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2ANALYSIS OF ENERGY DEVICE INDICATORS WITH ENERGY CURRENTS IN NEFT PROCESSING
Professor Shukhrat Gulyamov TSTU;
associate professor Nasiba KHOJIEVA
Alfraganus University
E-mail: [email protected].
Annotation
The questions of thermodynamic exergy analysis of complex chemical-technological systems based on the study of the conversion of exergy in technological apparatuses and installations for the rational use of exergy circulating in the CTS are set forth. An exergy analysis of the existing ELOU-AVT unit at an existing oil refinery was carried out with an increase in its productivity providing the necessary degree of oil heating.
The structural optimization of energy-technological processes using the method of resolving terms of linear programming makes it possible to determine the structures of heat exchange systems that are optimal from the thermodynamic point of view.
An exergy analysis of energy-technological processes allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of individual processes, and allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of both individual processes and the entire installation. The calculation of the second component of exergy is based on the choice of the ideal gas model as the environment, which allows indirect calculation of it, without having the exact composition of the process stream.
This study is aimed at identifying the best values for the parameters of energy efficient digital development of the petroleum and gas sector. Research methods - construction of a production function, regression analysis and linear programming. Based on the production function of Cobb-Douglas, the dependence of the sales volumes of the petroleum and gas sector of the economy on the costs of digitalization and labor costs was revealed; the regression analysis method provided the construction of a set of equations describing the impact of the costs of energy resources of petroleum and gas enterprises and the costs of digitalization on the total costs of enterprises for production and sales, the efficiency of using by-products from petroleum production and labor capital; the optimal values of energy-efficient digital resource-saving development of the petroleum and gas sector of the economy have been determined, the achievement of which will ensure a decreas e in the energy consumption of processes at the enterprises of the petroleum and gas complex. Thus, connections have been established and the trajectories of energy efficient functioning of the petroleum and gas sector of the economy have been determined. The research results can be applied within the framework of strategies for socio-economic development, sustainable development, as well as digitalization of the petroleum and gas complex and industrial enterprises
Keywords: chemical-technological systems, exergy analysis, energy-technological processes, industrial thermodynamics.
Annotatsiya
KTSda aylanib yuradigan eksergiyadan oqilona foydalanish uchun texnologik qurilmalar va qurilmalarda eksergiyaning konversiyasini o'rganishga asoslangan murakkab kimyoviy-texnologik ti'zimlarning termodinamik ekzergiyasini tahlil qilish masalalari keltirilgan. Mavjud neftni qayta ishlash zavodida mavjud bo'lgan ELOU-AVT blokining eksergiya tahlili uning unumdorligini oshirish bilan neftni isitishning zarur darajasini ta'minladi.
Chiziqli dasturlash shartlarini echish usulidan foydalangan holda energiya-texnologik jarayonlarni tarkibiy optimallashtirish termodinamik nuqtai nazardan maqbul bo'lgan issiqlik almashinuvi ti'zimlarining tuzilmalarini aniqlashga imkon beradi.
Energiya-texnologik jarayonlarning eksergiya tahlili individual jarayonlarning samaradorligini baholashga imkon beradi va individual jarayonlarning ham, butun o'rnatishning ham samaradorligini baholashga imkon beradi. Exergy-ning ikkinchi komponentini hisoblash ideal gaz modelini atrof-muhit
sifatida tanlashga asoslangan bo'lib, bu jarayon oqimining aniq tarkibiga ega bo'lmasdan, uni bilvosita hisoblash imkonini beradi.
