CC BY
6
DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-3-110-118 Analysis of factors affecting the decline of neighborhood sports
Mohsen Tayebi', Majid Keramati Moghadam 2, Ali Yavar Azizpour Fard3
'University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran ORCID: 0000-0001-9197-9493, drtayebi2@gmail.com* 2Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Lorestan, Iran ORCID: 0000-0002-6780-8763, majid.keramatimoghadam@gmail.com 3Faculty member of Lorestan University. azizpour.a@lu.ac.ir
Abstract: Neighborhood sports, sports activities and games that are performed at the neighborhood level and with the participation of its residents to spend part of their leisure time and meet the need for movement and physical activity of people of different ages in urban neighborhoods. It was good and today we are witnessing the decline of this type of activity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify and prioritize the causes of decline in neighborhood sports. Research methods. The research method was descriptive-analytical which was performed by field method and was applied in terms of purpose. The survey was composed of experts from the field of public sports and neighborhoods (200 people), of which 127 people were selected as the research sample by stratified random sampling method. Materials. The research measurement tool included a researcher-made questionnaire with face and content validity while carefully reviewing research texts and literature and consulting professors and experts (10 people), and the reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha test (a = 0.83) Calculated. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis and second-order confirmatory factor analysis) were used to analyze the data. Results. The results showed that infrastructural, individual, social and interpersonal causes are involved in the decline of neighborhood sports. Therefore, it can be said that in order to preserve and revitalize sports in the neighborhoods and highlight its role in increasing physical activity and health of the community, the authorities should plan and take action to eliminate the identified causes. Keywords: sports, neighborhood, infrastructure factors, neighborhood sports.
For citation: Mohsen Tayebi*, Majid Keramati Moghadam, Ali Yavar Azizpour Fard. Analysis of factors affecting the decline of neighborhood sports. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(3): 100-104. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-3-110-118.
Introduction
From the perspective of public health, inactivity tends to be pervasive (Hilal et al., 2012) and the economic impact of such inactivity with the pressure on communities and health systems to manage diseases related to Motion is significant (Kohl et al., 2012). The inactivity epidemic is a complex issue and can, without exception, have implications for government agencies at the international level and for recreational and sports organizations (Robinson & McKenna, 2008). Inactivity is recognized as a contributing factor to death (McDad et al., 2004) and there is an inverse linear relationship between physical activity and all causes of death (Lee and Skert, 2001(. Physical activity refers to any form of physical activity performed by a muscle or group of muscles that ultimately leads to increased energy expenditure (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Evidence shows that physical activity has a significant effect on childhood and adolescence health (Gilson, Cook, & Mahoney, 2005). Among
young people, regular physical activity improves physical fitness, health, reduces obesity (Davidson and Lawson, 2006), increases the likelihood of continuing physical activity over a lifetime (Strong et al., 2005) and social and mental health (Trust et al. , 2002) plays a key role. Despite the benefits of regular exercise and healthy eating, most people have difficulty initiating and maintaining positive behavioral changes (Brentapt, Kang, & Anshel, 2013). On the other hand, although the most effective interventions to increase physical activity have been successful in helping people to start physical activity, but little effectiveness in helping people to maintain and maintain physical activity over time (Priest et al., 2002) and its institutionalization has been done since childhood through neighborhood sports and playing with peer groups. In addition, health and tendency to physical activity are clearly a function of economic, social, and geographical conditions. Among these, the quality of the neighborhood's living is considered as an important determinant
