
the more targeted work of these students with the muscles of the lower limbs and pelvic region, as well as the predominance of the so-called red fast fibers responsible for explosive short-term speed work. Flexibility indicators are statistically significantly higher among students practicing
sambo (19.6 ± 1.39) and rated as above average, which is also determined by the specificity of the sport, where much attention is paid to the flexibility of the fighter during work, both standing and on the ground.
Table 2
Evaluation of indicators of overall physical development and performance
Physical quality Indicator Group 1 (n=20) Group 2 (n=20) Control group (n=20)
General endurance Harvard step test 92,03±3,48* 83,42±3,68* 66,47±3,09
Speed-strength endurance Squatting (number of times per 1 minute) 60,2±4,12 60,45±3,6 57,8±3,9
Bending and unbending the arms in the resting position (number of times per 1 minute) 62,7±4,08* 60,24±3,97* 41,8±3,2
Speed power Standing long jump from the place with a double take-off (cm) 240,3±9,4 249,65±7,2 236,3±6,7
Abalakov's test (cm) 44,3±3,9 56,4±3,7** * 41,3±2,5
Flexibility Bows front from a standing position on a gymnastic bench, cm 19,6±1,39** * 14,7±1,91 14,3±1,73
Strength of the back extensor muscles Row on torso dynamometer, kg 90,3±5,7* 115,9±5,3* ** 71,6±4,71
Maximum wrist flexor strength Power index of the left hand, % 64,5±2,8* 66,8±1,74* 53,7±3,21
Power index of the right hand, % 65,9±2,3* 66,9±3,12* 55,27±3,1
relation to CG (p <0.01)
Note: Statistically significant differences in mean values: * - in ** - between experimental groups No. 1 and No. 2 (p <0.01)
When assessing the state of the arch of the foot, all 20 representatives (100%) of the first experimental group had an arched, normal foot. In the second experimental group, the distribution is as follows: 10 people (50%) - flattened foot, 6 people (30%) -pronounced flatfoot, the remaining 4 people (20%) have an arched, normal foot. In the control group, an arched, normal foot was determined in 12 people (60%), 5 people had a flattened foot (25%), and three (15%) had pronounced flatfoot. Thus, in the first experimental group (students engaged in sambo) the number of people with a normal arched foot is statistically significantly higher than in the second experimental and control groups.
Students engaged in lifting heavy loads to build muscle mass are statistically significantly more frequently characterized by pronounced flatfoot than sambo wrestlers and students not attending sports clubs. In this case, the effect of the training process on the arch of the foot is demonstrated. In the first case, the arch of the foot is strengthened by preparatory exercises and the specifics of technical actions, which are often performed from the "on the
toes" position. In the second group, the situation may by conditioned to the lack of proper attention to the preliminary strengthening of the arch of the foot before large loads associated with moving or holding large loads.
The data obtained in the assessment of physiometric indicators such as blood pressure (BP) and vital lung capacity (VLC) (Table 3) showed that the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the first group belong to the optimal values, in the second and control group, BP lies within the normal range at the border with high normal pressure. There were no statistically significant differences in blood pressure indicators between the groups. VLC of the first group (4786.7 ± 49.93 cm3) statistically significantly exceeds the values of the indicator in the second experimental and control groups, while violations of respiratory function in the groups were not detected. This difference is due to the prevalence of aerobic loads in the training process of students involved in martial arts.
Table 3
Evaluation of blood pressure and lung capacity
Physiometric indicator Group 1 (n=20) Group 2 (n=20) Control group (n=20)
Blood pressure (mm Systolic 118,4±5,14 Systolic 129,3±3,45 Systolic
Hg) Diastolic Diastolic 80,9±4,28 127,3±4,5
74,9±3,87 Diastolic
73,8±3,17
Vital lung capacity, cm3 4786,7±49,93** * 3978,8±34,19 3827,3±38,92
Note: Statistically significant differences in mean values: * - in relation to CG (p <0.01)
** - between experimental groups No. 1 and No. 2 (p <0.01)
Many researchers in the field of the hygiene of physical culture and sports have proven that playing sports determine not only physical performance, but also contribute to improving the indicators of mental performance [6, 7]. In evaluating the indicators of attention and speed of perception and processing of visual information, it was shown that the average indicator of attention (according to the correction tables of V.Ya. Anfimov) in all three groups fit into a high rate (more than 51%). Differences were identified in the rate of perception and processing of visual information: among the students of the first group, this indicator (1.45 ± 0.07) is statistically significantly higher than among the students of the second (1.19 ± 0.09) and control (1.23 ± 0.09) group (p <0.01). This is due to the systematic work associated with the rapid assessment of the situation, making instant decisions in the training and competitive process.
Conclusions:
1. Anthropometric and somatoscopic indicators, determined in two control and experimental groups, showed that students practicing Sambo do not have pathology of the state of the arch of the foot, height-weight indicators and the percentage of adipose tissue in the body are observed in an optimal ratio.
2. Physical performance and physical fitness indicators in most cases are statistically significantly higher in the experimental groups, compared with students not involved in any sport, and at the same time, belonging to the main group of health in relation to physical culture classes.
3. The representatives of the first experimental group showed the optimal values of blood pressure and a statistically significantly higher VLC index. Functional fitness of the systems is conditioned by long-term aerobic and intermittent physical activity.
4. The introduction of sambo classes for students of higher and secondary educational institutions in the compulsory program of physical education or the opening of sections at educational institutions is justified by the comprehensive influence of the specific training programs on the young organism: strengthening the musculoskeletal
system, training the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which is extremely important by increasing hypodynamia among students, the practical value of self-defense lessons, an increase in physical fitness indicators, which contributes to the increase in GTO norm performance in our country.
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Contacts
Corresponding author: Pashkov Artem Petrovich, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of hygiene, the fundamentals of ecology and safety of vital activity, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul. 656038, Barnaul, per. Nekrasova, 65. Tel.: (3852) 566835. E-mail: pashkart@mail.ru
Author information
Saldan Igor Petrovich, Doctor of medical Sciences, Professor, Rector, Head of the Department of hygiene, the fundamentals of ecology and safety of vital activity, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul.
656038, Barnaul, Lenina Prospekt, 40. Tel.: (3852) 566800. E-mail: rector@agmu.ru
Zhukova Olga Viktorovna, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of hygiene, the fundamentals of ecology and safety of vital activity, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul.
656038, Barnaul, per. Nekrasova, 65. Tel.: (3852) 566835. E-mail: oov-@mail.com
Potseluev Nikolai Yurievich, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of hygiene, the fundamentals of ecology and safety of vital activity, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul.
656038, Barnaul, per. Nekrasova, 65.
Tel.: (3852) 249719.
E-mail: pocelueff@gmail.com
Filippova Sofya Petrovna, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of hygiene, the fundamentals of ecology and safety of vital activity, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul.
656038, Barnaul, per. Nekrasova, 65.
Tel.: (3852) 566835.
E-mail: sofya.filippova@mail.ru
Shved Olga Ivanovna, lecturer of the Department of hygiene, the fundamentals of ecology and safety of vital activity, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul.
656038, Barnaul, per. Nekrasova, 65. Tel.: (3852) 566835. E-mail: siboshv@gmail.com
Nagornyak Alexey Sergeyevich, postgraduate
student of the Department of Hygiene, Basics
of Ecology and Life Safety, Altai State Medical
University, Barnaul.
656038, Barnaul, per. Nekrasova, 65.
Tel.: (3852) 566898.
E-mail: tezaurismosis@gmail.ru