Ushbu tadqiqot neft va gaz sektorining energiya tejaydigan raqamli rivojlanish parametrlari uchun eng yaxshi qiymatlarni aniqlashga qarati'lgan. Tadqiqot usullari-ishlab chiqarish funktsiyasini qurish, regressiya tahlili va chiziqli dasturlash. Kobb-Duglasning ishlab chiqarish funktsiyasidan kelib chiqib, iqtisodiyotning neft va gaz sektorini sotish hajmining raqamlashtirish xarajatlari va mehnat xarajatlariga bog'liqligi aniqlandi; regression tahlil usuli neft va gaz korxonalarining energiya resurslari xarajatlari va raqamlashtirish xarajatlari ishlab chiqarish va sotish korxonalarining umumiy xarajatlariga, neft ishlab chiqarish va mehnat kapitalidan yon mahsulotlardan foydalanish samaradorligiga ta'sirini tavsiflovchi tenglamalar to'plamini qurishni ta'minladi; iqtisodiyotning neft va gaz sektorini energiya tejaydigan raqamli resurslarni tejashning maqbul qiymatlari aniqlandi, bunga erishish neft-gaz kompleksi korxonalarida jarayonlarning energiya sarfini kamaytirishni ta'minlaydi. Shunday qilib, aloqalar o'rnatildi va iqtisodiyotning neft va gaz sektorining energiya tejamkor ishlash traektoriyalari aniqlandi. Tadqiqot natijalari ijtimoiy-iqti'sodiy rivojlanish, barqaror rivojlanish, shuningdek, neft-gaz kompleksi va sanoat korxonalarini raqamlashtirish strategiyalari doirasida qo'llanilishi mumkin.
Kalit so'zlar: kimyoviy-texnologik tizimlar, ekzergiya tahlili, energeti'k-texnologik jarayonlar, sanoat termodinamikasi.
Introduction
The modern development of chemical and petrochemical technology is characterized by an increase in unit capacities and an increase in the efficiency of existing facilities. This is due to qualitatively new structural solutions related to the organization of interaction and processing of energy flows between individual subsystems of industrial production and the need to maximize the use of energy from technological flows within production. Chemical-technological processes of industrial production are in direct connection with energy flows, forming a single whole - a chemical-technological system or an energy-technological installation which is aimed at solving two problems: the production of finished products of the required quality and the reproduction of energy needed to conduct the process. From these tasks, the problem of the maximum use of the energy of technological flows within the system [1] follows.
The most rational way to effectively combine energy and material transformations is to find the optimal structure for the interaction of individual nodes of energy technology production. Structural optimization allows, through the introduction of additional technological connections, to maximize the use of the internal energy resources of the system, thereby increasing its economic efficiency.
A distinctive feature of energy technology industries is the variety of sources and potentials of generated energy. In this regard, it becomes necessary to use for analysis and synthesis of the optimal organization of energy technological processes the method of exergy analysis, which allows to correctly assess the quality and optimal distribution of available energy resources [2].
Exerget analysis of energy technological installations. The modern [ 2] development of chemical and petrochemical technology is characterized by an increase in unit capacities and an increase in the efficiency of existing facilities. This ILA qualitatively new structural solutions relating to the organization and interaction of the processing of energy flow between different subsystems of industrial production and the need to maximize the energy in the production process streams [1] . Chemical-technological processes of industrial production are in direct connection with energy flows, forming a single whole -a chemicaltechnological system or an energy-technological installation that is aimed at solving two problems: the production of finished products of the required quality and the reproduction of energy necessary for the process. From these tasks arises the problem of maximizing the use of the energy flow of technological flows within the system.
The most rational way to effectively combine energy and material transformations is to find the optimal structure for the interaction of individual nodes of energy technology production. Structural optimization allows, through the introduction of additional technological connections, to maximize the use of the internal energy resources of the system, thereby increasing its economic efficiency. The statement of the problem of the analysis of the installation of primary oil refining and its solution.
A distinctive feature of the power technology of production is in the variety and sources of generated energy potentials. In this regard, it becomes necessary to use the method of exergy analysis for analysis and synthesis of the optimal organization of energy technological processes, which allows one to correctly assess the quality and optimally distribute the available energy resources [2].