of health, both socially and physically (Grossi and Shams al-Dini, 2014). There is ample evidence that the level of health of neighborhood residents is related to their perception of the neighborhood environment. Leslie and Serin (2008) showed how neighborhood residents' perceptions of the neighborhood's physical environment affect their level of satisfaction. In their study, Portinga, Dasten, & von (2007) found that people's perceptions of a neighborhood's physical characteristics were related to their general health. Recent research has shown that the physical environment of the neighborhood has an increasing and potential impact on people's health behavior (Jones et al., 2007). In addition, the social ecological model, which plays an important role in the development and improvement of health, emphasizes the impact of physical and social phenomena on health (Stokoulos, 1992). In recent years, the neighborhood environment has been increasingly considered as one of the important factors affecting health (Kawachi and Berkman, 2003). In general, the physical environment of the neighborhood and its facilities affect not only the health of people, but also their greater participation in physical activities. The results of Asefi et al.'s (2013) research indicated that the necessary facilities and infrastructure should be provided for exercising. The findings of this study showed that in all neighborhoods of the city without exception and in urban planning, attention should be paid to construction and sports facilities, but not necessarily these places should be roofed and natural resources should be emphasized. Hong and Humphreys (2012) state in their research that people who live in cities with high sports facilities and easy access to it had more participation in physical activities and also had high life satisfaction. The results of Prince et al.'s (2012) study also showed that the highest rate of adolescent participation in sports leisure time was when both sports facilities and parks were available and the neighborhood's social capital was high. On the other hand, security is the first condition for human life and living in a place, if it is unsafe, it can not be inhabited (Razavian and Aghaei, 2014). Security means freedom from danger, threat, harm, as well as the existence of peace, security, comfort and trust (Sarukhani and Navidnia, 2009). It may be possible to increase neighbors' trust in each other and increase security by increasing neighborhood participation in local sports and neighborliness. In fact, neighborhoodism allows us to reduce the likelihood of crime through face-to-face relationships and emotional control, and to encourage the participation of NGOs, organizations, and the general public in providing public security. Kargar and Sarvar, 2011). Participatory capacities can be used as part of the local community's potential assets to intervene in local relations (Rafieian
and Ahmadzadeh Nanova, 2012) and increase the participation of neighbors and neighborhood people in sports. The neighborhoods are crafted. Increasing crime statistics and creating problems for children, reducing the level of trust of neighbors in neighborhoods, lack of familiarity of locals with each other, creating gaps and increasing emotional and social distances between neighbors, cultural multiplicity of residents of a neighborhood, lack of neighborhood council The diminishing role of mosques as cultural centers and the multiplicity of religious beliefs in the residents of the neighborhood are among the factors that have been studied in this study as the causes of decline and lack of development of neighborhood sports.
Also, the lack of holding inter-neighborhood competitions by the relevant bodies and the lack of motivation of local residents, the lack of creativity among participants in neighborhood sports to create a temporary sports environment and the lack of adequate funding are other factors. Are in this research. Unfortunately, in our country, no official organization is directly in charge of sports, neighborhoods, and this sport has always been unloved by sports officials. However, the results of Kierkegaard (2004) research showed that the existence of sports organizations and federations is very important for the success of a part of sports, and the sports organizations of each country in that part must be coherent and specific. The goals and objectives that are being pursued and pursued must be robust and have a rationale. Gould et al. (1999) also showed in their research that the main factor in the success and development of sports in Australia is the Australian Sports Institute and the Australian Sports Commission. Although the ultimate goal of all theories, movements, scholars and politicians in the field of urban issues is to improve the quality of life of citizens (Abbasi, Maryanji and Omidinejad, 2016), but growing and accelerating Urbanization in recent decades has caused cities to face inequality in the distribution and dispersion of services, moving away from the path of environmental justice and reducing the quality of life (Abbasi, Maryanji and Omidinejad, 2016). In contrast to this mechanization and inactivity of community life, exercise is one of the ways in which individuals can overcome physical, psychological and social pressures (Collins, 2002). However, increasing the passage of vehicles and increasing the risk for participants in neighborhood sports, traffic and noise pollution, air pollution, lack of proper design of the main street of the neighborhood to build a permanent sports space, a significant increase in television and satellite networks. O, the mushrooming of cafes and giants in neighborhoods, the existence and increasing number of new technologies are among the factors that can be effective in the decline and
lack of development of neighborhood sports.
Although the city and urbanization itself is one of the most important indicators of welfare and social and economic development, but its rapid growth can reduce the per capita access to many social and economic facilities and thus its consequences in the form of reducing the level The quality of life should be shown in different urban areas (Nastaran, Ahmadi and Aghazadeh Moghadam, 2015). In many studies, there is a positive and significant relationship between socio-economic status and motivation to participate in sports activities (Santos, Carlos and George, 2004; Vandendrich et al., 2012). In addition, among the socio-economic components According to the economic class, the income and education of parents is a stronger predictor of motivation for sports participation among citizens (Islami et al., 2013). The study of people's views and motivations for sports participation has developed and diversified to such an extent that Green, Smith, and Roberts (2002) have identified one hundred motivational factors in this field. A study of the results of various studies in Iran also shows that people with different motivations such as gaining vitality, feeling happy and preventing disease and freshness and losing weight and maintaining good health participate in sports activities (Ramezaninejad, Mohebbi and Demirchi, 2009). Colt, Driver, and Giles (2004) also identify motivation to stay healthy and physically fit to participate in exercise. Mitt and Faltz (2001) also examined the motivation of young people participating in recreational and competitive sports and showed that in both groups the development of physical fitness skills and competition is a priority. In this regard, lack of encouragement and encouragement of parents, lack of self-confidence of children and adolescents, lack of interest in sports and activities among neighborhood residents, lack of participation in neighborhood sports due to obesity
and unsuitable limbs, shyness and fear of lack of ability and skills In doing sports among peers, it is one of the influential factors that can cause the decline and lack of development of neighborhood sports. In addition to the importance of physical activity in health and well-being, neighborhood sports have also played an important role in cultivating talents in the history of Iranian sports; So that many of the best athletes in our country have been injected into the sports community of the country from the dirt fields of the neighborhoods and the sports fields that were designed by the people of the region. On the other hand, various factors such as demographic and biological factors, psychological, cognitive and emotional (emotional), behavioral and skill, social and cultural, environmental and physical activity characteristics in past research are known as factors affecting physical activity. And (Shahbazi, Shabani Moghadam and Saffari, 2013), but all this research is at the level of public and championship sports and in the field of neighborhood sports has not been studied so far. Therefore, in this study, the causes of decline and obstacles to the development of neighborhood sports in Iran have been investigated.
Materials and methods
The present research method was descriptive-analytical which was performed by field method and in terms of purpose was part of applied research. Experts in the field of public sports and neighborhoods (including managers and officials of public sports, physical education professors of the university, physical education experts of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth, physical education experts of education, municipal sports experts and sports coaches of parks (200 people), which using Krejcie and Morgan table, 127 people were selected as a research sample by stratified random sampling.
Table 1
Community and research sample
Ro*v FJoor Society Sample
1 University professors Li
1 Managers and officials b 4
3 Experts of the Licncr-al Department of PluysicaJ J:du-LJlitfn 45 2Ä
4 Education rspens a 11
5 Municipal ^mh exporta 49 il
« Sports coaches parlts 5Û n
7 total 200 Ml
The research measurement tool included a researcher-made questionnaire on the causes of the decline of neighborhood sports. The 21-item questionnaire on the causes of decline in neighborhood sports, which was scored based on a five-point Likert scale, identified the main causes of decline in exercise in neighborhoods. To evaluate the
validity of the questionnaire on the causes of decline in neighborhood sports, face and content validity was used. In the study of face and content validity, while carefully reviewing the texts and literature of research on neighborhood sports and consulting professors and experts, 27 questions were asked as effective reasons for the decline of neighborhood
sports. After asking the questions, the initial draft of respondents and the reliability of the questions and
the questionnaire was prepared and returned to the professors and sports science experts (10 people) to check the relevance, clarity and simplicity of each question. After reviewing the opinions of professors and experts and based on the Waltz and Basel index, the questions that obtained a coefficient above 0.79 remained in the questionnaire (21 questions). After this stage, the questionnaire was given to 30
the whole questionnaire (0.83) were examined. At this stage, all the questions had high reliability. In order to understand that the questions are based on several underlying factors, and in fact to determine the number or nature of the factors that justify the overlap between variables, exploratory factor analysis was used, the results of which are presented below.
Table 2
Results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Ulkin and Bartlett tests
fKMO) BjrfLctt1* lesf
1296.14K 1}
D.74 351 df
DDOl F value
The results of KMO test in Table 2 indicate that the sample size is sufficient to perform factor analysis. It is also possible to perform factor analysis on research data and the data can be reduced to a number of underlying factors. The results of Bartlett test also show that there is a significant relationship between the variables and it is possible to discover a new structure in the data.