Statement of the problem and the decision. In this work, we consider a method for synthesizing the optimal structure of an energy-technology installation based on the use of structural-parametric optimization methods. The solution is based on the method of analyzing the effectiveness technological processes using the principle of thermodynamic analysis [1], which is the first in contrast to susche stvuyuschih can be used for all classes of existing energy -technological processes, including primary refining processes. The technique of exergy analysis of energy-technological processes is based on the processing of exergy in technological devices. This approach allows you to objectively assess the possibilities of using the energy circulating inside the chemical-technological system [2].
In this work, we consider a method for synthesizing the optimal structure of an energy-technology installation based on the use of structural-parametric optimization methods. The solution to the problem is based on the method of analyzing the efficiency of energy technological processes using the principle of thermodynamic analysis [1], which, unlike the existing ones, can be used for all classes of existing energy - technological processes, including primary oil refining processes. The technique of exergy analysis of energy-technological processes is based on the processing of exergy in technological devices. This approach allows you to objectively assess the possibilities of using the energy circulating inside the chemical-technological system [2].
Analysis of the installation of primary oil refining. Assessment of the thermodynamic efficiency of primary oil refining processes (ELOU-AT, ELOU-AVT) is based on a study of the effectiveness of each individual unit.
When assessing the thermodynamic efficiency of processes and heat transfer without taking into account heat loss to the environment and not taking into account the hydraulic resistance of the heat exchanger (which is valid due to the constant pressure in the heat exchanger equipment for oil refineries), the heat transfer process efficiency coefficients are determined as follows.
= TrlTx-T0-) , ,
1" JT — ■ ' V j"
Jje'L-'r- 'o)
(Tr-T^t
Hw = QtT*-(2)
Where Q_T is the amount of useful heat transferred; Tx (Tr) - average thermodynamic temperature of a cold (hot) stream.
When assessing the effectiveness of the rectification process, it is advisable to consider separately the processes of mass transfer and thermal processes: the actual rectification, reflux, heating of the circulating stream in the furnace.
The useful effect of the distillation proper for simple distillation columns can be found as the difference between the exergies of the products and the feed input stream.
JV = Ep + Ew - Ef (3)
Internal losses, that is, losses from irreversibility, for the mass transfer apparatus are associated with the adiabatic process in it. Internal losses are determined from the exergy balance of the distillation column.
External losses for the mass transfer apparatus will consist of the exergy of the steam and circulating streams r2 and w2 leaving it, resulting in the loss of exergy, minus the exergy of the stream r1, which returns to the column as reflux. External losses also include losses through the walls of the column, since they are small or can be neglected.
The spent exergy for rectification is exergy communicated to the circulating stream in the furnace, fed into the cube of the column, i.e. E_ (ex.) = E_w1. Hence, the coefficients of intensity and exergetic losses are:
ILv "---------
^SVl
Swj-tEpfîw-Ef)
Hw = -
(6)
L + Eri't Ef
In refineries, heating furnaces are used to heat the feed streams.
The costs in the process are equal to the exergy of fuel E_t and the exergy of enriched air E_b, necessary for complete combustion of the fuel. The intensity function is determined by the sum of the exergy of the flows exiting the furnace minus the sum of the exergy of the flows entering the furnace:
N K-i- <i,r 'V <7>
The intensity factor for the process of heating oil petroleum products in the furnace will look like:
Ec3 + Ec44E[j3 — Ec1 — Eca — EfTj
Il.-V
ErfEi,
(S)
The process of heating streams in furnaces is accompanied by both internal and external losses. Internal losses, that is, losses from the irreversibility of the process, are associated with two phenomena: irreversible combustion of fuel and irreversible heat transfer. They can be estimated from the exergy balance of the furnace
n1 = ET + Eb - Ec2 + Ec3 + Enl - Ec2 - Ert - En; - Ea2 (9)
External exergetic losses are determined by the exergy of flue gases E_ (dg)
The exergy loss coefficient is estimated by the equation:
Ef+Ej, -HEc£+ EI: I
Based on the exergetic analysis methodology under consideration, an exergy balance was calculated and the effectiveness of the existing ELOU-AVT-6 unit was calculated to identify reserves for increasing production efficiency and determining the optimal level of productivity. The calculation results are presented in tables I, 2.