Results and discussion
The descriptive results of the study showed that out of 122 samples, 67.2% were male and 32.8% were female, of which 51.6% were between 20-30 years old, 29.5% were between 31-40 years old, and 10.7% Percent were between 41-50 years old and 8.2% were between 51-70 years old. Also,
out of 122 research samples, 44.3% had a master's degree or higher and 55.7% had a bachelor's degree or less. Another descriptive result was the work experience of the research sample, which 39.3% had work experience between 1-5 years, 33.6% had work experience between 6-10 years and 27% had more than 10 years work experience. Between 41% were formal employees and 59% were contract employees. In the inferential findings section, the results of the second-order factor analysis are presented to determine the priority of the causes of the decline of neighborhood sports. In addition, the following model is a confirmation of the construct validity of the research tool.
standardized factor loads and significance level of model variables
Table 3
P_valu c t 5.D Fojctuc Loaibn^ FQHIB 0 Hidden wuble Row
■ ■ ■ 1 Lock oJ'piop: r use ol neighborhood lor VATIUUS jporlK SI [nliaslnj Ltutal IHIU 1
O.DOI* 2.59 l.]f> 0.43 In'jKj-L \icfaiclc IrjIlL'j ind lb? rir-l: for purticiiianl^ in IN.jhnorhi\iJ Ip.'-rl:. SI
o.ror 1.40 0.5fi Rodurad ujhIL ¿pace for esenaie in Ihe iKijhhorhrud iIik lo lxtiL'l'j lion jnJ inijcuaxcd T^tai] SI
0.IBI1 Z.Hti 1.91 Oil EIxir-1L n-j-j ntoinBrid, IniTtr and noise polluliun for ¿porta in ruriuhboTliixHkt S4
o.ror 2.7-K 1.54 0.53 [.JUJL Dl'inlCrClt Ul n^lL-llblf+yil-O ryjr-lJ^nl:- III ^IHXtr. and phvxiLal Bdrvitf S5
o.noi1 2.KS LJS 0.» Discipline the eomlon. ;ind Irjnqu il iLv Driheloca.li S6
o.nor 4.37 1.47 0.55 Fom ent loials fratn e^ercisinc 37
■ - ■ 1 Decrease the IcyH ol'lrusl of Lrritfhbjrh.oL'J imdcntj fcuMrtidpalc n neighborhood j-pltl-; SS lutcrpcrs. anil Ml" 2
O.MI* LJJJ O.fiO Lack ofJamilunLy of neighborhood ncs.nknlK viilb cadi alhcr due lo the Anru lo nufci: lire: iiiom nrivab: 59
O.MI* 4.17 1.11 0.H6 Creatine a nil mJ increaxine LhL emolxnu.1 duljncc bot^i^Ln n^mbbcra SL0
o.ror 5.17 1.4: 0.H6 Creating yaps-jji J incruaxine wx'ij! dis.1aru:i! bcLwoc n neighbors 5LI
■ - ■ ] J.inik ol'LanlldcnLC in iIoijili. ¿porta amune the resoden.1s.a1'tlK neighborhood S12 Inilnidn jl Lau^c5. J
0.1» I* 4.fW 1.23 0.HI Nat jl:iiL in nciijiboriiood sparlj due to olres-iLv and unsuitable limbs SL3
0.IBI1 4.5ti L.dl U.56 Shyness oFnei chbocbaod r-j:■ iJ-ji"i 1 - lo porliLipatc in phv^i^il □cli1, iLv and ¿poct^ SU
0.1» S.I J 1.53 0.54 NecaLiwc Ihinkine of ni-iubhorhootliyrrfidcnta abaul phvsicj] □cli1,:Lv and rPUT:- SL5
0.1» 3.P7 l.CH 0.45 Lack otLreabMLv amonc pujlii'ipanls in ruiebborhooil^ porta lo create a lemporajy r.pon> ni irarjiu.-nl jit
0.1» I* S.l] 1.13 O.fi2 Lack at' abilitv jnd nki.ll-; to participate in ph\ iieul Klivity anil ¿porta dKiili chbochood r -J:-1J -J ll 1: n SL7
■ - ■ 1 Neighborhood regents, do nol we lasmei porta la III Ihcir JniL 1imL Social man 4
o.roi* 5.H L.I* 0.75 Sienifieanl irureaHC in Icin-jHH and satellite ncln-orkj and 1hc illraLtioai oK families* iDlbcsc ITk:dia III:.k.id ijl ■JI-nJjL.-inL.' U1 phvjlC.ll □ rt.i'.itV and sporls* 519
o.roi* 5.D7 1.54 0.7? InLrcasc in. ihe nu mbcr ol' liin^i and c^I« in nci chbuchoudr. jjilI Tiiionk'r. il'ikIl ikv lo ITilm s:o
DjOO]* Mf I.7H- 0.55 Fillin-c people's leisure lime v. 11 h new tochnalomcs flnlpmH Tj'lp^mm .¥TiH 1 n-.in-'r.im 1 S2l
Dimensional ranking of the causes of the decline of neighborhood sports Gamma and lambda parameters or the same factor loads show the relationship between structures or the same factors. The gamma parameter (□) shows the relationship between the external and internal latent variables and the lambda parameter (□) shows the relationship between the internal latent variable and the internally observed variable. Based on these coefficients and their significant value, which is done using the value of t, it is possible to rank each of the causes of decline in exercise in neighborhoods.
Conclusion
Urban neighborhoods as physical and social areas have played a major role in the social life of Iranian cities. In the system of traditional neighborhoods, various activities were formed and carried out spontaneously. In such a system,
physical activity and sports had a special place and the neighborhood space provided an active physical environment for the residents of the neighborhood so that neighborhood sports flourished and played an important role in the development and generalization of physical activity and sports in the country. Did. With the growth of urbanization and the change of urban structure and the emergence of new trends in sports, neighborhoods have lost their prosperity significantly. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the causes of decline in neighborhood sports so that by recognizing the causes of decline in sports at the neighborhood level can be useful points to be used in future plans of officials to revive and develop neighborhood sports in Provide country level. According to these results, the research showed that four categories of individual, interpersonal, structural and social factors were involved in the decline of neighborhood
sports from the perspective of experts. From all these factors, infrastructural factors were recognized as the most important causes of the decline of neighborhood sports. Causes such as improper use of neighborhood spaces, disturbing the comfort and tranquility of neighborhood residents, environmental pollution, traffic and noise, reducing usable spaces for sports in the neighborhood due to congestion and increasing retail, preventing neighborhood residents from Doing sports, the lack of interest of residents in sports, increasing the passage of vehicles and the possibility of danger for participants had the greatest role in the decline of neighborhood sports. Various studies have shown that neighborhood environment and environmental factors play an important role in activating or preventing outdoor movement and the characteristics of the neighborhood (neighborhood environment) are related to physical activity (Venlant and McNbach, 2002; Geeks and Et al., 2006; Venlant et al., 2005). The neighborhood environment and the existence of sports infrastructure and facilities are important for an individual to participate in sports and physical activity and to institutionalize physical activity in individuals (Owen et al., 2004; Atkinson et al., 2005; Lim et al., 2011), so The participation of individuals in physical activity is positively related to public recreational infrastructure (access to schools and recreational facilities) and transportation infrastructure (existence of controlled sidewalks and intersections, access to public transportation) and proximity. Sports venues have a large impact on a person's level of physical activity (Red & Phillips, 2005; Humbert et al., 2006; Gordonlarson et al., 2006; Wicker et al., 2009). There is also a positive relationship between neighborhood safety and leisure walking (Ko et al., 2006). On the other hand, lack of suitable environment and adequate facilities and equipment, insufficient access to sports facilities and the presence of environmental pollution prevent people from participating in physical activity and sports (Aniza and Firooz, 2009). Therefore, it can be said that the total environmental causes, which are mostly related to the lack of proper access to sports infrastructure and the lack of a safe environment for physical activity and sports, due to urban growth and urban development mismatch with the needs of population growth and change in Urban structures and the increase in the passage of vehicles at the neighborhood level and disturbing the comfort and tranquility of neighborhood residents in recent years has had a negative impact on neighborhood sports and has caused a decline in neighborhood sports. In this regard, it is necessary for city managers and managers of sports organizations to seriously and fundamentally review the context of
neighborhoods and increase sports facilities and infrastructure that provides easy and low-cost access for residents of various urban neighborhoods and Hence to help revitalize neighborhood sports. The results also showed that individual factors include lack of self-confidence in exercising among residents, lack of participation in neighborhood sports due to obesity and unsuitable limbs, lack of ability and skills, shyness of residents, negative thinking of residents about the activity Physicality and lack of creativity among participants in neighborhood sports to create a temporary sports environment also play a role in the decline of neighborhood sports. Various studies have shown that people's attitudes, perceptions and mental states, lack of awareness of the benefits of physical activity, poor awareness of the importance of fitness and health (Biddle et al., 2005), lack of