It should be noted that, as shown by the calculation results (Table 2), the second component of exergy makes a significant contribution, and for the light fraction, since it is necessary to bring less energy to it than to heavy fraction, the first component rises. It follows that the light fractions have greater specific working capacity. This indicates the need to take into account the second component of exergy [5].
Table ■
Heat exchangers Djst|[iat|on the columns Tube furnaces
K - 1 K-2, K-6 K-7. K-9 K-8 n-i ~-2 n-3
n™ 0,536-0,832 0,02 - 0,46 0,09 S 0,4-25 O, 153 0,3SD OJ28 0,667 O, I5S 0,723 O, 155 0,736 O, 151 D,75S
Furnaces with recovery boilers: = O, 170, n«= 0.6Q4.
The coefficient of thermodynamic efficiency of the system
0,069.
K as seen from the table, exergy efficiency analyzed.
Table 2
Process flow E|, kcal / kg H 2 , fee ai / kg E, kcal / kg
Raw o"l 0,077 60, 27 60.347
Couple fr. HK-1SO h3 K- 1 90,74- 108,12 19S,S6
Topped oil from K- 1 46.02 45,62 91,64
Couple fr_.. 85-1SO M3 K-2 36,4-3 101,06 IS 7,49
fr_. 1S0-220 H3 K-6 11,37 SO,77 92.14
fr_. 220-2S0 H3 K-7 21,2S 61.SS S3,16
fr 2S0-350 H3 K-S 4-0,13 42,52 S2,65
Fl el oil K-2 57,33 29.67 97,OO
Stabie gasoline from K-S 20,4-9 S7,1D 107,59
devices have rather high values, since exergy estimates for chemical and energy-technological processes are characterized by small values. Only tube furnaces have large exergy loss ratios. This is due to the process of irreversible combustion of fuel and the irreversibility of heat transfer during heat transfer by the feed stream through the walls of the coils. As an additional analysis showed, the use of the heat of the exhaust flue gases for heating the waste heat boilers does not significantly increase the intensity coefficient. The coefficient of exergy losses is reduced by 15-20%
Analysis of heat transfer processes showed that they have the highest intensity coefficients and the lowest exergy loss coefficients. At the same time, heat exchangers in which heat transfer occurs at a high temperature level have higher efficiency indicators. As can be seen from the results, heat exchangers operate with different thermodynamic efficiency, which is explained by the irrational organization of the heat exchange system. Thus, an exergy analysis of the heat exchange system revealed the possibility of increasing its efficiency by changing the structural organization of flows.
A comparative evaluation of the efficiency of distillation colonies shows that the K-2 complex column with side stripping - sections K-6, K-7, K-9 is most efficient. This is explained by the non-adiabati'city of the separation process in a complex column due to heat removal by the 1st and 2nd circulation irrigation. The intensity coefficient of the K-8 gasoline stabilization column is quite high due to the fact that the lighter fractions taken from this column have a higher specific exergy. At the same time, stabilization columns have large exergy losses, which is explained by a large reflux ratio.
When analyzing the possibilities of increasing the plant productivity, we proceeded from the invariance of the fractional composition of the selected products, which allows us to analyze the operation of the columns with an increase in the load, regardless of the heat exchange system, and then organizing the thermal subsystem accordingly, to achieve the required thermodynamic operating modes.
In the mathematical description of the rectification processes of oil and oil products, a technique was used that is currently used both in the calculation of existing production facilities and in design calculations. The calculation procedure is based on a sectional representation of the rectification process with the determination of the effective temperature in each section, which characterizes the distribution of fractions between the upper and lower products based on absorption and stripping factors.
In order to verify the adequacy of the adopted mathematical model of the rectification process and correctly set the free information variables of the systems of equations of material and energy balances, an industrial experiment was carried out, which consisted in determining the flow rates of products, pressure in the columns, temperature on the upper plates of the columns. An analysis was also made of the composition of the separation products in the columns.
In fig. I presents the results of the analysis of the columns when the load changes. It can be seen from the graphs that, when the load changes, the column intensity factors remain approximately constant up to a capacity of 8 (million tons) / year, after which they decrease. At the same time, the exergy loss coefficients are reduced. This is because the costs and benefits increase approximately proportionally, while the input exergy grows faster than the absolute magnitude of the exergy losses due to both exergy and phlegm exergy. With an increase in the load of more than 8 (million tons) / year, the beneficial effect decreases, since with an increase in the reflux ratio the amount of the upper product with the highest specific exergy decreases, which leads to an increase in the exergy coefficient of distillation columns [6].
A decrease in the exergy loss coefficients indicates an increase in the load, but since a decrease in the loss coefficient reduces the unit cost of fuel. On the graph, the area of plant productivity is highlighted that is most preferable from a thermodynamic point of view.
This circumstance is especially important in the analysis of oil refining processes, since it is not possible to establish the exact composition of oil and oil products. The technique allows the analysis refining product operate fractional composition of process streams. Thus, the energy analysis of complex chemical-technological systems makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of both individual technological processes and the technological installation as a whole. When calculating the exergy of oil and oil products, it is advisable to calculate the second component of exergy based on the
choice of an ideal gas as the environment. This approach allows you to indirectly carry out its calculations without having the exact composition of the analyzed technological parameter.
Conclusion
As follows from the results of the exergy analysis, there is the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the heat exchange system due to the rational organization of its structure, which will reduce fuel costs for heating oil or increase plant productivity. Based on the methodology of structural optimization of thermal subsystems, a search was made for the optimal structure of a heat exchange system that provides a given temperature of oil at the entrance to the topping column at a capacity of 8 (million tons) / year.
The task of finding the optimal heat transfer system was solved for a given total heat transfer surface, taking into account the reserve production capacities.
The optimal structure of the thermal subsystem is shown in Fig. 2 and can be selected as a heat exchange system for ELOU-AVT-6.
In contrast to the initial scheme of the thermal subsystem, the calculated optimal scheme has a three-stream structure for crude oil, which is associated with an increase in productivity. However, even greater crushing of the oil flow is obviously impractical, since this leads to a decrease in the linear velocity of the process flows and, as a consequence, to a deterioration in the heat transfer process. An exergy analysis of the reconstructed unit for primary oil refining showed that the efficiency of both individual units and units, and the entire unit as a whole, increased. Thermodynamic efficiency The perfection of the reconstructed installation is 0.072. Increasing the thermodynamic efficiency of the installation by reducing exergy losses brings to a decrease in specific fuel consumption by 5.5%.
Thus, the structural optimization of energy-technological processes using the method of resolving terms of linear programming makes it possible to determine the structures of heat exchange systems that are optimal from the thermodynamic point of view.
An exergy analysis of energy-technological processes allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of individual processes, and allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of both individual processes and the entire installation. The calculation of the second component of exergy is based on the choice of the ideal gas model as the environment, which allows indirect calculation of it, without having the exact composition of the process stream.
Assessment of the thermodynamic efficiency of typical processes of oil refineries based on the use of intensity factors and exergy losses.
In order to identify production reserves and adjust mathematical models, an industrial balance experiment was conducted on the existing ELOU-AVT-6 installation. Exergy analysis of the current installation ELOU-AVT-6 indicates the possibility of increasing its productivity. An optimal version of the heat exchange system for the installation is proposed with an increase in its productivity, which provides the necessary degree of oil heating.
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