motivation and reluctance to physical activity and lack of skills And ability (Allander et al., 2006) have been reported as barriers to participation in sports and physical activity. Existence of such an atmosphere in urban areas, especially in neighborhoods that do not have good welfare and economic conditions and the residents of the neighborhood have not acquired the necessary skills and abilities to participate in sports or are not aware of their skills and abilities. Their lack of knowledge has led to less participation of neighborhood residents in sports and physical activity. Therefore, providing the necessary context and conditions in urban neighborhoods to remind and increase sports skills and abilities to individuals or improve a person's perception of their abilities and skills for physical activity and sports can facilitate people's participation in neighborhood sports and Revive and re-grow this activity. Another result of the study was that social factors were also among the important factors in the decline of neighborhood sports. Neighborhood residents do not welcome sports to fill their leisure time, a significant increase in television and satellite channels and attracting families to these media instead of engaging in physical activity and sports, increasing the mushrooming of cafes And gimmicks in neighborhoods and people's inclination to them, filling people's leisure time with new technologies (Internet, Telegram and Instagram) are among these factors. Electronic media have occupied a large part of people's lives today, although electronic media facilitate aspects of people's lives and have benefits in learning and communication, nevertheless, the negative effects on They have an unhealthy time to sit and eat fast food (Pearson and Biddle, 2011; Tremblay et al., 2011). Sedentary behaviors including watching TV, playing video games and other activities related to electronic media are one of the main factors in reducing physical activity in young people (Robert et al.,
2017). Also (Melquick et al., 2015), a study showed that the use of electronic media was associated with an increase in BMI score and the possibility of overweight in girls and boys who did not have the recommended levels of physical activity. Also, among people who were physically active, the use of electronic media was associated with an increase in BMI score and the possibility of overweight in girls and not in boys. (Sharma et al., 2017), also showed in a study that watching TV had a positive relationship with the use of computer games and the use of the Internet (sedentary behaviors) and had a negative relationship with people's health and scientific performance. Robert et al. (2017) also showed in a study that the presence of television in children's bedrooms was associated with a high probability of sedentary behaviors and the lack of a TV in the bedroom reduced the likelihood of sedentary behaviors and the duration of behaviors. In other words, the presence of electronic devices in children's bedrooms predicted sedentary behaviors. Given the above and the results of the above research, it can be said that the excessive tendency of people to electronic media and the mushrooming of Internet cafes and game nets at the neighborhood level, which has taken up most of the time, the role of Has had a significant decline in neighborhood sports. In other words, the past atmosphere of neighborhoods that encourage active physical behaviors such as various indigenous games, group sports and other activities that increase the level of physical activity has given way to spaces that encourage more sedentary behaviors and Therefore, we rarely see the presence of people in physically active behaviors at the neighborhood level, and this trend, if the necessary measures are not considered, will lead to a decrease in physically active behaviors at the neighborhood level. Therefore, city and sports managers and officials should be properly planned to build and construct spaces to encourage physical activity at the neighborhood level (research has shown that the highest participation of adolescents in sports leisure time was when both sports facilities and parks were available And the social capital of the neighborhood was high (Prince et al., 2012), as well as the participation of children in physical activity positively with public recreational infrastructure (access to schools and recreational facilities) and transportation infrastructure (existence Controlled sidewalks and intersections, access to public transportation (Davison and Lawson, 2006), preventing the uncontrolled growth of inactive incentive spaces, educating people about the proper use of electronic media, and Informing people at the neighborhood level about the adverse effects of these media to prevent further decline in neighborhood sports and provide the basis for the revival and re-growth of neighborhood sports.
Finally, the results showed that interpersonal factors also play a role in the decline of neighborhood sports. Factors such as reducing the level of trust of residents in each other to participate in neighborhood sports, lack of familiarity of residents with each other due to the desire to make lives more private, creating gaps and increasing emotional and social distance between neighbors are among these factors. . Various studies have confirmed the role of social environment and social interactions in the level of participation in sports. They have also shown that neighborhood cohesion or social cohesion is generally related to physical activity (Kardak et al., 2009). Changes in people's lifestyles and the growth of individualism, as well as changes in the structure of residential architecture and urban passages and facilities at the neighborhood level, have limited the possibility of acquaintances, so that even neighbors in an apartment residential unit sometimes with each other They are strangers and see each other less and have minimal interaction with each other. This lack of interaction prevents the locals from recognizing and understanding each other's issues, needs and capabilities, and causes people to lack trust and confidence in the neighborhood environment. Increased desire for isolation, more privatized lives and reduced participation spaces at the neighborhood level have caused the residents of the neighborhood to distance themselves from each other, reduced the level of security and ultimately reduced participation in group and social activities. This issue has not only affected participation in neighborhood sports, but also all aspects of life in the neighborhoods. When there is a feeling of insecurity, people may avoid being in different places, especially public places, and avoid participating in group and social activities by changing their rosemary activities and lifestyle. Regarding participation in sports, various studies have shown that social security, safe or insecure environment of the neighborhood or community, safety and security of sports venues affect the level of participation of people in sports and physical activity. For example, (Biddle et al., 2005), a study showed that threatening the area near people's homes affects their level of participation in sports. (Allander et al., 2006) also showed that a safe environment motivated children to participate in sports and physical activity. Also, (Weir, Atelson and Brand, 2006) showed that parents' perception of neighborhood safety affects children's physical activity in urban areas. Levels of physical activity were negatively correlated with parental anxiety about neighborhood safety. (Humbert et al., 2006) also showed that security is very important for young people living in low socioeconomic status to participate safely in physical activity. (Davison and Lawson 2006), also showed that local conditions
(crime, regional deprivation) were negatively associated with children's participation in physical activity. Finally (Boington et al., 2008) showed that participation in recreational physical activity was influenced by neighborhood safety. As the gap between the residents of the neighborhood increases, the trust between the residents of the neighborhood decreases and the social interactions decrease, we will see the participation of the residents in the group and social activities decrease, and this trend will have a negative impact on neighborhood sports. On the other hand, increasing social interactions of individuals plays a role in creating a sense of security in urban areas (Afshar Kahan and Reyhaghi Yazdi, 2013) and this sense of security can pave the way for participation in group and social activities of neighborhood residents, especially sports activities, why? The local prevalence of healthy and unhealthy behaviors is spread in a person-to-person environment. Therefore, when people communicate with each other, they can influence each other's behavior and cause certain behaviors. Therefore, city and sports managers and officials should play an effective role in increasing social interactions, increasing neighborhood residents' trust in each other and increasing the sense of security in the neighborhood environment by adopting appropriate strategies to cause the prosperity and re-growth of neighborhood sports in urban neighborhoods.
References
1. Islami, Ayub; Mahmoudi, Ahmad; khabiri, Mohammed; Najafian Razavi, Seyed Mehdi (2013). The Role of Socio-Economic Status (SES) in Motivation of Citizens' Participation in Public-Recreational Sports, Applied Research in Sports Management, 2, 3 (7), pp: 89-104.
2. Asefi, Ahmad Ali; khabiri, Mohammed; Asadi Dastjerdi, Hassan; Goodarzi, Mahmoud (1392). Investigating the Organizational Factors Affecting the Institutionalization of Public Sports in Iran, Journal of Sports Management and Motor Behavior, 10 (20), pp: 63-76.
3. Ramezaninejad, Rahim; Mohebbi, Hamid; Demirchi, Arsalan (1388). Comparison of views and motivations of Iranian athletic and non-athletic students about physical activity and sports. Journal of Sports Management, 3, pp. 166-181.
4. Sarukhani, Baqer; Navidnia, Manijeh (1385). Social Security of Family and Residence in Tehran, Social Welfare Research Quarterly, Fifth Year, No. 22, pp: 87-106.
5. Abbasi, Hamed; Marianji, Venus; Omidinejad, Ahmad Reza (2015). Geographical-spatial differentiation in Khorramabad neighborhoods, Environmental Management Quarterly, 34, pp: 65-85.
6. Kargar, Bahman; Sarvar, Rahim (1390). City, Margin and Social Security, Tehran: Geographical Organization Publications.
7. Aniza, I. & Fairuz, M. R. (2009). Factors Influencing Physical Activity Level Among Secondary School Adolescents in Petaling District, Selangor, Med J Malaysia, Vol. 64, No. 3, Pp: 228232.
8. Atkinson, J. L., Sallis, J. F., Saelens, B. E., Cain, K. L., & Black, J. B. (2005). The association of neighborhood design and recreational environments with physical activity, American Journal of Health Promotion, Vol. 19, No. 4, Pp: 304-309.
9. Boyington, et al. (2008). Cultural Attitudes Toward Weight, Diet, and Physical Activity Among Overweight African American Girls, Preventing Chronic Disease, Public Health Research, Practice and Policy, VO. 5, NO. 2, Pp: 1-9.
10. Brinthaupt, T. M., Kang, M., & Anshel, M. H. (2013). Changes in exercise Commitment Following a Values_Based Wellness Program, Journal of Sport Behavior, 36(1), 3-22.
11. Cradock, A.L., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G.A., Gortmaker, S.L., Buka, S.L. (2009). Neighborhood social cohesion and youth participation in physical activity in Chicago. Social Science and Medicine 68, 427-435.
12. Davidson K.K. & Lawson, C. (2006). Do Attributes of the Physical Environment Influencechildren's Level of Physical Activity?. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and PhysicalActivity, 3 (19), 1-17.
13. Gordon-Larsen, P., Nelson, M., Page, P., & Popkin, B. (2006). Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity. Pediatrics, VOL. 117, Pp: 417-424.
14. Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medbery, R., Peterson, K., (1999). "Factors affecting Olympic performance: Perception of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams". The Sport Psychologist, 13. 371-394.
15. Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., & Ekelund, U. (2012). Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects, The Lancet, 380, 247-257.
16. Humbert, M., Chad, K., Spink, K., Muhajarine, N., Anderson, K., Bruner, M., et al. (2006). Factors that influence physical activity participation among high- and low-SES youth. Qualitative Health Research, Vol. 16, Pp: 467-483.
17. Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. (2003). Neighborhoods and health. Oxford press.
18. Kirke, D., (2004). "Framing quality physical education: The elite sport model or sport education". Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 9(2), 185195.
19. Lee, I. M., & Skerrett, P. J. (2001). Physical
activity and all-cause mortality: what is the dose-response relation? Med Sci Sports Exerc, Vol. 33, Pp: S459-S471.
20. Leslie, E., & Cerin, E. (2008). Are perceptions of the local environment related to neighborhood satisfaction and mental health in adults? Preventive Medicine, 47, 273-278.
21. Melkevik, O., Haug, E., Rasmussen, M., Fismen, A. S., Wold, B., Borraccino, A., Sigmund, E., Balazsi, R., Bucksch, J., Inchley, J., Gaspar de Matos, M., & Samda, O. (2015). Are associations between electronic media use and BMI different across levels of physical activity? BMC Public Health. 15:497
22. Mokdad, A. H., Marks, J. S., Stroup, D. F., & Gerberding, J. L. (2004). Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000, JAMA. 291(10), 1238-1245.
23. Poortinga, W., Dunstan, F., & Fone, D. (2007). Perceptions of the neighborhood environment and self-rated health: a multilevel analysis of the Care Philly Health and Social Needs Study. BMC Public Health. 7,258.
24. Prins, R. G., Sigrid M, Mohnen. F. J., van L.., Johannes, B.., & Anke, O. (2012). Are neighbourhood social capital and availability of sports facilities related to sports participation among Dutch adolescents?. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(90), 2-11. http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/9/1/90.
25. Robson, S., & McKenna, J. (2008). Sport and health, In K. Hylton & P. Bramham (Eds.), Sport development: Policy, process and practice (Pp: 164-185). New York: Routledge.
26. Santos, M. P., Carlos, E., & Jorge, M. (2004). The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents' Organized and Non organized Physical Activities. Pediatric Exercise Science, 16, 210- 218.
27. Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining health environments: toward a social ecology of health promotion. American. Psychology. 47, 6-22.
28. Tremblay, M., LeBlanc, A., Kho, M., Saunders, T., Larouche, R., Colley, R., Goldfield, G., & Connor Gorber, S. (2011). Systematic review of sedentary behavior and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 98.
29. Van Lenthe, F.J., Brug, J., Mackenbach, J.P. (2005). Neighborhood inequalities in physical inactivity: the role of neighborhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands. Social Science and Medicine 60, 763775.
Submitted: 11.07.2022 Author's information:
Mohsen Tayebi - Ph.D. in Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, e-mail: drtayebi2@gmail.com
Majid Keramati Moghadam - PhD in Sports Management, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Lorestan, Iran, e-mail: majid.keramatimoghadam@gmail.com Ali Yavar Azizpour Fard - Faculty member of Lorestan University, e-mail: azizpour.a@lu.ac.ir
